Book

Grading Policy
Sessional 1----25 Marks
Sessional 2----25 Marks

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 Chapter 1: Introduction to Analog Design

1.1 Why Analog?

1.2 Why Integrated?
1.3 Why CMOS?
1.4 Why This Book?
1.5 Levels of Abstraction

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 Sensing and Processing Signals

• Many electronic systems sense (receive) a signal

and then process and extract information from it.
• Processing preferably occurs in digital domain.
• Sensing interface still demands high performance
analog design.

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 Sensing and Processing Signals

• Neural activity generates electric pulses a few

mV high and a few 100 µ-seconds long.
• Signal produced by probes monitoring activity
must be amplified, digitized, and transmitted
wirelessly.
• Need low power electronics for this application.
• Analog circuits consume most of the power in a
system.
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 When Digital Signals Become Analog

• Equalization to compensate high-frequency

attenuation in a USB cable.
• An analog equalizer is more efficient than an ADC
at very high data rates (e.g. tens of gigabits per
second).
• Conversely, at lower speeds it is more efficient to
digitize the signal and perform required functions
in digital domain.

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 Analog Design is in Great Demand

• Although analog circuits are typically quite less

complex than digital circuits, the majority of
papers belong to analog design.
• Design challenges include transistor
imperfections, declining supply voltages, power
consumption, circuit complexity, and PVT
variations.
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 Analog Design Challenges

• Transistor Imperfection
• MOS transistors continue to become faster at the cost of
their analog properties.
• Transistor gain is reducing with new technologies
• A transistor characteristics may depend on its surrounding
like size, shape
• Declining Supply Voltage
• Supply voltage has fallen from 12 V in 1970 to 0.9V today
• Many circuits configuration have not survived this supply
voltage reduction and have been discarded.
• Power Consumption
• Due to portability and increase battery lifetime to reduce
the cost of heat removal and ease of use.

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 Analog Design Challenges
• Circuit Complexity
• Transistor gain is reducing with new technologies
• Analog circuit may contain tens of thousands of
transistors, requires long and tedious simulations.
• Analog designer must be skilled SPICE
• PVT Variation
• Fabrication process, supply voltage, and ambient
temperature

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 Levels of Abstraction

• Switching between levels of abstraction is

necessary for
- understanding the details of operation.
- optimizing the overall performance.
• Interaction between all groups in industry
is essential for high performance and low
cost designs.

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 Invention of Transistors - 1947

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 The First Integrated Circuit - 1958

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 Intel Core i7 Microprocessor (4 Cores)

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 7nm Transistors by IBM

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 Application of CMOS Analog Circuit

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 Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Digital vs Analog

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 Why Analog ?

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 Sensors in a Phone

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 Inside iPhone4

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 Accelerometer in iPhone4

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