Subsurface Stratigraphy

* Drill Cutting
* Core
* Gas Readings
Edi B. Setyobudi
2018 QUIZ
Baker Hughes, 1996a,
“Surface Logging
Systems – Training
Guide”
Baker Hughes, 1996b,
“Wellsite Geology –
Reference Guide”
Exploration:
Wildcat – drilling on a new trap / structure
Delineation / Appraisal – to confirm a discovery is
economical for development
Development:
Development Drilling – to drill a number of wells to get
initial production
Infill Drilling – to drill in between wells to get enough
production from a field
Completion - process of making a well ready for
production (or injection)
Workover – change producing zone from one to other
zone
 Fixed Semi
Land Rig Platform Jack-Up Submersible Drill Ship
 Jackup Rig
Offshore with 6 – 110m
water depth
Land Rig

Semi-Submersible
Rig
Offshore with 40 -
3000 m water depth

Drill Ship Rig

Offshore with > 3000 m
water depth
Swamp Barge Rig
Swamp or transition zone
with < 5 m water depth
Bit Size
20” – Conductor
17-1/2”
13-3/8” – Surface Casing

12-1/4” 9-5/8” – Intermediate Casing

8-1/2” 5-1/2” – Production Casing

Structural casings are

cemented prior to further
operation
Five Main Systems:
Power system
Hoisting system
Rotating system
Control & Measurement
system
Circulating system
Remove cuttings
Control formation
pressure
Maintain wellbore
stability
Seal permeable
formations - mudcake
Cool & lubricate bit
Wellsite Geologist Duties

Collect, Evaluate and Record all geological data

and report to the Operation Geology Supervisor:
• Describe and record lithology and HC shows
encountered in the well
• Witness & QC mud logging and wireline operations
• Core point selection and description
• Liaising closely with Rig Manager
Drilling Operation
REALTIME DATA
- RATE OF PENETRATION
- ROTATION PER MINUTE
- WEIGHT ON BIT + WEIGHT ON HOOK
- STAND PIPE PRESSURE
- FLOW RATE
- TORQUE
- MUD WEIGHT IN
- MUD TEMP IN

LAGTIME DATA
- GAS
- CUTTINGS
- MUD WEIGHT OUT
- MUD TEMP OUT
Lag Time – time interval required
for pumping samples (cuttings, oil,
gas) to surface – measured in pump
strokes or minutes
Depends on:
Mud volume in the hole
Mud flow rate
Calculation needs regular check
using calcium carbide
Geolograph
 Chromato
Drilling Rate Lithology Total Gas graphy Show Lithology Description
 CUTTING
Description Guidelines
•Rock Type •Accessory mineral
•Color •Fossil & Unusual Features
•Hardness •Visual Porosity &
•Grain size and shape Permeability
•Sorting •Hydrocarbon Show
•Cementation and Indication
Matrix
 Some description need to add in certain
type of lithology:

• Grain color - mainly to describe grains in loose sand

• Cutting Shape - typically texture for soft sediment like
coal, shale and siltstone, but some features recognized
as pressure and bit type effect
• Fissility - main internal structure to identified shale
• Luster - mainly used for mineral or showing degree of
coal maturity
• Crystallinity - specially used for limestone
Oil Stained
Cutting
 Hydrocarbon Shows
• Oil Shows
• Oil show description
under ultra-violet light
microscope
• Gas Shows
• Total Gas readings using
hot-wire unit (gas
detector)
• Gas Chromatography
Beware that some minerals have natural fluorescence under
UV light
Visible Light Ultra-Violet Light
• Gas released from rocks due
to bit action
• Mud circulation carries the
gas to surface
• Gas trap positioned at Flow
Line to capture it
• A Gas Detector Unit (Hot-
Wire Unit) reads the
amount of gas
• Gas Chromatograph
separates readings of C1,
C2, C3, C4 and C4+
 Gas
Chromatography
Interpretation

Baker Hughes 1993

 • Correlate with existing
well logs  identify a
marker above the
core point
• Stop at drilling break
 circulate-out
samples
• If confirmed  POH
to change with Core
Barrels

Mud (Lithologic) Log

 Core Bit & Barrels

Coring
Once the core is retrieve to surface then it is
important that it should remain as unchanged as
possible
The core should be prevented from drying out,
coming into contact with oxygen or being
mechanically damaged
Core barrel is filled with resin to prevent the core
from moving and to minimize the exposed surface
area
Freezing the core in freezer containers
Core sample is wrapped in a plastic film, aluminum
foil and then dipped in molten wax
The core is usually slabbed, cut lengthwise to
make the structure visible
Provides information on lithology, residual fluid
saturation, ambient porosity, ambient gas
permeability and grain density
Porosity and permeability at elevated confining
stress
Electrical properties such as Archie’s formation
factor (m) and resistivity index (n)
Capillary pressure
Wettability and relative permeability
Mechanical rock properties such as
compressibility
Waterflood sensitivity for injectivity and well
performance