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DISCUSSION OF THE TENSION TEST

Mechanics of Materials Laboratory


AEM-251

Submitted by:

Khaled Almutairi
Submitted to:

Dr. M. E. Barkey

Submission Date:

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics


The University of Alabama
DISCUSSION OF THE TENSION TEST

Section A. Introduction and Objective

The objective of this lab is to compare the tension test results of various
materials. You will not conduct additional experiments. Use the test data that you
have previously collected for low carbon steel, aluminum, and copper or use data
provided by your lab teaching assistant. Note: If your lab data was in error,
ask the lab assistant for a set of valid data.

Section B. Theory

The basic concepts of elasticity, ductility, and strengths of materials have been
covered in previous labs. One new concept in this lab is energy density.

A bar of material in the elastic range is analogous to a linear spring. Just as the
spring stores energy as it is displaced, a material will also store energy as it is
deformed. The area under the load-deflection curve of the spring is the energy
stored in the spring. This energy has units of force * distance.

The area under a stress-strain curve represent an energy stored in the material.
The units of this term are stress * strain. But since stress = force/area and strain
= distance or change in length/length, the units are now force * distance/ area *
length = energy/volume or energy density.

Energy density can be found by determining the area under the stress-strain
curve for any pair of stress and strain values. Energy density of a linear elastic
material in a tension test at yielding is very easy to find by the area of the triangle
that is created:

2
σ YIELD ε YIELD σ YIELD
Energy Density at Yield= =
2 2E

Refer to the schematics attached.


Section C. lab report

Material: Aluminum Alloy

S .No Initial Length Final Length Initial Diameter Final Diameter


(L0) (L1) (D0) (D1)
1. 0.5-in 0.5767-in 0.2-in 0.1904-in
2. 0.5-in 0.5803-in 0.2-in 0.1900-in

Change in diameter=ΔD=−ν.D.ΔL/L

Final Diameter=D1=D0 + ΔD

Sketch of the Specimen before and After Test:


Aluminum STRESS VS STRAIN
70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Aluminum STRESS VS STRAIN


70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Summarizing the results below:

 Ultimate Stress: 60000psi

 Tangent Modulus is equivalent to Young’s Modulus.

 Modulus of Elasticity: 18.674E6psi

 Yield Stress: 59900 Psi.


Section D. Questions

1. Which material is the stiffest material in the elastic range (i.e. which the
highest modulus of elasticity)?

Steel was more stiffed than Aluminum alloy and Copper. Because Steel has
greatest modulus of elasticity. Steel has a modulus of elasticity of 29.1E6psi,
Aluminum has modulus of elasticity of 10.1E6psi and has16.9E6psi.The
reason steel is stiffer than copper and aluminum alloy in elastic range .

2. What material was the strongest (highest ultimate strength)?

The steel is strongest material among other materials. It has highest ultimate
strength. Steel has tensile strength of 29007-30457psi depending on the
heat treatment and composition, aluminum has ultimate strength of 5800-
750psi.

3. What material could hold the highest stress before yielding (highest
yield stress)?

Steel has highest stress before yielding. It has high yield stress comparable to
other materials. Copper has yield stress of 16970psi, Aluminum has yield
stress of 2175-2900psi and Steel (high strength alloy) has maximum yield
stress of 10080psi.

4. What material had the most elastic strain at yielding (highest strain
value at yield stress)?

Steel has more elastic strain at yielding because steel has more yielding than
other materials. As Steel has more yield strength than copper and aluminum
and other materials, therefore it shows most elastic strain at yield stress .

5. What material had the most ductility before failure (highest percent
elongation)?
Low carbon Steel had the most ductility before failure. Because low carbon
steel has low amount of carbon contents in it. As the carbon contents in any
material increase the brittleness of the material because of its tendency to
form martensitic. So when carbon contents decrease, then material become
more ductile. Therefore, low carbon steel had the most ductility before
failure.
6. What material has the highest energy density before yielding (refer to
theory section)?

Steel has the highest density before yielding because had highest stress before
yielding. The reason behind the highest energy density of steel before yielding
lies in factor that steel has highest yield stress , so it absorb maximum amount of
energy before yielding .Therefore, Steel has highest energy density before
yielding

Section D. Discussion

The data sets we had was very pre-eminent in giving the solution. Although
the data we had a huge amount of deviation from the expected values. The
reason behind the deviation of the values had very large number of reasons.
There is a reason that the experiment performed was not so satisfactory.
There were errors in performing the experiment. Also, the machine grip was
not so good. That was also reason behind the deviation of these values from
the expected values. Also the values expected was just like that if all material
and operations work efficiently and effectively. But that was not the case in
the real world. The yield stress obtained for the copper was 16970 psi. And
the ultimate strength obtained for the copper was also deviated from
expected values. Similarly, the value yield strength obtained for aluminum
was 2500 psi. And the ultimate strength obtained was 6000 psi. So, these
were values obtained by our experiment. Which is not high deviation with the
expected values. Also for steel, the ultimate strength obtained was 30000 psi.
And the yield stress was 10080 psi. So, our results were very close to
expected values. Also, steel shows big deflection at yield stress in comparison
to copper and aluminum. Because the value for its yielding was higher than
other materials. Moreover, steel has maximum ductility, and copper has
lesser ductility than steel but more than aluminum, and aluminum has the
least.
We observed from the experiment that when load was applied to the aluminum
specimen, there was increase in deformation of the specimen as well as increase in
load applied to that specimen. Load was increased up to a certain point when there
was no increase in load but increase in deflection in specimen. Moreover, there was
decrease in diameter of the specimen used known as necking phenomenon.

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