COURSE 5

October 28, 2008

to meet [ m i: t ] – a (se) întâlni

I’m glad to meet you – îmi pare bine să te cunosc
N: meeting – întâlnire, şedinţă
to use [ j u: z ] – a folosi
file cabinet [ f ai l ´k æ b i n e t ] – fişier
file [ f ai l ] – dosar, fişă
to cook [ k u k ] – a găti
Ag: cook – bucătar, bucătăreasă
cooker – maşină de gătit
to make arrangements – a face aranjamente/ pregătiri
arrangement [ ə ´r ei n dʒ m ə n t ] – aranjament
to arrange [ ə ´r ei n dʒ ] – a aranja
classroom [ ´k l a: s r u m ] – sală de clasă
blackboard / chalkboard / whiteboard – tablă
term [ t ə: m ] – trimestru, semestru; termen
AT THE END OF – la sfârşitul a
end [ e n d ] – sfârşit, final
AT THE BEGINNING OF – la începutul a
beginning [ b i ´g i n i ŋ ] – început
grade [ g r ei d ] – notă; grad
to grade – a nota
mark [ m a: k ] – notă; semn, marcă
to mark – a nota, a marca
to travel [ ´t r æ v l ] – a călători
traveller [ ´t r æ v l ə ] – călător
hotel [ h əu ´t e l ] – hotel
to show [  əu ] – a arăta
to show smb to (a place) – a conduce pe cineva (la)
tip [ t i p ] – bacşiş
to tip smb – a da bacşiş
to carry [ k εə r i ] – a căra, a duce, a purta

chef [  e f ] (pronunţie franţuzească) – bucătar-şef

chief [ t i: f ] – şef (orice fel de şef)

OTHER [ ʌ ð ə ] – (Adj.) alt/altă/alţi/alte

I need other pens.
Other people travel a lot.
 THE OTHER – (Adj.) celălalt/cealaltă/ceilalţi/celelalte
I need the other pen. / I need the other pens.
– (pron.) celălalt/cealaltă
One pen is red. The other is blue.
THE OTHERS – (Pron.) ceilalţi/celelalte
One pen is red. The others are blue.
OTHERS – (Pron.) alţii/altele
Some are here, others are at work.
ANOTHER [ ΄ə n ʌ ð ə ] – alt(ul)/altă
I need another pen.
I have another problem.

The Present Tense Continuous/Progressive

The Continuous / Progressive Aspect indicates an action in progress (the action
begins, continues and ends). It is very often an action that takes place at the same time as
another action.
Not all verbs can be used in the continuous aspect. Only durative/ dynamic verbs
can occur in the continuous (verbs whose action can be in progress, having duration): to
read, to write, to eat, to walk, to learn, to listen, to speak, to watch, to sit, to become, etc.
Non-durative/ stative verbs cannot be used in the continuous. Some dynamic
verbs can also have stative uses:
He is thinking of leaving his job. (dynamic)
He thinks you are right. (stative)
There are several categories of non-durative/ stative verbs:
1. Modal verbs: can, could, must, may, might, ought to, dare need, shall, will,
should, would
2. Verbs of perception (only when they express perception): to see (but: I am
seeing him at 5. I am seeing him to the door.), to hear (but: The judge is hearing the
witness.), to smell (but: She was smelling the roses.), to taste (but: He is tasting the
cake.), to feel (but: I am feeling the fabric.), to notice
3. Verbs of cognition: to admit, to assume, to believe, to consider, to doubt, to
forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to realize, to recognize, to regard (=to consider), to
remember, to suppose, to suspect, to think (=to believe), to understand, etc.
4. Verbs of feeling: to adore, to care, to desire, to dislike, to forgive, to intend, to
like, to love, to mean, to mind, to miss, to please, to prefer, to want, to wish, etc.
5. Relational verbs: to appear (=to seem), to belong, to concern, to contain, to
cost, to depend (on), to have (=to possess), to have to, to include, to lack, to look (=to
seem), to matter, to need, to owe, to own, to possess, to seem, to sound (=to seem), etc.
In general, the verb to be cannot be used in the continuous, with one exception:
when to be is used in the Present Continuous or in the Past Continuous, followed by a
dynamic adjective, referring to behaviour at a certain present or past moment.
You are being unnecessarily rude.
She was only being polite.
Dynamic adjectives are adjectives that apply to people’s behaviour/
 attitudes: ambitious, brave, calm, careful, careless, cheeky, cheerful, clever,
cruel, (dis)agreeable, foolish, funny, gentle, good, hasty, (im)patient,
(im)polite, irritating, jealous, naughty, nice, noisy, rude, sensible, serious, shy,
slow, stubborn, stupid, suspicious, talkative, timid, understanding, (un)faithful,
(un)friendly, (un)generous, (un)kind, (un)reasonable, (un)tidy, vulgar, etc.

The continuous aspect is formed with the auxiliary to be in the different moods
and tenses, and the Present Participle of the verb:
Aux. BE + Verb
(Present Participle)
The Present Participle has the same form as the Gerund. Both these verbal
structures are often called the ING-form. The ING-form is achieved by adding the -ing
suffix to the infinitive of the verb. There are a number of rules for the addition of the
suffix:
 Most verbs add -ing:
to turn – turning
to watch – watching
to show – showing
 The verbs ending in e drop the e and add -ing:
to write – writing
to drive – driving
Exceptions: to be – being
to dye – dyeing (=a vopsi)
 The verbs ending in ee add -ing:
to see – seeing
to flee – fleeing (=a scǎpa cu fuga)
 The verbs ending in ie change ie into y:
to die – dying (=a muri)
to tie – tying (=a lega)
to lie – lying (=a minţi)
to lie – lying (=a se întinde, a sta întins, a zăcea)
 The verbs ending in i add -ing:
to ski – skiing (=a schia)
 The verbs ending in o and oo add -ing:
to do – doing
to boo – booing (=a huidui)
 The verbs ending in y add -ing:
to pay – paying
to carry – carrying
 The verbs ending in c preceded by a vowel change c into ck:
to panic – panicking (=a intra în panică)
to traffic – trafficking (=a face traffic/contrabandă)
  The short verbs (one-syllable words) ending in a consonant preceded by a short
vowel double the final consonant before adding -ing:
to stop – stopping
to rob – robbing
to dig – digging
to nod – nodding
to run – running
but: to deal [d i: l] – dealing
to doom [d u: m] – dooming
to moan [m əu n] – moaning
 The long verbs (words of more than one syllable) ending in l preceded by a
short vowel double the l before -ing (only in British English):
to travel – travelling
to compel – compelling (=a obliga)
to quarrel – quarrelling (=a se certa)
but: to conceal [k ə n s i: l] – concealing (=a ascunde)
 The long verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a short vowel double the
final consonant before -ing if the stress is on the last syllable (only in British
English):
to begin – beginning
to refer – referring
to prefer – preferring
to omit – omitting
to commit – committing
to transmit – transmitting
but: to contain [ k ə n ′t ei n ] – containing
to enter – entering
to offer – offering
to limit – limiting
to visit – visiting
The Present Tense Continuous/ Progressive is a present tense, used in the
following cases:
1. to express an action occurring at the same time as another present action,
usually simultaneously with the moment of speaking:
NOW

‿ ‿ ‿ ‿ ‿ ▶
⁀ ⁀ ⁀ ⁀ ⁀
They are writing busily in their copy-books now.
When he enters the room she is sleeping in the armchair.
2. to express an action occurring throughout a present period of time, as opposed
to another period of time:
Last year we studied Spanish. This year we are studying French.
 Usually she wears dark colours but today she is wearing bright red.
3. to express a pre-arranged, definitely settled future action – necessarily with a time
expression
When is he leaving?(i.e. When has he arranged to leave?)
She is flying to New York next week. (i.e. She has made all the arrangements:
has got a visa, the tickets, etc)
4. to express a characteristic activity, highly annoying to the speaker (who makes a
reproach in this way), necessarily with an adverb of frequency, inserted between the
auxiliary and the verb (always, all the time, forever/ for ever, continually, continuously,
incessantly) and always under stress:
They are forever quarrelling in front of the children.
Why are you always asking silly questions?
She is continually promising to mend her ways.
PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS PATTERNS
Affirmative
In the affirmative, the present continuous is achieved with the auxiliary to be in
the present tense and the Present Participle of the verb (the ING-form):
SUBJECT + Aux. BE + VERB
(Present Tense) (Present Participle)
I am driving – I’m driving
you are driving – you’re driving
he is driving – he’s driving
we are driving – we’re driving
you are driving – you’re driving
they are driving – they’re driving
Negative
In the negative, the negative adverb not is inserted between the auxiliary and the
present participle of the verb.
SUBJECT + Aux. BE + NOT + VERB
(Present Tense) (Present Participle)

I am not sleeping – I’m not sleeping

(am and not cannot be shortened)
you are not sleeping – you’re not sleeping / you aren’t sleeping
he is not sleeping – he’s not sleeping / he isn’t sleeping
we are not sleeping – we’re not sleeping / we aren’t sleeping
you are not sleeping – you’re not sleeping / you aren’t sleeping
they are not sleeping – they’re not sleeping / they aren’t sleeping
Interrogative
The interrogative uses inversion of the subject and the auxiliary:
 Aux. BE + SUBJECT + VERB ?
(Present Tense) (Present Participle)
am I playing? are we playing?
are you playing? are you playing?
is he playing? are they playing?
(There are no short forms in the interrogative.)
Interrogative-negative
The interrogative-negative adds the negation not between the subject and the verb
and applies inversion of the subject and auxiliary. The long form differs from the short
form in word order, in that the short form uses the auxiliary conjunct with the negation.
Aux. BE + SUBJECT + NOT + VERB ?
(Present Tense) (Present Participle)

Aux. BE + NOT + SUBJECT + VERB ?

(Present Tense) (Present Participle)
am I not singing? – –––
are you not singing? – aren’t you singing?
is he not singing? – isn’t he singing?
are we not singing? – aren’t we singing?
are you not singing? – aren’t you singing?
are they not singing? – aren’t they singing?
(There is no short form in the first person singular.)

What are you ___________-ing?

I am _____________-ing.

What are you doing?

I am writing a letter.

Are you ___________-ing?

Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Are you drinking orange juice? – Yes, I am.

Is he buying a book? – No, he isn’t.

Are you ____________-ing or _____________ ?

I am ____________-ing.

Are you reading or cooking?

I am reading.
Are they driving or flying by plane?
They are flying by plane.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

→ expresie impersonală, urmată obligatoriu de “ceva” sau “cineva” (substantiv cu care
se acordă verbul TO BE) şi de “undeva” (un loc)

THERE IS/ARE + SOMETHING + SOMEWHERE

SOMEBODY
There is a pen on the table.
There are people in the room.
There isn’t a phone in the office.
There aren’t any flowers here.
Is there a boy in the garden? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there many rooms in this building? Yes, there are./ No, there aren’t.

Is there a/an ______________ ______________ ?

[smth.] [somewhere]
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

Are there ______________ ______________ ?

[smth.] [somewhere]
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

there [ ð εə ]
there is – este / există / se află
there are – sunt / există / se află
there – (Adv.) acolo
I see a book there.
to skate [ s k ei t ] – a patina
kindergarten [ k i n d ə g a: t n ] – grădiniţă

Fruit
apple [ æ p l ] – măr
pear [ p εə ] – pară
plum [ p l ʌ m ] – prună
orange [ ´Ɔ r i n dʒ ] – portocală
strawberry [ ´s t r Ɔ: b ə r i ] – căpşună
grapes [ g r ei p s ] – struguri
peach [ p i: t ] – piersică
apricot [ ´æ p r i k ə t ] – caisă
cherry [ t e r i ] – cireaşă
quince [ k w i n s ] – gutuie
lemon [ l e m ə n ] – lămâie
nut [ n ʌ t ] – nucă
nuts – sâmburi de nuci, migdale, fistic, alune

Vegetables
vegetables [ ΄v e dʒ t ə b l z ] – legume
tomato [ ´t ə m ei t əu ] – roşie
potato [ ´p ə t ei t əu ] – cartof
onion [ ΄ʌ n iə n ] – ceapă
garlic [ ´g a: l i k ] – usturoi
carrot [ ΄k æ r ə t ] – morcov
celery [ ΄s e l ə r i ] – ţelină
cabbage [ ΄k æ b i dʒ ] – varză
cucumber [ ΄k j u k ə m b ə ] – castravete
capsicum [ ΄k æ p s i k ə m ] – ardei, gogoşar
green pepper [ g r i: n p e p ə ] – ardei gras
lettuce [ ´l e t ə s ] – salată verde, lăptuci
radish [ ´r æ d i  ] – ridiche
peas [ p i: z ] – mazăre
beans [ b i: n z ] – fasole
mushroom [ ΄m ʌ  r u m ] – ciupercă
not yet – încă nu
to work on the computer – a lucra la calculator
sock [ s ɔ k ] – şosetă
belt [ b e l t ] curea, cordon, centură
seat belt / safety belt – centură de siguranţă
to think [ θ i ŋk ] about / of – a se gândi la
ABOUT [ ə b au t ] – despre
to wear [ w εə ] – a purta
shirt [  ə: t ] – cămaşă
shorts [  ɔ: t s ] – şort, pantaloni scurţi
teapot – ceainic (de servit)
coffeepot – cafetieră (de servit)
jug [ dʒ ʌ g ] – cană mare, urcior
teaspoon – linguriţă
vase [ v a: z ] – vază