History of Sikhism

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History of Sikhism
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Main page The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was the first Guru of the Part of a series on
Contents fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Sikhism
Featured content religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699.[1] The latter
Current events baptised five persons from different social backgrounds to form Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ). The first five,
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Pure Ones, then baptised Gobind Singh ji into the Khalsa fold.[2] This gives the order of
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Khalsa, a history of around 300 years.
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The history of Sikhism is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political
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situation in 16th-century Northwestern Indian subcontinent. Since the Mughal rule of India by
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Emperor Jahangir (1605-1707), Sikhism was in conflict with its laws, because they were
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affecting political successions of Mughals while cherishing saints from Islam. Many
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Recent changes prominent Sikhs were killed by Mughal rulers for refusing to their orders,[3] and for opposing Philosophy [show]
Contact page the persecution of Sikhs.[4] Of total 10 Sikh gurus,[5][6][7][8][9] two gurus themselves were Practices [show]
tortured and executed (Guru Arjan Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur),[10][11] and close kins of Scripture [show]
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several gurus brutally killed (such as the 6- and 9-year old sons of Guru Gobind
Takhts [show]
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Singh),[12][13] along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism were tortured and
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killed (such as Banda Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala),[9][12][13] by
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Mughal rulers for refusing to their orders,[3][5][13][12] and for opposing the persecution of V·T·E
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Permanent link Sikhs and Hindus.[4][11][6][9] Subsequently, Sikhism militarised to oppose Mughal hegemony.
Page information The emergence of the Sikh Confederacy under the misls and Sikh Empire under reign of the Maharajah Ranjit Singh was characterised by
Wikidata item religious tolerance and pluralism with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire is
Cite this page commonly considered the zenith of Sikhism at political level,[14] during this time the Sikh Empire came to include Kashmir, Ladakh, and
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Peshawar. A number of Muslim and Hindu peasants converted to Sikhism.[15] Hari Singh Nalwa, the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh army
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Wikimedia Commons along the North West Frontier, took the boundary of the Sikh Empire to the very mouth of the Khyber Pass. The Empire's secular
administration integrated innovative military, economic and governmental reforms.
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The months leading up to the partition of India in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the Punjab between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the
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Printable version effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims
in East Punjab. At present, the majority of Sikhs live in the Punjab state of India.
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‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ Contents [hide]
Français 1 Early Modern (1469 CE – 1750 CE)
िह दी 1.1 Guru Nanak Dev
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 1.2 Guru Angad Dev
¾Á¢ú
1.3 Guru Amar Das
ไทย 1.4 Guru Ram Das

Edit links 1.5 Guru Arjan Dev
1.6 Guru Har Gobind Rai
1.7 Guru Har Rai
1.8 Guru Har Krishan
1.9 Guru Tegh Bahadur
1.10 Guru Gobind Singh
1.10.1 Creation of the Khalsa
1.11 Banda Singh Bahadur
1.11.1 Execution
1.12 Sikhs retreat to jungles
2 Age of Revolution (1750 CE – 1914 CE)
2.1 Nawab Kapur Singh
2.1.1 Extensive looting of the Mughal government
2.1.2 Government sides with the Khalsa
2.1.3 Dal Khalsa
2.1.4 5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa
2.1.5 Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership
2.1.6 State oppression
2.1.7 Sikhs attack Nader Shah
2.1.8 Sikhs kill Massa Rangar
2.1.9 Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan
2.1.10 Mughals increase persecution
2.1.11 The Khalsa strengthen military developments
2.2 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
2.2.1 Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre)
2.2.2 Reclaiming Amritsar
2.2.3 Reorganisation of the Misls
2.2.4 Khalsa side with the Government
2.2.5 Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757
2.2.6 The Khalsa gain territory
2.2.7 Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre)
2.2.8 Harmandir Sahib blown up in 1762
2.2.9 Sikhs retake Lahore
2.2.10 Peace in Amritsar
2.3 Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
2.3.1 Award of an Estate
2.3.2 Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
2.3.3 Fighting the tyrannical Government
2.3.4 Ramgarhia Misl Estate
2.3.5 Conflicts between Misls
2.3.6 Mutual Misl wars
2.4 Sikhs captured Delhi
2.4.1 The creation of the United Misl
3 Battles fought by Sikhs
4 Sikh Empire
4.1 Formation
4.2 Punjab flourishes in education and arts
4.3 Khalsa Army
4.4 Conquests
4.5 End of empire
4.5.1 First Anglo-Sikh War
4.5.2 Second Anglo-Sikh War
5 British Colonial period (1849–1945 CE)
5.1 Punjab under British Raj
5.1.1 Impact on Punjabi education
5.1.2 Sikhs in the British military
5.1.3 Singh Sabha
5.1.4 Cultural infrastructure and Gurdwara management
5.1.5 Settlement outside Punjab
5.2 Sikhs in the World Wars
5.2.1 Sikh Soldiers in World War I
5.3 Early modern Sikh developments
5.4 Sikh Struggles in British India
5.4.1 Jallianwala Bagh massacre
5.4.2 Saka Panja Sahib
5.4.3 Jaito Da Morcha and Saka Gangsar Sahib
5.4.4 Sikh revolutionaries
6 After Indian Independence (1947 CE – present)
6.1 Punjab Insurgency (1981–1995)
6.1.1 Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh Riots
6.1.2 Post-1984
7 See also
8 References
Early Modern (1469 CE – 1750 CE) [ edit ]
Guru Nanak Dev [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Nanak
Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1539), founder of Sikhism, was born to Mehta Kalu and Mata Tripta,
in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore.[16] His father, named
Mehta Kalu, was a Patwari, an accountant of land revenue in the government. Nanak's
mother was Mata Tripta, and he had one older sister, Bibi Nanki.
From an early age, Guru Nanak Dev Ji seemed to have acquired a questioning and enquiring
mind and refused as a child to wear the ritualistic "sacred" thread called a Janeu and instead
said that he would wear the true name of God in his heart as protection, as the thread which
could be broken, be soiled, burnt or lost could not offer any security at all. From early
childhood, Bibi Nanki saw in her brother the Light of God but she did not reveal this secret to
anyone. She is known as the first disciple of Guru Nanak.
Even as a boy, his desire to explore the mysteries of life eventually led him to leave home.
Nanak married Sulakhni, daughter of Moolchand Chona, a trader from Batala, and they had
two sons, Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das.
His brother-in-law, Jai Ram, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in
Sultanpur as the manager of the government granary. One morning, when he was twenty-
Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539 CE)
eight, Guru Nanak Dev went as usual down to the river to bathe and meditate. It was said
that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit
of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this secular principle he began his
missionary work.[17] He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called Udasis, spanning many
thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God.[16]
Guru Nanak spent the final years of his life in Kartarpur where Langar free blessed food was available. The food would be partaken of by
Hindus, rich, poor, both high and so-called low castes. Guru Nanak worked in the fields and earned his livelihood. After appointing Bhai
Lehna as the new Sikh Guru, on 22 September 1539, aged 70, Guru Nanak passed away.
Guru Angad Dev [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Angad
In 1538, Guru Nanak chose Lehna, his disciple, as a successor to the Guruship rather than one of his sons.[17] Bhai Lehna was named
Guru Angad and became the successor of Guru Nanak. Bhai Lehna was born in the village of Harike in Ferozepur district in Punjab, on 31
March 1504. He was the son of a small trader named Pheru. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa
Devi, Daya Kaur). Baba Narayan Das Trehan was his grandfather, whose ancestral house
was at Matte-di-Sarai near Mukatsar.
Under the influence of his mother, Bhai Lehna began to worship Durga (A Hindu Goddess).
He used to lead a group of Hindu worshippers to Jawalamukhi Temple every year. He
married Mata Khivi in January 1520 and had two sons, (Dasu and Datu), and two daughters
(Amro and Anokhi). The whole Pheru family had to leave their ancestral village because of
the ransacking by the Mughal and Baloch military who had come with Emperor Babur. After
this, the family settled at the village of Khadur Sahib by the River Beas, near Tarn Taran
Guru Angad (1504 – 1552 CE)
Sahib, a small town about 25 km from Amritsar city.
One day, Bhai Lehna heard the recitation of a hymn of Guru Nanak from Bhai Jodha (a Sikh
of Guru Nanak Sahib) who was in Khadur Sahib. He was thrilled and decided to proceed to Kartarpur to have an audience (darshan) with
Guru Nanak. So while on the annual pilgrimage to Jwalamukhi Temple, Bhai Lehna left his journey to visit Kartarpur and see Baba Nanak.
His very first meeting with Guru Nanak completely transformed him. He renounced the worship of the Hindu Goddess, dedicated himself to
the service of Guru Nanak and so became his disciple, (his Sikh), and began to live in Kartarpur.
His devotion and service (Sewa) to Guru Nanak and his holy mission was so great that he was instated as the Second Nanak on 7
September 1539 by Guru Nanak. Earlier Guru Nanak tested him in various ways and found an embodiment of obedience and service in
him. He spent six or seven years in the service of Guru Nanak at Kartarpur.
When Guru Nanak passed away on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib).
He carried forward the principles of Guru Nanak both in letter and spirit. Yogis and Saints of different sects visited him and held detailed
discussions about Sikhism with him.
Guru Angad introduced a new alphabet known as Gurmukhi Script, modifying the old Punjabi script's characters. Soon, this script became
very popular and started to be used by the people in general. He took great interest in the education of children by opening many schools
for their instruction and thus increased the number of literate people. For the youth, he started the tradition of Mall Akhara, where physical,
as well as spiritual exercises, were held. He collected the facts about Guru Nanak's life from Bhai Bala and wrote the first biography of
Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63 Saloks (stanzas), which are included in the Guru Granth Sahib. He popularised and expanded the
institution of Guru ka Langar that had been started by Guru Nanak.
Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism.
He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The
period of his Guruship was the most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a founder to a succession of Gurus and the
infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised – from being an infant, Sikhism had moved to being a young child and
ready to face the dangers that were around. He was also the 1st guru of sikhi
Guru Amar Das [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Amar Das
Guru Amar Das became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73. Goindwal became an
important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He continued to preach
the principle of equality for women, the prohibition of Sati and the practise of Langar.[18] In
1567, Emperor Akbar sat with the ordinary and poor people of Punjab to have Langar. Guru
Amar Das also trained 140 apostles, of which 52 were women, to manage the rapid
expansion of the religion.[19] Before he died in 1574 aged 95, he appointed his son-in-law
Jetha as the fourth Sikh Guru.
It is recorded that before becoming a Sikh, Bhai Amar Das, as he was known at the time, was
a very religious Vaishanavite Hindu who spent most of his life performing all of the ritual
pilgrimages and fasts of a devout Hindu. One day, Bhai Amar Das heard some hymns of
Guru Nanak being sung by Bibi Amro Ji, the daughter of Guru Angad, the second Sikh Guru.
Bibi Amro was married to Bhai Sahib's brother, Bhai Manak Chand's son who was called
Guru Amar Das (1479 – 1574 CE)
Bhai Jasso. Bhai Sahib was so impressed and moved by these Shabads that he immediately
decided to go to see Guru Angad at Khadur Sahib. It is recorded that this event took place
when Bhai Sahib was 61 years old.
In 1535, upon meeting Guru Angad, Bhai Sahib was so touched by the Guru's message that he became a devout Sikh. Soon he became
involved in Sewa (Service) to the Guru and the Community. Under the impact of Guru Angad and the teachings of the Gurus, Bhai Amar
Das became a devout Sikh. He adopted Guru as his spiritual guide (Guru). Bhai Sahib began to live at Khadur Sahib, where he used to
rise early in the morning and bring water from the Beas River for the Guru's bath; he would wash the Guru's clothes and fetch wood from
the jungle for 'Guru ka Langar'. He was so dedicated to Sewa and the Guru and had completely extinguished pride and was totally lost in
this commitment that he was considered an old man who had no interest in life; he was dubbed Amru, and generally forsaken.
However, as a result of Bhai Sahib's commitment to Sikhi principles, dedicated service and devotion to the Sikh cause, Guru Angad Sahib
appointed Guru Amar Das Sahib as third Nanak in March 1552 at the age of 73. He established his headquarters at the newly built town of
Goindwal, which Guru Angad had established.
Soon large numbers of Sikhs started flocking to Goindwal to see the new Guru. Here, Guru Amar Das propagated the Sikh faith in a
vigorous, systematic and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of
a devout Sikh. He himself visited and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism.
Guru Amar Das was impressed with Bhai Gurdas' thorough knowledge of Hindi and Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures. Following the
tradition of sending out Masands across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to Agra to spread the gospel of Sikhism.
Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs:
“ He who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru, He must get up in the morning and say his prayers. He must rise in the early
hours and bathe in the holy tank. He must meditate on God as advised by the Guru. And rid him of the afflictions of sins
and evil. As the day dawns, he should recite scriptures, and repeat God's name in every activity. He to whom the Guru
takes kindly is shown the path. Nanak! I seek the dust of the feet of the Guru's Sikh who himself remembers God and
makes others remember Him. (Gauri) ”
Guru Ji strengthened the tradition of 'Guru ka Langar' and made it compulsory for the visitor to the Guru to eat first, saying that 'Pehle
Pangat Phir Sangat' (first visit the Langar then go to the Guru). Once the emperor Akbar came to see Guru Sahib and he had to eat the
coarse rice in the Langar before he could have an interview with Guru Sahib. He was so much impressed with this system that he
expressed his desire to grant some royal property for 'Guru ka Langar', but Guru Sahib declined it with respect.
He introduced new birth, marriage, and death ceremonies. Thus he raised the status of women and protected the rights of female infants
who were killed without question as they were deemed to have no status. These teachings met with stiff resistance from the Orthodox
Hindus.
Guru Amar Das not only preached the equality of people irrespective of their caste but he also fostered the idea of women's equality. He
preached strongly against the practice of Sati (a Hindu wife burning on her husband's funeral pyre). Guru Amar Das also disapproved of a
young widow remaining unmarried for the rest of her life.
Guru Amar Das constructed "Baoli" at Goindwal Sahib having eighty-four steps and made it a Sikh pilgrimage centre for the first time in
the history of Sikhism. He reproduced more copies of the hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Angad. He also composed 869 (according to
some chronicles these were 709) verses (stanzas) including Anand Sahib, and then later on Guru Arjan (fifth Guru) made all the Shabads
part of Guru Granth Sahib.
When the time came for the Guru's younger daughter Bibi Bhani to marry, he selected a pious and diligent young follower of his called
Jetha from Lahore. Jetha had come to visit the Guru with a party of pilgrims from Lahore and had become so enchanted by the Guru's
teachings that he had decided to settle in Goindwal. Here he earned a livelihood selling wheat and would regularly attend the services of
Guru Amar Das in his spare time.
Guru Amar Das did not consider anyone of his sons fit for Guruship and chose instead his son-in-law (Guru) Ram Das to succeed him.
Guru Amar Das Sahib at the age of 95 died on 1 September 1574 at Goindwal in District Amritsar, after giving responsibility of Guruship to
the Fourth Nanak, Guru Ram Das.
Guru Ram Das [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Ram Das
Guru Ram Das (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮ ਦਾਸ) (Born in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan on 24 September
1534 – 1 September 1581, Amritsar, Punjab, India) was the fourth of the Ten Gurus of
Sikhism, and he became Guru on 30 August 1574, following in the footsteps of Guru Amar
Das. He was born in Lahore to a Sodhi family of the Khatri clan. His father was Hari Das and
mother Anup Devi, and his name was Jetha, meaning 'first born'. His wife was Bibi Bhani, the
younger daughter of Guru Amar Das, the third guru of the Sikhs. They had three sons: Prithi
Chand, Mahadev, and Arjan Dev.[citation needed]
As a Guru one of his main contributions to Sikhism was organising the structure of Sikh
society. Additionally, he was the author of Laava, the hymns of the Marriage Rites, the
designer of the Harmandir Sahib, and the planner and creator of the township of Ramdaspur
(later Amritsar).[citation needed]
A hymn by Guru Ram Das from Ang 305 of the Guru Granth Sahib: "One who calls himself a
Sikh of the True Guru shall get up early morning and meditate on the Lord's Name. Make
effort regularly to cleanse, bathe and dip in the ambrosial pool. Upon Guru's instructions,
chant Har, Har singing which, all misdeeds, sins, and pains shall go away."
Guru Ram Das nominated Guru Arjan, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.
Guru Ram Das (1534 – 1581 CE)
Guru Arjan Dev [ edit ]
Main article: Guru Arjan
In 1581, Guru Arjan — the youngest son of the fourth guru — became the Fifth Guru of the Sikhs. In addition to being responsible for
building the Golden Temple, he prepared the Sikh Sacred text and his personal addition of some 2,000 plus hymns in the Gurū Granth
Sāhib.
In 1604 he installed the Ādi Granth for the first time as the Holy Book of the Sikhs. In 1606,
for refusing to make changes to the Gurū Granth Sāhib, he gave martyrdom and was
executed by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.[17]
Guru Har Gobind Rai [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Har Gobind
Guru Har Gobind became the sixth guru of the

Sikhs. He carried two swords — one for
Spiritual reasons and one for temporal (worldly)
reasons.[20][self-published source] From this point
onward, the Sikhs became a military force and
Guru Arjan (1563 – 1606 CE)
always had a trained fighting force to defend
their independence.
Guru Hargobind fixed two Nishan Sahibs at Akal Bunga in front of the Akal Takht. One flag is
towards the Harmandir Sahib and the other shorter flag is towards Akal Takht. The first
represents the reins of the spiritual authority while the later represents temporal power stating
temporal power should be under the reins of the spiritual authority.
Guru Har Rai [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Har Rai
Guru Har Gobind (1595 – 1644 CE)
Guru Har Rai (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਿਰ ਰਾਇ) (26 February 1630 – 6 October 1661) was the seventh of
the ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming Guru on 8 March 1644, following in the footsteps of his
grandfather, Guru Har Gobind, who was the sixth guru. Before he died, he nominated Guru Har Krishan, his youngest son, as the next
Guru of the Sikhs.
As a very young child, he was disturbed by the suffering of a flower damaged by his robe in passing. Though such feelings are common
with children, Guru Har Rai would throughout his life be noted for his compassion for life and living things. His grandfather, who was famed
as an avid hunter, is said to have saved the Moghul Emperor Jahangir's life during a tiger's attack. Guru Har Rai continued the hunting tath
at age 31, Guru tradition of his grandfather, but he would allow no animals to be killed on his grand Shikars. The Guru instead captured the
animal and added it to his zoo. He made several tours to the Malwa and Doaba regions of
Punjab.
His son, Ram Rai, seeking to assuage concerns of Aurangzeb over one line in Guru Nanak's
verse (Mitti Mussalmam ki pede pai kumhar) suggested that the word Mussalmam was a
mistake on the copyist's part, therefore distorting Bani. The Guru refused to meet with him
again. The Guru is believed to have said, "Ram Rai, you have disobeyed my order and
sinned. I will never see you again on account of your infidelity." It was also reported to the
Guru that Ram Rai had also worked miracles in the Mughal's court against his father's direct
instructions. Sikhs are constrained by their Gurus to not believe in magic and myth or
miracles. Just before his death at age 31, Guru Har Rai passed the Gaddi of Nanak on to his
younger son, the five-year-old – Guru Har Krishan.
Guru Har Rai was the son of Baba Gurdita and Mata Nihal Kaur (also known as Mata Ananti
Ji). Baba Gurdita was the son of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind. Guru Har Rai married Mata
Kishan Kaur (sometimes also referred to as Sulakhni), daughter of Sri Daya Ram of
Anoopshahr (Bulandshahr) in Uttar Pradesh on Har Sudi 3, Samvat 1697. Guru Har Rai had
two sons: Baba Ram Rai and Sri Har Krishan.
Guru Har Rai (1630 – 1661 CE) Although Guru Har Rai was a man of peace, he never disbanded the armed Sikh Warriors
(Saint Soldiers), who earlier were maintained by his grandfather, Guru Hargobind. He always
boosted the military spirit of the Sikhs, but he never himself indulged in any direct political
and armed controversy with the contemporary Mughal Empire. Once, Dara Shikoh (the eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan), came to Guru
Har Rai asking for help in the war of succession with his brother, the murderous Aurangzeb. The Guru had promised his grandfather to
use the Sikh Cavalry only in defense. Nevertheless, he helped him to escape safely from the bloody hands of Aurangzeb's armed forces
by having his Sikh warriors hide all the ferry boats at the river crossing used by Dara Shikoh in his escape.
Guru Har Krishan [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Har Krishan
Guru Har Krishan born in Kirat Pur, Ropar (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਿਰ ਿ ਸ਼ਨ) (7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the Ten Gurus of
Sikhism, becoming the Guru on 7 October 1661, following in the footsteps of his father, Guru Har Rai. Before Har Krishan died of
complications of Smallpox, he nominated his granduncle, Guru Teg Bahadur, as the next
Guru of the Sikhs. The following is a summary of the main highlights of his short life:
“ Sri Guru Harkrishan Ji was the epitome of sensibility, generosity, and

courage. There is a famous incident from an early age. Once on the way to
Delhi from Punjab he met an arrogant Brahmin Pundit called Lal Chand in
Panjokhara town. The Pundit asked him to recite Salokas from the Geeta
since his name was similar to that of Lord Krishna. Guru Ji invited a mute
person called Chhajju Mehra and placed his stick on his head. He
immediately started interpreting salokas from the Geeta. Everybody around
was dumbstruck. Lal Chand's arrogance too was shattered and he asked for
Guru Ji's forgiveness. ”
When Har Krishan stayed in Delhi there was a smallpox epidemic and many people were
dying. According to Sikh history at Har Krishan's blessing, the lake at Bangla Sahib provided
cure for thousands. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was constructed in the Guru's memory. This is
where he stayed during his visit to Delhi. Gurdwara Bala Sahib was built in south Delhi
besides the bank of the river Yamuna, where Har Krishan was cremated at the age of about 7
years and 8 months. Guru Har Krishan was the youngest Guru at only 7 years of age. He did
not make any contributions to Gurbani.
Guru Tegh Bahadur [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the Sikh Gurus. The eight Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan,
nominated him, his grand-uncle as the next Guru before he died. Guru Tegh Bahadur was Guru Har Krishan (1656 – 1664 CE)
actually the son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind.
He sacrificed himself to protect Hindus. Aurungzeb was forcibly converting Hindus to Muslims. Hindus from Kashmir came to Guru Teg
Bahadur for protection and requested for assistance. Guru asked them to tell Aurungzeb that if he converted Guru Teg Bahadur to Islam
then they all become Muslim. He was asked by Aurungzeb, the Mughal emperor, under coercion by Naqshbandi Islamists, to convert to
Islam or to sacrifice himself. The exact place where he died is in front of the Red Fort in Delhi (Lal Qila) and the gurdwara is called
Sisganj.[21] This marked a turning point for Sikhism. His successor, Guru Gobind Singh further militarised his followers.
While, Bhai Mati Das along with his younger brother Bhai Sati Das were martyrs of early Sikh history. Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Dayala, and
Bhai Sati Das were executed at a kotwali (police-station) in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, under the express orders of Emperor
Aurangzeb just before the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Mati Das was executed by being bound between two pillars and cut in
two.[22]
Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. Artsistic rendering of the execution of

The long window under the marble Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This
platform is the location where Guru image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near
Tegh Bahadur was executed by the the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in
Mughals. Punjab, India.
Guru Gobind Singh [ edit ]

Main article: Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth guru of Sikhs. He was born in 1666 at Patna (Capital of Bihar, India). In 1675 Pundits from Kashmir in
India came to Anandpur Sahib pleading to Guru Teg Bahadur (father of Guru Gobind Singh) about Aurangzeb forcing them to convert to
Islam. Guru Teg Bahadur told them that martyrdom of a great man was needed. His son, Guru Gobind Singh said "Who could be greater
than you", to his father. Guru Teg Bahadur told pundits to tell Aurangzeb's men that if Guru Teg Bahadur will become Muslim, they all will.
Guru Teg Bahadur was then killed in Delhi, but before that he assigned Guru Gobind Singh as 10th Guru at age of 9.[23] After becoming
Guru he commanded Sikhs to be armed. He fought many battles with Aurangzeb and some other Kings of that time.
Creation of the Khalsa [ edit ]

Main article: Khalsa
In 1699 he created the Khalsa panth, by giving amrit to Sikhs. In 1704 he fought the great
battle with collective forces of Aurangzeb, Wazir Khan (Chief of Sarhind), and other kings. He
left Anandpur and went to Chamkaur with only 40 Sikhs. There he fought the Battle of
Chamkaur with 40 Sikhs, vastly outnumbered by the Mughal soldiers. His two elder sons (at
ages 17, 15) were killed there. Wazir Khan killed other two (ages 9, 6). Guru Ji sent
Aurangzeb the Zafarnamah (Notification of Victory). Then he went to Nanded (Maharashtra,
India). From there he made Baba Gurbakhash Singh, also aliased as Baba Banda Singh
Bahadur, as his general and sent him to Punjab.
On the evening of the day when Baba Gurbakhash Singh left for Punjab, Guru Gobind Singh
was visited by two Muslim soldiers. One of them was commissioned by Wazir Khan, Subedar
of Sirhind, to assassinate Guru Gobind Singh. One of the assailants, Bashal Beg, kept a vigil
outside the Guru's tent while Jamshed Khan, a hired assassin, stabbed the Guru twice. Khan
was killed in one stroke by the Guru, while those outsides, alerted by the tumult, killed Beg.
Although the wound was sewn up the following day, the Guru died in Nanded, Maharashtra,
India in 1708.[24] Guru Gobind Singh (1666 – 1708 CE)
Shortly before passing away Guru Gobind Singh ordered that the Guru Granth Sahib (the
Sikh Holy Scripture), would be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs and temporal
authority would be vested in the Khalsa Panth – the Sikh Nation. The first Sikh Holy Scripture was compiled and edited by the Fifth Guru,
Guru Arjan in AD 1604, although some of the earlier gurus are also known to have documented their revelations. This is one of the few
scriptures in the world that has been compiled by the founders of faith during their own lifetime. The Guru Granth Sahib is particularly
unique among sacred texts in that it is written in Gurmukhi script but contains many languages including Punjabi, Hindustani, Sanskrit,
Bhojpuri, Assamese and Persian. Sikhs consider the Guru Granth Sahib the last, perpetual living guru.
Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara at An inscription naming the five The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by
Anandpur Sahib, Punjab, the members of the Khalsa Panth, at Takht Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh
birthplace of Khalsa. Keshgarh Sahib, the birthplace of Guru.
Khalsa on Baisakh 1, 1756 Vikram
Samvat.
Banda Singh Bahadur [ edit ]

Main article: Banda Singh Bahadur
Banda Singh Bahadur was chosen to lead the Sikhs by Guru Gobind Singh.[25] He was
successful in setting up a Sikh Empire that spread from Uttar Pradesh to Punjab. He fought
the Islamist Mughal state tyranny and gave the common people of Punjab courage, equality,
and rights.[26][27] On his way to Punjab, Banda Singh punished robbers and other criminal
elements making him popular with the people.[28] Banda Singh inspired the minds of the non-
Muslim people, who came to look upon the Sikhs as defenders of their faith and country.[29]
Banda Singh possessed no army but Guru Gobind Singh in a Hukamnama called to the
people of Punjab to take arms under the leadership of Banda Singh overthrow and destroy
the oppressive Mughal rulers,[30] oppressed Muslims and oppressed Hindus also joined him
in the popular revolt against the tyrants.[31] Statue of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur at
Chappar Chiri.
Banda Singh Bahadur camped in Khar Khoda, near Sonipat from there he took over Sonipat
and Kaithal.[32] In 1709 Banda Singh captured the Mughal city of Samana with the help of revolting oppressed Hindu and common folk,
killing about 10,000 Mohammedans.[33][34] Samana which was famous for minting coins, with this treasury the Sikhs became financially
stable. The Sikhs soon took over Mustafabad[35] and Sadhora (near Jagadhri).[36] The Sikhs then captured the Cis-Sutlej areas of Punjab
including Ghurham, Kapori, Banoor, Malerkotla, and Nahan. The Sikhs captured Sirhind in 1710 and killed the Governor of Sirhind, Wazir
Khan who was responsible for the death of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh at Sirhind. Becoming the ruler of Sirhind Banda
Singh gave order to give ownership of the land to the farmers and let them live in dignity and self-respect.[37] Petty officials were also
satisfied of with the change. Dindar Khan, an official of the nearby village, took Amrit and became Dinder Singh and the newspaper writer
of Sirhind, Mir Nasir-ud-din, became Mir Nasir Singh[38]
Banda Singh developed the village of Mukhlisgarh, and made it his capital He then renamed the city it to Lohgarh (fortress of steel) where
he issued his own mint.[39] The coin described Lohgarh: "Struck in the City of Peace, illustrating the beauty of civic life, and the ornament
of the blessed throne." He briefly established a state in Punjab for half a year. Banda Singh sent Sikhs to the Uttar Pradesh and Sikhs took
over Saharanpur, Jalalabad, Saharanpur, and other areas nearby bringing relief to the repressed population.[40] In the regions of
Jalandhar and Amritsar, the Sikhs started fighting for the rights of the people. They used their newly established power to remove corrupt
officials and replace them with honest ones.[40]
Banda Singh is known to have abolished or halted the Zamindari system in time he was active and gave the farmers proprietorship of their
own land.[41] It seems that all classes of government officers were addicted to extortion and corruption and the whole system of regulatory
and order was subverted.[42] Local tradition recalls that the people from the neighborhood of Sadaura came to Banda Singh complaining of
the iniquities practices by their landlords. Banda Singh ordered Baj Singh to open fire on them. The people were astonished at the strange
reply to their representation, and asked him what he meant. He told them that they deserved no better treatment when being thousands in
number they still allowed themselves to be cowed down by a handful of Zamindars.[43]
The rule of the Sikhs over the entire Punjab east of Lahore obstructed the communication between Delhi and Lahore, the capital of
Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in Rajasthan and marched towards
Punjab.[44] The entire Imperial force was organised to defeat and kill Banda Singh.[45] All the generals were directed to join the Emperor’s
army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their
beards.[46]
Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan[47] marched to Sirhind and before the return of
Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The
Sikhs defeated the army but reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops.[48][49] Gulab Singh dressed
himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place.[50] Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in
the hills and Chamba forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and On 10 December
1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered.[51] The Emperor became mentally disturbed and died on 18
February 1712.[52]
Banda Singh Bahadur wrote Hukamnamas to the Sikhs telling them to get themselves
reorganised and join him at once.[53] In 1711 the Sikhs gathered near Kiratpur Sahib and
defeated Raja Bhim Chand,[54] who was responsible for organising all the Hill Rajas against
Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand’s dead the other Hill
Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh. While Bahadur
Shah's 4 sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor[55] Banda Singh
Bahadur recaptured Sadhura and Lohgarh. Farrukh Siyar, the next Moghal Emperor,
appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad
Khan's son, the Faujdar of Jammu.[56] In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhura and went
to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh.[57] During this Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the
time Sikhs were being hunted down especially by pathans in the Gurdaspur region.[58] Banda execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716
by the Mughals.
Singh came out and captured Kalanaur and Batala[59] which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue
Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his
army.[60]
In March 1715, Banda Singh Bahadur was in the village of Gurdas Nangal, Gurdaspur, Punjab, when the army under the rule of Samad
Khan,[61] the Mogual king of Delhi laid siege to the Sikh forces.[62] The Sikhs fought and defended the small fort for eight months.[63] On 7
December 1715 Banda Singh starving soldiers were captured.
Execution [ edit ]
On 7 December 1715 Banda Singh Bahadur[64] was captured from the Gurdas Nangal fort and put in an iron cage and the remaining
Sikhs were captured, chained.[65] The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on
spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population.[66][67] They were put in the Delhi fort and
pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims.[68] On their firm refusal all of them were ordered to be executed. Every day, 100
Sikhs were brought out of the fort and murdered in public daily,[69] which went on approximately seven days.After 3 months of
confinement[70] On 9 June 1716, Banda Singh’s eyes were gouged, his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed.[71]
Sikhs retreat to jungles [ edit ]
In 1716 Farrukh Siyar, the Mughal Emperor, issued all Sikhs to be converted to Islam or die, an
attempt to destroy the power of the Sikhs and to exterminate the community as a whole.[72] A
reward was offered for the head of every Sikh.[73] For a time it appeared as if the boast of Farrukh
Siyar to wipe out the name of Sikhs from the land was going to be fulfilled. Hundreds of Sikhs
were brought in from their villages and executed, and thousands who had joined merely for the
sake of booty cut off their hair and went back to the Hindu fold again.[74] Besides these there were
some Sikhs who had not yet received the baptism of Guru Gobind Singh, nor did they feel
encouraged to do so, as the adoption of the outward symbols meant courting death.
After a few years Adbus Samad Khan, the Governor of Lahore, Punjab and other Mughal officers
began to pursue Sikhs less and thus the Sikhs came back to the villages and started going to the
Gurdwaras again,[75] which were managed by Udasis when the Sikhs were in hiding. The Sikhs
celebrated Bandhi Chorh Diwas and Vaisakhi at Harmandir Sahib. The Khalsa had been split into
two major factions Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa and tensions were spewing between the two.
Under the authority of Mata Sundari Bhai Mani Singh become the Jathedar of the Harminder Nihang Singh and Nihang Singhani.
Sahib[76] and a leader of the Sikhs and the Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa joined by Bhai Mani
Singh into the Tat Khalsa[77] and after the event from that day the Bandeis assumed a quieter role
and practically disappeared from the pages of history. A police post was established at Amritsar to keep a check on the Sikhs. Mani Singh
was killed by cutting each of his body joint .[78]
Abdus Samad Khan, was transferred to Multan in 1726, and his more energetic Son, Zakaria Khan, also known as Khan Bahadur,[79] was
appointed to take his place as the governor of Lahore. In 1726, Tarra Singh of Wan, a renowned Sikh leader, and his 26 men was killed
after Governor Zakaria Khan, sent 2200 horses, 40 zamburaks, 5 elephants and 4 cannons, under the command of his deputy, Momim
Khan.[80] The murder of Tarra Singh spread across the Sikhs in Punjab and the Sikhs. Finding no Sikhs around, the government falsely
announced in each village with the beat of a drum, that all Sikhs had been eliminated but the common people knew the truth that this was
not the case.[81] The Sikhs did not face the army directly, because of their small numbers, but adopted dhai phut guerrilla warfare (hit and
run) tactics.
Under the leadership of Nawab Kapoor Singh and Jathedar Darbara Singh, in attempt to weaken their enemy looted many of the Mughals
caravans and supplies and for some years no money from revenue could reach the government treasury.[82] When the forces of
government tried to punish the outlaws, they were unable to contact them, as the Sikhs did not live in houses or forts, but ran away to their
rendezvous in forests or other places difficult to access.
Age of Revolution (1750 CE – 1914 CE) [ edit ]
Nawab Kapur Singh [ edit ]

Main article: Nawab Kapur Singh
Nawab Kapur Singh was born in 1697 in a village near Sheikhupura in what is today Punjab, Pakistan. He was a volunteer at Darbar
Sahib Amritsar. His was cleaning shoes of Sangat that come to pay their respect to Darbar Sahib, work in the kitchen to feed the Sangat.
He was given a jagir in 1733 when the Governor of Punjab offered the Sikhs the Nawabship (ownership of an estate) and a valuable royal
robe, the Khalsa accepted it all in the name of Kapur Singh.[83] Henceforth, he became known as Nawab Kapur Singh. In 1748 he would
organise the early Sikh Misls into the Dal Khalsa (Budda Dal and Tarna Dal).[84]
Nawab Kapur Singh’s father was Chaudhri Daleep Singh as a boy he memorised Gurbani Nitnem and was taught the arts of war.[85] Kapur
Singh was attracted to the Khalsa Panth after the execution of Bhai Tara Singh, of the village of Van, in 1726.[86]
Extensive looting of the Mughal government [ edit ]
The Khalsa held a meeting to make plans to respond to the state repression against the people of the region and they decided to take
possession of government money and weapons in order to weaken the administration, and to equip themselves to face the everyday
attacks.[85] Kapur Singh was assigned to plan and execute these projects.
Information was obtained that money was being transported from Multan to the Lahore treasure; the Khalsa looted the money and took
over the arms and horses of the guards.[85] They then took over one lakh rupees from the Kasoor estate treasury going from Kasur to
Lahore.[87] Next they captured a caravan from Afghanistan region which resulted in capturing numerous arms and horses.
The Khalsa seized a number of vilayati (Superior Central Asian) horses from Murtaza Khan was going to Delhi in the jungle of Kahna
Kachha.[82][88] Some additional war supplies were being taken from Afghanistan to Delhi and Kapur Singh organised an attack to capture
them. In another attack, the Khalsa recovered gold and silver which was intended to be carried from Peshawar to Delhi by Jaffar Khan, a
royal official.[87]
Government sides with the Khalsa [ edit ]
The Mughal rulers and the commanders alongside the Delhi government lost all hope of defeating the Sikhs through repression and
decided to develop another strategy, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Lahore, went to Delhi where it was decided to befriend the Sikhs and
rule in cooperation with them and in 1733 the Dehli rulers withdrew all orders against the Khalsa.[89] The Sikhs were now permitted to own
land and to move freely without any state violence against them.[90] To co-operate with the Khalsa Panth, and win the goodwill of the
people, the government sent an offer of an estate and Nawabship through a famous Lahore Sikh, Subeg Singh.[91] The Khalsa did not
wanted to rule freely and not to be under the rule of a subordinate position. However this offer was eventually accepted and this title was
bestowed on Kapur Singh after it was sanctified by the touch of Five Khalsas feet.[92] Thus Kapur Singh became Nawab Kapur Singh.
Kapur Singh guided the Sikhs in strengthening themselves and preaching Gurmat to the people. He knew that peace would be short-lived.
He encouraged people to freely visit their Gurdwaras and meet their relatives in the villages.[90]
Dal Khalsa [ edit ]

Main article: Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)
The Khalsa reorganised themselves into two divisions, the younger generation would be part of
the Taruna Dal, which provided the main fighting force, while the Sikhs above the age of forty
years would be a part of the Budha Dal, which provided the responsibility of the management of
Gurdwaras and Gurmat preaching.[93] The Budha Dal would be responsible to keep track of the
movements of government forces, plan their defense strategies, and they provide a reserve
fighting force for the Taruna Dal.[90]
The following measures were established by Nawab Kapur Singh:[94]
All money obtained from anywhere by any Jatha should be deposited in the Common Khalsa
Ragis recite Sikh scriptures
Fund. alongside playing portable instruments
The Khalsa should have their common Langer for both the Dals. such as the Dilruba.
Every Sikh should respect the orders of his Jathedar. Anyone going anywhere would get
permission from him and report to him on his return.
5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa [ edit ]
The Taruna Dal quickly increased to more than 12,000 recruits and it soon became difficult to manage the house and feeding of such a
large number of people at one place.[94] It was then decided to have five divisions of the Dal, each to draw rations from the central stocks
and cook its own langar.[95] These five divisions were stationed around the five sarovars (sacred pools) around Amritsar they were
Ramsar, Bibeksar, Lachmansar, Kaulsar and Santokhsar.[96] The divisions later became known as Misls and their number increased to
eleven. Each took over and ruled a different region of the Punjab. Collectively they called themselves the Sarbat Khalsa.
Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership [ edit ]
Being the leader of the Khalsa Nawab Kapur Singh was given an additional responsibility by Mata Sundari, the wife of Guru Gobind Singh
sent Kapur Singh the young Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and told him that Ahluwalia was like a son to her and that the Nawab should raise him
like an ideal Sikh. Ahluwalia under the guidance of Kapur Singh, was given a good education in Gurbani and thorough training in
managing the Sikh affairs.[97] Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia would become an important role in leading the Sikhs to self-rule.
State oppression [ edit ]
In 1735, the rulers of Lahore attacked and repossessed the jagir (estate) given to the Sikhs only two years before[98] however Nawab
Kapur Singh in reaction decided the whole Punjab should be taken over by the Sikhs.[99] This decision was taken against heavy odds but
was endorsed by the Khalsa and all the Sikhs assured him of their full cooperation in his endeavor for self-rule. Zakariya Khan Bahadur
sent roaming squads to hunt and kill the Sikhs. Orders were issued to all administrators down to the village level officials to seek Sikhs,
murder them, get them arrested, or report their whereabouts to the governments. One year's wages were offered to anyone who would
murder a Sikh and deliver his head to the police station.[97] Rewards were also promised to those who helped arrest Sikhs. Persons
providing food or shelter to Sikhs or helping them in any way were severely punished.[100]
This was the period when the Sikhs were sawed into pieces,[101] burnt alive,[102] their heads crushed with hammers[103] and young
children were pierced with spears before their mother’s eyes.[104] To keep their morale high, the Sikhs developed their own high-sounding
terminologies and slogans:[103] For example. Tree leaves boiled for food were called ‘green dish’; the parched chickpeas were called
‘almonds’; the Babul tree was a ‘rose’; a blind man was a ‘brave man’, getting on the back of a buffalo was ‘riding an elephant’.
The army pursued the Sikhs hiding near the hills and forced them to cross the rivers and seek safety in the Malwa tract.[105] When Kapur
Singh reached Patiala he met Maharaja Baba Ala Singh who then took Amrit[106] and Kapur Singh helped him increase the boundaries of
his state. In 1736 the Khalsa attacked Sirhind, where the two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh were killed. The Khalsa took over the
city, the took over the treasury and they established the Gurdwaras at the historical places and withdrew.[103] While near Amritsar the
government of Lahore sent troops to attack the Sikhs. Kapur Singh entrusted the treasury to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, while having sufficient
amount of Sikhs with him to keep the army engaged. When Jassa Singh was reached a considerable distance the Khalsa safely retreated
to Tarn Taran Sahib. Kapur Singh sent messages to the Tauna Dal asking them to help them in the fight. After a day of fighting Kapur
Singh from the trenches dug by the Khalsa surprisingly attacked the commanding posts killing three generals alongside many Mughal
officers. The Mughal army thus retreated to Lahore.
Zakaria Khan called his advisers to plan another strategy to deal with the Sikhs. It was suggested that the Sikhs should not be allowed to
visit the Amrit Sarovar,[107] which was believed to be the fountain of their lives and source of their strength. Strong contingents were
posted around the city and all entries to Harmandir Sahib were checked. The Sikhs, however, risking their lives, continued to pay their
respects to the holy place and take a dip in the Sarovar (sacred pool) in the dark of the night. When Kapur Singh went to Amritsar he had
a fight with Qadi Abdul Rehman. He had declared that Sikhs the so-called lions, would not dare to come to Amritsar and face him. In the
ensuing fight Abdul Rehman was killed.[108] When his son tried to save him, he too lost his life. In 1738 Bhai Mani Singh was executed.
Sikhs attack Nader Shah [ edit ]
In 1739 Nader Shah of the Turkic Afsharid dynasty invaded and looted the treasury of the Indian subcontinent. Nader Shah killed more
than 100,000 people in Delhi and carried off all of the gold and valuables.[109] He added to his caravan hundreds of elephants and horses,
along with thousands of young women and Indian artisans.[110] When Kapur Singh came to know of this, he decided to warn Nader Shah
that if not the local rulers, then the Sikhs would protect the innocent women of Muslims and Hindus from being sold as slaves. While
crossing The river Chenab, the Sikhs attacked the rear end of the caravan, freed many of the women, freed the artisans, and recovered
part of the treasure.[111] The Sikhs continued to harass him and lighten him of his loot until he withdrew from the Punjab.
Sikhs kill Massa Rangar [ edit ]
Massa Ranghar, the Mughal official, had taken over the control of Amritsar. While smoking and drinking in the Harmandir Sahib, he
watched the dances of nautch girls.[112] The Sikhs who had moved to Bikaner, a desert region, for safety, were outraged to hear of this
desecration. In 1740 Sukha Singh and Mehtab Singh, went to Amritsar disguised as revenue collectors.[113] They tied their horses outside,
walked straight into the Harmandir Sahib, cut off his head,[114] and took it with them. It was a lesson for the ruler that no tyrant would go
unpunished.
Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan [ edit ]
Abdus Samad Khan, a senior Mughal royal commander, was sent from Delhi to subdue the Sikhs.[115] Kapur Singh learned of this scheme
and planned his own strategy accordingly. As soon as the army was sent out to hunt for the Sikhs, a Jatha of commandos disguised as
messengers of Khan went to the armory. The commander there was told that Abdus Samad Khan was holding the Sikhs under siege and
wanted him with all his force to go and arrest them. The few guards left behind were then overpowered by the Sikhs, and all the arms and
ammunition were looted and brought to the Sikh camp.[116]
Mughals increase persecution [ edit ]
Abdus Samad Khan sent many roaming squads to search for and kill Sikhs. He was responsible for the torture and murder of Bhai Mani
Singh,[117] the head Granthi of Harimander Sahib. Samad Khan was afraid that Sikhs would kill him so he remained far behind the fighting
lines.[118] Kapur Singh had a plan to get him. During the battle Kapur Singh ordered his men to retreat drawing the fighting army with them.
He then wheeled around and fell upon the rear of the army.[119] Samad Khan and his guards were lying dead on the field within hours. The
Punjab governor also took extra precautions for safety against the Sikhs. He started to live in the fort. He would not even dare to visit the
mosque outside the fort for prayers.
On the request of the Budha Dal members, Kapur Singh visited Patiala. The sons of Sardar Ala Singh, the founder and Maharajah of the
Patiala state, gave him a royal welcome. Kapur Singh subdued all local administrators around Delhi who were not behaving well towards
their people.
Zakaria Khan died in 1745. His successor tightened the security around Amritsar. Kapur Singh planned to break the siege of Amritsar.
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the commander of the attacking Sikh forces. In 1748, the Sikhs attacked. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, with
his commandos behind him, dashed to the army commander and cut him into two with his sword. The commander's nephew was also
killed.
The Khalsa strengthen military developments [ edit ]
The Sikhs built their first fort Ram Rauni at Amritsar in 1748.[120] In December 1748, Governor Mir Mannu had to take his forces outside of
Lahore to stop the advance of Ahmad Shah Abdali. The Sikhs quickly overpowered the police defending the station in Lahore and
confiscated all of their weapons and released all the prisoners.[121] Nawab Kapur Singh told the sheriff to inform the Governor that, the
sheriff of God, the True Emperor, came and did what he was commanded to do. Before the policemen could report the matter to the
authorities, or the army could be called in, the Khalsa were already riding their horses back to the forest.[122] Nawab Kapur Singh died in
1753.
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia [ edit ]

Main article: Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was born in 1718. His father, Badar Singh, died when Ahluwalia was only four years old.[123] His mother took him to
Mata Sundari, the wife of Guru Gobind Singh when Ahluwalia was young.[124][125] Mata Sundri was impressed by his melodious singing of
hymns and kept the Ahluwalia near her. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was adopted by Nawab Kapoor Singh,[126] then the leader of the
Sikh nation. Ahluwalia followed all Sikh qualities required for a leader Ahluwalia would sing Asa di Var in the morning and it was
appreciated by all the Dal Khalsa and Ahluwalia kept busy doing seva (selfless service). He became very popular with the Sikhs. He used
to tie his turban in the Mughal fashion as he grew up in Delhi. Ahluwalia learned horseback riding
and swordsmanship from expert teachers.[127]
In 1748 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia became the supreme commander of all the Misls.[128] Jassa Singh
Ahluwalia was honored with the title of Sultanul Kaum (King of the Nation).[129] Jassa Singh
Ahluwalia was the head of the Ahluwalia Misl and then after Nawab Kapoor Singh become the
leader of all the Misls jointly called Dal Khalsa. He played a major role In leading the Khalsa to
self-rule in Punjab. In 1761 The Dal Khalsa under the leadership of Ahluwalia, would take over
Lahore, the capital of Punjab, for the first time.[130] They were the masters of Lahore for a few
months and minted their own Nanakshahi rupee coin in the name of 'Guru Nanak – Guru Gobind
Singh'.[131]
Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre) [ edit ]

Main article: Sikh holocaust of 1746
In 1746 about seven thousand Sikhs were killed and three thousand to fifteen thousand[132] Sikhs
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a
were taken prisoners during by the order of the Mughal Empire when Zakaria Khan, The Governor
prominent Sikh leader during the
of Lahore, and Lakhpat Rai, the Divan (Revenue Minister) of Zakaria Khan, sent military squads to period of the Sikh Confederacy. He
kill the Sikhs.[133][134] was also Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl.
Jaspat Rai, a jagirdar (landlord) of the Eminabad area and also the brother of Lakhpat Rai, faced
the Sikhs in a battle one of the Sikhs held the tail of his elephant and got on his back from behind and with a quick move, he chopped off
his head.[135] Seeing their master killed, the troops fled. Lakhpat Rai, after this incident, committed himself to destroying the Sikhs.[134]
Through March–May 1746, a new wave of violence was started against the Sikhs with all of the resources available to the Mughal
government, village officials were ordered to co-operate in the expedition. Zakaria Khan issued the order that no one was to give any help
or shelter to Sikhs and warned that severe consequences would be taken against anyone disobeying these orders.[136] Local people were
forcibly employed to search for the Sikhs to be killed by the army. Lakhpat Rai ordered Sikh places of worship to be destroyed and their
holy books burnt.[137] Information about including Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and a large body of Sikhs were camping in riverbeds in the
Gurdaspur district (Kahnuwan tract). Zakaria Khan managed to have 3,000 Sikhs of these Sikhs captured and later got them beheaded in
batches at Nakhas (site of the horse market outside the Delhi gate).[138] Sikhs raised a memorial shrine known as the Shahidganj (the
treasure house of martyrs) at that place latter.
In 1747, Shah Nawaz took over as Governor of Lahore. To please the Sikhs, Lakhpat Rai was put in prison by the new Governor.[133]
Lakhpat Rai received severe punishment and was eventually killed by the Sikhs.
Reclaiming Amritsar [ edit ]
In 1747 Salabat Khan, a newly appointed Mughal commander, placed police around Amritsar and built observation posts to spot and kill
Sikhs coming to the Amrit Sarovar for a holy dip.[107] Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Nawab Kapoor Singh led the Sikhs to Amritsar, and
Salabat Khan was killed by Ahluwalia, and his nephew was killed by the arrow of Kapur Singh.[57][139] The Sikhs restored Harmandir Sahib
and celebrated their Diwali gathering there.
Reorganisation of the Misls [ edit ]
In 1748 all the Misls joined themselves under one command and on the advice of the aging Jathedar Nawab Kapoor Singh Jassa Singh
Ahluwalia was made the supreme leader.[131] They also decided to declare that the Punjab belonged to them and they would be the
sovereign rulers of their state. The Sikhs also built their first fort, called Ram Rauni, at Amritsar.
Khalsa side with the Government [ edit ]
Adina Beg, the Faujdar (garrison commander) of Jalandhar, sent a message to the Dal Khalsa chief to cooperate with him in the civil
administration, and he wanted a meeting to discuss the matter.[140] This was seen as a trick to disarm the Sikhs and keep them under
government control. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia replied that their meeting place would be the battleground and the discussion would be carried
out by their swords. Beg attacked the Ram Rauni fort at Amritsar and besieged the Sikhs there.[141] Dewan Kaura Mal advised the
Governor to lift the siege and prepare the army to protect the state from the Durrani invader, Ahmed Shah Abdali. Kaura Mal had a part of
the revenue of Patti area given to the Sikhs for the improvement and management of Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.[142]
Kaura Mal had to go to Multan to quell a rebellion there. He asked the Sikhs for help and they agreed to join him. After the victory at
Multan, Kaura came to pay his respects to the Darbar Sahib, and offered 11,000 rupees and built Gurdwara Bal-Leela; He also spent
3,000,000 rupees to build a Sarover (holy water) at Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev.[143] In 1752, Kaura Mall was killed
in a battle with Ahmed Shah Abdali and state policy towards the Sikhs quickly changed. Mir Mannu, the Governor, started hunting Sikhs
again. He arrested many men and women, put them in prison and tortured them. In November 1753,[citation needed] when he went to kill the
Sikhs hiding in the fields, they showered him with a hail of bullets and Mannu fell from the horse and the animal dragged him to death. The
Sikhs immediately proceeded to Lahore, attacked the prison, and got all the prisoners released and led them to safety in the forests.[144]
Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757 [ edit ]
In May 1757, the Afghan Durrani general of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Jahan Khan attacked Amritsar with a huge army and the Sikhs because
of their small numbers decided to withdraw to the forests. Their fort, Ram Rauni, was demolished,[citation needed] Harmandir Sahib was also
demolished, and the army desecrated the Sarovar (Holy water) by filling it with debris and dead animals.[145] Baba Deep Singh made
history when he cut through 20,000 Durrani soldiers and reached Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.[146][147]
The Khalsa gain territory [ edit ]
Adina Beg did not pay revenues to the government so the Governor dismissed him[148] and appointed a new Faujdar (garrison
commander) in his place. The army was sent to arrest him and this prompted Adina Beg to request Sikh help. The Sikhs took advantage of
the situation and to weaken the government, they fought against the army. One of the commanders was killed by the Sikhs and the other
deserted. Later, the Sikhs attacked Jalandhar[149] and thus became the rulers of all the tracts between Sutlej and Beas rivers, called
Doaba.[150] Instead of roaming in the forests now they were ruling the cities.
The Sikhs started bringing more areas under their control and realising revenue from them. In 1758, joined by the Mahrattas,[151] they
conquered Lahore and arrested many Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amrit Sarovar with debris a few months earlier.
They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy water).[152][153] After the cleaning of the Sarovar, the soldiers were
allowed to go home with a warning that they should not do that again.
Ahmed Shah Abdali came again in October 1759 to loot Delhi. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers.
Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The Khalsa decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove
to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight
against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000 rupees to the Sikhs.
Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 with lots of gold and more than 2,000 young girls as prisoners who were to be sold
to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and
escorted them back to their homes. The Sikhs took over Lahore in September of 1761, after Abdali returned to Kabul.
The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After
becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of Sultan-ul-Kaum (King of the Nation).[154]
Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre) [ edit ]

Main article: Sikh holocaust of 1762
In the winter of 1762, after losing his loot from Delhi to the Sikhs, The Durrani emperor, Ahmad Shah Abdali brought a big, well equipped
army to finish the Sikhs forever. Sikhs were near Ludhiana on their way to the forests and dry areas of the south and Abdali moved from
Lahore very quickly and caught the Sikhs totally unprepared.[155] They had their women, children and old people with them. As many as
30,000 Sikhs are said to have been murdered by the army.[156][157] Jassa Singh Ahluwalia himself received about two dozen wounds. Fifty
chariots were necessary to transport the heads of the victims to Lahore.[158] The Sikhs call this Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre).
Harmandir Sahib blown up in 1762 [ edit ]
Ahmad Shah Abdali, fearing Sikh retaliation, sent messages that he was willing to assign some areas to the Sikhs to be ruled by them.
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia rejected his offers and told him that Sikhs own Punjab and they do not recognise his authority at all. Abdali went to
Amritsar and destroyed the Harmandir Sahib again by filling it up with gunpowder hoping to eliminate the source of "life" of the
Sikhs.[159][160] While Abdali was demolishing the Harminder Sahib a he was hit on the nose with a brick;[161] later in 1772 Abdali died of
cancer from the 'gangrenous ulcer' that consumed his nose.[162] Within a few months the Sikhs attacked Sirhind and moved to
Amritsar.[citation needed]
Sikhs retake Lahore [ edit ]
In 1764 the Sikhs shot dead Zain Khan Sirhindi[163] Durrani Governor of Sirhind, and the regions around Sirhind were divided among the
Sikh Misldars and money recovered from the treasury were used to rebuild the Harmandir Sahib. Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib was built in
Sirhind, at the location the two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh were killed. The Sikhs started striking Govind Shahi coins[164] and in
1765 they took over Lahore again.[165]
In 1767 when Ahmed Shah Abdali came again he sent messages to the Sikhs for their cooperation. He offered them the governorship of
Punjab but was rejected.[150] The Sikhs using repeated guerrilla attacks took away his caravan of 1,000 camels loaded with fruits from
Kabul.[166] The Sikhs were again in control of the areas between Sutlej and Ravi. After Abdali’s departure to Kabul, Sikhs crossed the
Sutlej and brought Sirhind and other areas right up to Delhi, entire Punjab under their control.[157]
Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor of Delhi was staying away in Allahabad, ordered his commander Zabita Khan to fight the Sikhs.[150]
Zabita made a truce with them instead[167] and then was dismissed from Alam’s service. Zabita Khan then became a Sikh and was given a
new name, Dharam Singh.[168]
Qadi Nur Mohammed, who came to Punjab with Ahmad Shah Abdali and was present during many Sikh battles writes about the
Sikhs:[169]
“ They do not kill a woman, a child, or a coward running away from the fight. They do not rob any person nor do they take
away the ornaments of a woman, be she a queen or a slave girl. They commit no adultery, rather they respect the women
of even their enemies. They always shun thieves and adulterers and in generosity they surpass Hatim." ”
Peace in Amritsar [ edit ]
Ahmad Shah Abdali, fearing the Sikhs, did not follow his normal route through Punjab while he
returned to Kabul. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia did not add more areas to his Misl. Instead, whenever
any wealth or villages came into the hands of the Sikhs he distributed them among the Jathedars
of all the Misls. Ahluwalia passed his last years in Amritsar. With the resources available to him,
he repaired all the buildings, improved the management of the Gurdwaras, and provided better
civic facilities to the residents of Amritsar. He wanted every Sikh to take Amrit before joining the
Dal Khalsa.[170]
Ahluwalia died in 1783 and was cremated near Amritsar. There is a city block, Katra Ahluwalia, in In 1783, the Sikhs captured the Red
Fort, Delhi.
Amritsar named after him. This block was assigned to his Misl in honor of his having stayed there
and protected the city of Amritsar.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia [ edit ]

Main article: Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia played an active role in Jassa Singh Alhuwalia’s army. He founded the
Ramgarhia Misl[171] and played a major role in the battles of the Khalsa Panth. He suffered about
two dozen wounds during the Wadda Ghalughara. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the son of Giani
Bhagwan Singh[171] and was born in 1723. They lived in the village of Ichogil, near Lahore. His
grandfather took Amrit during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh,[172] and joined him in many
battles; he joined the forces of Banda Singh Bahadur. Ramgarhia was the oldest of five brothers.
When Ramgarhia was young he had memorised Nitnem hymns and took Amrit.[172]
Award of an Estate [ edit ]
In 1733, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Punjab, needed help to protect himself from the Iranian
invader, Nader Shah. He offered the Sikhs an estate and a royal robe.[173] The Sikhs in the name
of Kapur Singh accepted it. After the battle Zakaria Khan gave five villages to the Sikhs in reward
for the bravery of Giani Bhagwan Singh, father of Ramgarhia, who died in the battle. Village Vallah
was awarded to Ramgarhia,[174] where Ramgarhia gained the administrative experience required
to become a Jathedar (leader) of the Sikhs. During this period of peace with the government, the
Sikhs built their fort, Ram Rauni, in Amritsar. Zakaria died in 1745 and Mir Mannu became the Ramgarhia Bunga built by Jassa
Governor of Lahore. Singh Ramgarhia in the late 18th
century (year 1755).
Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia [ edit ]
Mir Mannu (Mu'in ul-Mulk), the Governor of Lahore, was worried about the increasing power of the Sikhs so he broke the peace. Mir
Mannu also ordered Adina Beg, the Faujdar (garrison commander) of the Jalandhar region, to begin killing the Sikhs.[175] Adina Beg was a
very smart politician and wanted the Sikhs to remain involved helping them. In order to develop good relations with the Sikhs, he sent
secret messages to them who were living in different places. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia responded and agreed to cooperate with the Faujdar
and was made a Commander.[128] This position helped him develop good relations with Divan Kaura Mal at Lahore and assign important
posts to the Sikhs in the Jalandhar division.
The Governor of Lahore ordered an attack on Ram Rauni to kill the Sikhs staying in that fort. Adina Beg was required to send his army as
well and Jassa Singh, being the commander of the Jalandhar forces, had to join the army to kill the Sikhs in the fort.[176] After about four
months of siege, Sikhs ran short of food and supplies in the fort. He contacted the Sikhs inside the fort and joined them. Jassa Singh used
the offices of Divan Kaura Mal and had the siege lifted.[177] The fort was strengthened and named Ramgarh; Jassa Singh Ramgarhia,
having been designated the Jathedar of the fort, became popular as Ramgarhia.
Fighting the tyrannical Government [ edit ]
Mir Mannu intensified his violence and oppression against the Sikhs. There were only 900 Sikhs when he surrounded the Ramgarh fort
again.[178] The Sikhs fought their way out bravely through thousands of army soldiers. The army demolished the fort. The hunt for and
torture of the Sikhs continued until Mannu died in 1753. Mannu's death left Punjab without any effective Governor. It was again an
opportune period for the Sikhs to organise themselves and gain strength. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia rebuilt the fort and took possession of
some areas around Amritsar. The Sikhs took upon themselves the task of protecting the people in the villages from the invaders.[179] The
money they obtained from the people was called Rakhi (protection charges). The new Governor, Taimur, son of Ahmed Shah Abdali,
despised the Sikhs. In 1757, he again forced the Sikhs to vacate the fort and move to their hiding places. The fort was demolished,
Harmandir Sahib was blown up, and Amrit Sarovar was filled with debris.[citation needed] The Governor decided to replace Adina Beg. Beg
asked the Sikhs for help and they both got a chance to weaken their common enemy. Adina Beg won the battle and became the Governor
of Punjab. Sikhs rebuilt their fort Ramgarh and repaired the Harmandir Sahib. Beg was well acquainted with the strength of the Sikhs and
he feared they would oust him if he allowed them to grow stronger, so he led a strong army to demolish the fort.[180] After fighting valiantly,
the Sikhs decided to leave the fort. Adina Beg died in 1758.
Ramgarhia Misl Estate [ edit ]
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia occupied the area to the north of Amritsar between the Ravi and the
Beas rivers.[181] He also added the Jalandhar region and Kangra hill areas to his estate. He had
his capital in Sri Hargobindpur, a town founded by the sixth Guru. The large size of Ramgarhia's
territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh Misls.[182]
Conflicts between Misls [ edit ]
A conflict between Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia developed and the Bhangi
Misl sardars also developed differences with Jai Singh Kanhaiya. A big battle was fought between
Jai Singh, Charat Singh, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on one side and Bhangis, Ramgarhias and
their associates on the other side. The Bhangi side lost the battle.
Later, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, one day while hunting, happened to enter Ramgarhia territory
where Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother arrested him. Ramgarhia apologised for the
misbehaviour of his brother, and returned Ahluwalia with gifts.[183]
Mutual Misl wars [ edit ]

Jodh Singh Ramgarhia the son of
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Due to mutual jealousies, fights continued among the Sikh Sardars. In 1776, the Bhangis changed
sides and joined Jai Singh Kanhaiya to defeat Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.[184] His capital at Sri
Hargobindpur was taken over and he was followed from village to village,[185] and finally forced to
vacate all his territory. He had to cross the river Sutlej and go to Amar Singh, the ruler of Patiala. Maharaja Amar Singh welcomed
Ramgarhia and who then occupied the areas of Hansi and Hissar[186] which eventually Ramgarhia handed over to his son, Jodh Singh
Ramgarhia.
Maharaja Amar Singh and Ramgarhia took control of the villages on the west and north of Delhi, now forming parts of Haryana and
Western Uttar Pradesh. The Sikhs disciplined and brought to justice all the Nawabs who were harassing their non-Muslim population.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia entered Delhi in 1783. Shah Alam II, the Mughal emperor, extended the Sikhs a warm welcome.[185] Ramgarhia
left Delhi after receiving gifts from him. Because of the differences arising out of the issue of dividing the Jammu state revenues, longtime
friends and neighbors Maha Singh, Jathedar of Sukerchakia Misl and Jai Singh, Jathedar of the Kanheya Misl, became enemies. This
resulted in a war which changed the course of Sikh history. Maha Singh requested Ramgarhia to help him. In the battle, Jai Singh lost his
son, Gurbalchsh Singh, while fighting with Ramgarhias.
Sikhs captured Delhi [ edit ]
Main article: Capture of Delhi
After continuous raids, Sikhs under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Baba Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia defeated the Mughals on 11
March 1783, captured Delhi and hoisted Sikh flag (Nishan Sahib) in Red Fort and Ahluwalia became King but they gave it back to Mughals
after signing peace treaties.
The creation of the United Misl [ edit ]
Jai Singh Kanheya’s widowed daughter-in-law, Sada Kaur, though very young, was a great statesperson. Sada Kaur saw the end of the
Khalsa power through such mutual battles but she was able to convince Maha Singh to adopt the path of friendship.[187] For this she
offered the hand of her daughter, then only a child, to his son, Ranjit Singh (later the Maharaja of the Punjab), who was then just a boy.
The balance of power shifted in favour of this united Misl. This made Ranjit Singh the leader of the most powerful union of the Misls.
When the Afghan invader, Zaman Shah Durrani, came in 1788 the Sikhs, however, were still divided. Ramgarhia and Bhangi Misls were
not willing to help Ranjit Singh to fight the invader, so the Afghans took over Lahore and looted it. Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore in
1799[188] but still the Ramgarhias and Bhangis did not accept him as the leader of all the Sikhs. They got the support of their friends and
marched to Lahore to challenge Ranjit Singh. When the Bhangi leader died Jassa Singh Ramgarhia returned to his territory.[189]
Ramgarhia was eighty years old when he died in 1803. His son, Jodh Singh Ramgarhia, developed good relations with Ranjit Singh and
they never fought again.
Battles fought by Sikhs [ edit ]
1. Battle of Rohilla
2. Battle of Kartarpur
3. Battle of Amritsar (1634)
4. Battle of Lahira
5. Battle of Bhangani
6. Battle of Nadaun
7. Battle of Guler (1696)
8. Battle of Basoli
9. First Battle of Anandpur
10. Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
11. Second Battle of Anandpur
12. First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)
13. First Battle of Anandpur (1704)
14. Second Battle of Anandpur (1704)
15. Battle of Sarsa
16. Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)
17. Battle of Muktsar
18. Battle of Sonepat[190]
19. Battle of Ambala
20. Battle of Samana
21. Battle of Chappar Chiri[64]
22. Battle of Sadhaura[191][192]
23. Battle of Rahon (1710)
24. Battle of Lohgarh
25. Battle of Jammu
26. Battle of Kapuri (1709)
27. Battle of Jalalabad (1710)
28. Siege of Gurdaspur or Battle of Gurdas Nangal
29. Siege of Ram Rauni
31. Battle of Lahore (1759)
32. Battle of Sialkot (1761)
33. Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
34. Sikh Occupation of Lahore[193]
35. Sikh holocaust of 1762 or Battle of Kup
36. Battle of Harnaulgarh
37. Skirmish of Amritsar (1762)
38. Battle of Sialkot (1763)
39. Battle of Sirhind (1764)[194]
40. Rescue of Hindu Girls (1769)
41. Sikh Occupation of Delhi (1783)[195][196]
43. Battle of Gujrat (1797)
45. Gurkha-Sikh War
46. Battle of Attock
47. Battle of Multan
48. Battle of Shopian
49. Battle of Peshawar (1834)
50. Battle of Jamrud
51. Sino-Sikh War
52. Battle of Mudki
53. Battle of Ferozeshah
54. Battle of Baddowal
55. Battle of Aliwal
56. Battle of Sobraon
57. Battle of Chillianwala
58. Battle of Ramnagar
59. Siege of Multan
60. Battle of Gujrat
61. Battle of Saragarhi
Sikh Empire [ edit ]
Main article: Sikh Empire
Ranjit Singh was crowned on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi). Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak Dev, conducted
the coronation.[197] Gujranwala served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he shifted his capital to Lahore and Amritsar. Ranjit Singh rose to
power in a very short period, from a leader of a single Sikh misl to finally becoming the Maharaja (Emperor) of Punjab.
Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple) is culturally the most significant Maharaja Ranjit Singh ruler of the Sikh Empire.
place of worship for the Sikhs. Maharaja Ranjit Singh rebuilt Harmandir
Sahib in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in
1830.[198]
Maharaja Sher Singh and his council in the Lahore Fort in 1841. Nihang Abchal Nagar (Nihangs from
Hazur Sahib), 1844. Shows turban-
wearing Sikh soldiers with chakrams.
Sher Singh in Lahore, c. 1845 CE.
Formation [ edit ]
The Sikh Empire (from 1801–1849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Empire extended
from Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. The main geographical footprint of the
empire was the Punjab. The religious demography of the Sikh Empire was Muslim (80%), Sikh (10%), Hindu (10%).[199]
The foundations of the Sikh Empire, during the Punjab Army, could be defined as early as 1707, starting from the death of Aurangzeb and
the downfall of the Mughal Empire. After fighting off local Mughal remnants and allied Rajput leaders, Afghans, and occasionally hostile
Punjabi Muslims who sided with other Muslim forces the fall of the Mughal Empire provided opportunities for the army, known as the Dal
Khalsa, to lead expeditions against the Mughals and Afghans. This led to the growth of the army, which was split into different Punjabi
Armies and then semi-independent misls. Each of these component armies was known as a misl, each controlling different areas and
cities. However, in the period from 1762–1799 Sikh rulers of their misls appeared to be coming into their own. The formal start of the Sikh
Empire began with the disbandment of the Punjab Army by the time of Coronation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1801, creating the one
unified political Empire. All the misldars who were affiliated with the Army were nobility with usually long and prestigious family histories in
Punjab's history.[200]
Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited near the Akal Takht and Golden
Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
Punjab flourishes in education and arts [ edit ]
The Sikh rulers were very tolerant of other religions; and arts, painting and writings flourished in Punjab. In Lahore alone there were 18
formal schools for girls besides specialist schools for technical training, languages, mathematics and logic, let alone specialised schools
for the three major religions, they being Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism.[201] There were craft schools specialising in miniature painting,
sketching, drafting, architecture, and calligraphy. There wasn't a mosque, a temple, a dharmsala that had not a school attached to it.[202]
All the sciences in Arabic and Sanskrit schools and colleges, as well as Oriental literature, Oriental law, Logic, Philosophy, and Medicine
were taught to the highest standard. In Lahore, Schools opened from 7am and closed at midday. In no case was a class allowed to exceed
50 pupils.[203]
Khalsa Army [ edit ]

Main article: Sikh Khalsa Army
Ghorchara (Horse-mounted) Sikh Khalsa Akali Nihangs.

Bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
of Punjab.
The Sikh Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) consisted of roughly 71,000 men and consisted of infantry, cavalry, and artillery units.[204] Ranjit Singh
employed generals and soldiers from many countries including Russia, Italy, France, and America.[citation needed]
There was strong collaboration in defense against foreign incursions such as those initiated by Shah Zaman and Timur Shah Durrani. The
city of Amritsar was attacked numerous times. Yet the time is remembered by Sikh historians as the "Heroic Century". This is mainly to
describe the rise of Sikhs to political power against large odds. The circumstances were hostile religious environment against Sikhs, a tiny
Sikh population compared to other religious and political powers, which were much larger in the region than the Sikhs.
Conquests [ edit ]
In 1834 the Khalsa under Nau Nihal Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa, Jean-Baptiste Ventura, and Claude August Court conquered Peshawar and
extended the Sikh Raj up to Jamrud, Afghanistan.[205]
End of empire [ edit ]
First Anglo-Sikh War [ edit ]
After Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal
divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British Empire to launch
the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Battle of Ferozeshah in 1845 marked many turning points, the
British encountered the Punjabi Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better
of the British artillery". But as the British made advancements, Europeans in their army were
especially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralised, the backbone of the
enemy's position would be broken".[206] The fighting continued throughout the night earning the
Map showing expansion of Sikh
nickname "night of terrors". The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered Empire from 1765 to 1805.
terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or
wounded".[207]
British General Sire James Hope Grant recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of
warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation"[207] The Punjabi ended
up recovering their camp, and the British were exhausted. Lord Hardinge sent his son to Mudki with a sword from his Napoleonic
campaigns. A note in Robert Needham Cust's diary revealed that the "British generals decided to lay down arms: News came from the
Governor General that our attack of yesterday had failed, that affairs were disparate, all state papers were to be destroyed, and that if the
morning attack failed all would be over, this was kept secret by Mr. Currie and we were considering measures to make an unconditional
surrender to save the wounded...".[207]
However, a series of events of the Sikhs being betrayed by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall. Maharaja Gulab Singh
and Dhian Singh, were Hindu Dogras from Jammu, and top Generals of the army. Tej Singh and Lal Singh were secretly allied to the
British. They supplied important war plans of the Army, and provided the British with updated vital intelligence on the Army dealings, which
ended up changing the scope of the war and benefiting the British positions.[208][209]
Second Anglo-Sikh War [ edit ]
The Punjab Empire was finally dissolved after a series of wars with the British at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into
separate princely states, and the British province of Punjab that where granted a statehood, and eventually a lieutenant governorship
stationed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Royal Crown in London.
British Colonial period (1849–1945 CE) [ edit ]
Punjab under British Raj [ edit ]
Impact on Punjabi education [ edit ]
Every village in the Punjab, through the Tehsildar (taxman), had an ample supply of the Punjabi
qaida (beginners book), which was compulsory for females and thus, almost every Punjabi
The First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845-46.
woman was literate in the sense that she could read and write the lundee form of Gurmukhi.[203]
In the carnage of revenge that followed 1857, the British Raj made it a special effort to search
every house of a village and to burn every book.[201] Even in the secular schools of Lahore which
used Persian or lundee Gurmukhi which was given by Guru Angad Dev ji, as the medium of
instruction, books formed the major bonfire than the British troops 'cleansed' the region.
Sikhs in the British military [ edit ]
Under the East India Company and then British colonial rule from 1858 Sikhs was feared and
respected for their martial ability. After they played a key role in the suppression of the Indian
'Mutiny' of 1857-8. Sikhs were increasingly incorporated into the Indian army because they were
Punjab province in 1903.
not only seen as 'loyal', but because the British believed that they were a 'martial race' whose
religious traditions and popular customs made them skilled fighters.[210]
The Sikhs again were honoured in the Battle of Saragarhi where twenty-one Sikhs of the 4th Battalion (then 36th Sikhs) of the Sikh
Regiment of British India, died defending an army post from 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen in 1897.[211]
Singh Sabha [ edit ]
In 1873 and 1879 the First and Second Singh Sabha was founded, the Sikh leaders of the Singh Sabha worked to offer a clear definition
of Sikh identity and tried to purify Sikh belief and practice.[212]
Cultural infrastructure and Gurdwara management [ edit ]
In 1882 The first Punjab university, University of the Punjab, was founded at Lahore. In 1892 the Khalsa College was founded in Amritsar.
In 1907 The Khalsa Diwan Society is established in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 1911 The first Gurdwara is established in
London. In 1912 the First Gurdwara in United States was established in Stockton, California.[213][self-published source]
Settlement outside Punjab [ edit ]
In the late 1800s and early 1900s Punjabi and Sikhs began to immigrate to East Africa, the Far
East, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Sikhs in the World Wars [ edit ]
In two world wars 83,005 Sikh soldiers were killed and 109,045 were wounded.[214] Sikh soldiers
died or were wounded for the freedom of Britain and the world and during shell fire.
At offset of World War I, Sikh military personnel numbered around 35,000 men of the 161,000
troops, which is around 22% of the British Armed Forces,[215] yet the Sikhs only made up less
than 2% of the total population in India.
Khalsa College, Amritsar.
A Sikh in World War II. Indian Sikh soldiers in Sikh soldier with a A company of 15th Sikhs A company of 15th Sikhs
Italian campaign. captured swastika after at Le Sart, France, c. at Le Sart, France 1915.
the surrender of German 1915
forces in Italy, May 1945.
Sikh soldiers of the

Indian Legion guarding
the Atlantic Wall in
France in March 1944.
Subhas Chandra Bose
initiated the legion's
formation, intended to
serve as a liberation
force from the British
occupation of India.
Sikh Soldiers in World War I [ edit ]
During World War I thousands of Sikhs from India fought alongside Britain and many sacrificed their lives for the greater cause. The Royal
Military Academy Sandhurst honored Sikhs by featured a re-enacting by 36 Sikh volunteers.
Early modern Sikh developments [ edit ]
In 1920 The Akali Party is established to free gurdwaras from corrupt masands (treasurers), and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak
Committee (SPGC) is founded.[216] In 1925 The Punjab Sikh Gurdwaras Act is passed, which transfers control of the Punjab's historic
gurdwaras to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee.[217]
Sikh Struggles in British India [ edit ]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre [ edit ]

Main article: Jallianwala Bagh massacre
In 1919 the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar during the festival of Vaisakhi when 15,000 to 20,000 peaceful protesters
including women, children and the elderly where shot at under the orders of Reginald Dyer.[218]
Saka Panja Sahib [ edit ]
A non-violent agitation to assert the right to felling trees for Guru ka Langar from the land attached to Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh was
underway. The first Sikh volunteers were arrested and tried for trespass,[219] but from 25 August police resorted to beating day after day
the batches of Sikhs that came. eventually, the beating stopped and the procedure of arrests resumed with jail time of about two and a half
years and a fine of one hundred rupees each.
One such train left Amritsar on 29 October 1922 for the Attock Fort which would touch Hasan Abdal the following morning. The Sikhs of
Panja Sahib decided to serve a meal to the detainees but when they reached the railway station with the food they were informed by the
station master that the train was not scheduled to halt there.[220]
Two of the Sikhs, Bhai Pratap Singh and Bhai Karam Singh who were leading the sangat went forward as the rumbling sound of the
approaching train was heard and sat cross-legged in the middle of the track.[221] Several others, men and women, followed suit. The train
ran over eleven of the squatters[222] before stopping while the Sikhs pleaded to serve the arrested Sikhs before proceeding. The Sikhs
served the Singhs in the train and then turned to the injured. The worst mauled were Bhai Pratap Singh and Bhai Karam Singh, who
succumbed to their injuries the following day.
Jaito Da Morcha and Saka Gangsar Sahib [ edit ]
In 1924 A special Jatha of five hundred Akalis approaching Jaito, India is fired upon by police; two hundred were injured and one hundred
died. but the freedom to hold Akhand Path at Jaito was obtained after a span of one year and ten months.[223]
Sikh revolutionaries [ edit ]

Main article: Indian independence movement
Sohan Singh Bhakna, Kartar Singh Sarabha, alongside many other Punjabi's founded the Ghadar
party to overthrow British colonial authority in India by means of an armed revolution. The Ghadar
party is closely associated with the Babbar Akali Movement, a 1921 splinter group of "militant" Sikhs
who broke away from the mainstream non-violent Akali movement.
In 1914 Baba Gurdit Singh led the Komagata Maru ship to the
port of Vancouver with 346 Sikhs on board; forced to leave port
on 23 July.[224] Bela Singh Jain an informer and agent of
Inspector William Hopkinson, pulled out two guns and started
shooting at the Khalsa Diwan Society Gurdwara Sahib on West
2nd Avenue. He murdered Bhai Bhag Singh, President of the
Society and Battan Singh and Bela Singh was charged with
murder, but Hopkinson decided to appear as a witness in his
Ghadar Party flag, was an case and made up much of his testimony at his trail and Born in a Sikh family, Bhagat
Singh is considered among the
Indian revolutionary organisation subsequently Bela Singh was acquitted. On 21 October 1914,
primarily founded by Sikh Punjabis. most influential revolutionaries of
Bhai Mewa Singh, Granthi of Khalsa Diwan Society shot William the Indian independence
Hopkinson in the Assize court corridor with two revolvers movement.
because he believed him to be unscrupulous and corrupt, using informers to spy on Indian
immigrants. Canadian policeman William Hopkinson shot and killed by Mewa Singh who is later
sentenced to death.[225]
In 1926 Six Babar (literally, lion) revolutionary Akalis, are put to death by hanging.[226]
In 1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev are convicted of murder of police inspector J.P. Saunders and executed;[227] Bhagat Singh is
popularly known as Shaheedey Azam (supreme martyr)
In 1940 Udham Singh, an Indian revolutionary socialist, assassinated Michael O'Dwyer to avenge justice for the Jallianwalla Bagh
Massacre when 15,000 to 20,000 people including women, children were shot at after a peaceful protest in Amritsar[218]
Bhagat Puran Singh Pingalwara dedicated his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'.[228] He founded Pingalwara in 1947 with only a few
patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the 'Green Revolution',
Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became
popular.[229]
After Indian Independence (1947 CE – present) [ edit ]
The months leading up to the partition of India in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the Punjab between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the
effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims
in East Punjab.[230] The 1960s saw growing animosity and rioting between Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus in India,[231] as the Punjabi Sikhs
agitated for the creation of a Punjabi Sikh majority state, an undertaking which was promised to the Sikh leader Master Tara Singh by
Nehru in return for Sikh political support during the negotiations for Indian Independence.[232] Sikhs obtained the Sikh majority state of
Punjab on 1 November 1966.
In 1950 the Sikh Rehat Maryada is published.
In 1962 the Punjabi University is inaugurated at Patiala, India
Punjab Insurgency (1981–1995) [ edit ]

Main article: Punjab Insurgency
Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh Riots [ edit ]

Main articles: Khalistan movement, Operation Blue Star, and Anti-Sikh Riots
Communal tensions arose again in the late 1970s, fueled by Sikh claims of discrimination
and marginalization by the secularist dominated Indian National Congress ruling party and
the "dictatorial" tactics adopted the then Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.[234] Frank[234]
argues that Gandhi's assumption of emergency powers in 1975 resulted in the weakening of
the "legitimate and impartial machinery of government" and her increasing "paranoia" of
opposing political groups led her to instigate a "despotic policy of playing castes, religions
and political groups against each other for political advantage". As a reaction against these
actions came the emergence of the Sikh terrorist Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib (Golden
vocalised Sikh sentiment for justice. This accelerated Punjab into a state of communal Temple), was repaired by the Indian
violence.[235] Gandhi's 1984 action to finish Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale led to Government after Operation Blue Star.[233]
desecration of the Golden Temple in Operation Blue Star and ultimately led to Gandhi's
assassination by her Sikh bodyguards[235] and led to the Sarbat Khalsa advocating the
creation of a Sikh homeland, Khalistan.[citation needed] This resulted in an explosion of violence
against the Sikh community in the Anti Sikh Riots which resulted in the massacre of
thousands of Sikhs throughout India.Since 1984, relations between Sikhs and Hindus have
reached a rapprochement helped by growing economic prosperity; however in 2002 the
claims of the popular right-wing Hindu organisation the RSS, that "Sikhs are Hindus" angered
Sikh sensibilities.[236] Many Sikhs still are campaigning for justice for victims of the violence
and the political and economic needs of the Punjab espoused in the Khalistan
movement.[citation needed]
Post-1984 [ edit ]
In 1996 the Special Rapporteur for the Commission on Human Rights on freedom of religion
or belief, Abdelfattah Amor (Tunisia, 1993–2004), visited India in order to compose a report
on religious discrimination. In 1997,[237] Amor concluded, "it appears that the situation of the
Sikhs in the religious field is satisfactory, but that difficulties are arising in the political (foreign
interference, terrorism, etc.), economic (in particular with regard to sharing of water supplies)
and even occupational fields. Information received from nongovernment (sic) sources
indicates that discrimination does exist in certain sectors of the public administration;
examples include the decline in the number of Sikhs in the police force and the absence of Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh
Sikhs in personal bodyguard units since the murder of Indira Gandhi."[238] The reduced Prime Minister of India.
intake of the Sikhs in the Indian armed forces also attributes to following certain orders
issued in the Indian Emergency of 1975/1977.[239]
In 2002, Arjan Singh became the Marshal of Indian Airforce.
On 22 May 2004 Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh to become the Prime Minister of India. He was also the first Sikh head of
government in the world.
There are a number of small pseudo-Sikh sects who are not considered to be Sikhs. See Sects of Sikhism for more information.
See also [ edit ]
Sikhism and Hinduism
Sikhism and Jainism
Indian religions
References [ edit ]
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25. ^ Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh 1991. p. 98.
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27. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History Of Sikh Gurus Retold 1606–1708 Study & Teaching Society. p. 9. ISBN 0969409249.
C.e. Vol# 2. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1012. 41. ^ Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. New Delhi:
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ISBN 9788173800078. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 85.
30. ^ Kalsi, Sewa (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 9788173800078.
ISBN 9781438106472. 44. ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 6. Hemkunt Press. p. 14.
31. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh ISBN 9788170102588.
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32. ^ Ralhan, O. P. (1997). The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Punjabi University. p. 27. ISBN 9788173801006.
Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 38. 46. ^ Bakshi, S. R. (2005). Early Aryans to Swaraj . Sarup & Sons.
ISBN 9788174884794. p. 25 . ISBN 9788176255370.
33. ^ Singh, Teja (1999). A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765. 47. ^ Sharma, S.R. (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study
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ISBN 9788173800078. Distributors. p. 627. ISBN 9788171568185.
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54. ^ Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Study & Teaching Society. p. 12. ISBN 0969409249.
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ISBN 9788173800078. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. ISBN 9788185815282.
57. ^ a b Singh, Patwant (2007). The Sikhs. Random House Digital, Inc. 72. ^ Grewal, Jaspal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab (Revised) .
ISBN 9780307429339. Cambridge University Press. p. 83 . ISBN 9780521637640.
58. ^ Sastri, Kallidaikurichi (1978). A Comprehensive History of India: 73. ^ Kohli, Surinder (1993). The Sikh and Sikhism. New Delhi: Atlantic
1712–1772. the University of Michigan: Orient Longmans. p. 243. Publishers & Distributors. p. 59.
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assassination, resurrection. The University of Michigan: New Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. the University of Michigan:
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Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 94. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 106.
ISBN 9788173800078. ISBN 9788173800078.
76. ^ Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. Sanbun 90. ^ a b c Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian
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ISBN 9788173800078. Press. p. 39. ISBN 9788170103011.
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81. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh he University of Virginia: New Academic Publishing Company.
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ISBN 9788173800078. 97. ^ a b Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
83. ^ McLeod, W. H. (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. Study & Teaching Society. p. 18. ISBN 0969409249.
p. 107. ISBN 9780810863446. 98. ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 6. Hemkunt Press. p. 30.
84. ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 7. Hemkunt Press. p. 35. ISBN 9788170102588.
ISBN 9788170102458. 99. ^ Singh, Sangat (1995). The Sikhs in History. New York: S. Singh.
85. ^ abc Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian p. 99.
Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 14. ISBN 0969409249. 100. ^ Singh, Teja (1999). A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765.
86. ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 6. Hemkunt Press. p. 27. Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 119.
ISBN 9788170102588. ISBN 9788173800078.
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University of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 48. California: Hemkunt Press. p. 144.
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Ahluwalia of Punjab" . Indian Defence Review. 2. 25: 88. 18 September 2013.
89. ^ McLeod, W. H. (2009). My library My History Books on Google 103. ^ a b c Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian
Play The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 19. ISBN 0969409249.
ISBN 9780810863446. 104. ^ Randhawa, Ajit (2009). Evolution of Faith and Religion: An
Exploration. AuthorHouse. p. 238. ISBN 9781449000806.
105. ^ Singh, Harbans (1983). The Heritage of the Sikh. Manohar 120. ^ Kaur, Madanjit (1983). The Golden Temple: Past and Present. The
Publications. p. 127. University of Michigan: Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru
106. ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Nanak Dev University Press. p. 43.
Press. p. 15. ISBN 9788170103011. 121. ^ Gill, Tarlochan (1996). History of the Sikhs. Canada Centre
107. ^ ab Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 6. Hemkunt Press. Publications. p. 24.
p. 31. ISBN 9788170102588. 122. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
108. ^ Surjit, Gandhi (1980). Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty. Gur Study & Teaching Society. p. 24. ISBN 0969409249.
Das Kapur. p. 74. 123. ^ Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. Sanbun
109. ^ Mitchell, Augustus (1840). An accompaniment to Mitchell's map of Publishers. p. 209. ISBN 9789380213255.
the world . Harvard University: R.L. Barnes. p. 510 . 124. ^ Dhamija, Sumant (2004). "The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh
110. ^ "The Sikh Review" . 53 (1–6, 613–618). 2005: 40. Retrieved Ahluwalia of Punjab" . Indian Defence Review. 2. 25: 87.
18 September 2013. 125. ^ Singh, Parm (1999). Golden Temple. Publication Bureau, Punjabi
111. ^ Chhabra, G. S. (2005). Advance Study in the History of Modern University. p. 19. ISBN 9788173805691.
India (Volume 1: 1707–1803). India: Lotus Press. p. 10. 126. ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Publication
ISBN 9788189093068. Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 32.
112. ^ Singh, Parm (1999). Golden Temple. Publication Bureau, Punjabi 127. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
University. p. 4. ISBN 9788173805691. Study & Teaching Society. p. 25. ISBN 0969409249.
113. ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt 128. ^ a b H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt
Press. p. 137. ISBN 9788170103011. Press. p. 111. ISBN 9788170103011.
114. ^ Kohli, Surinder (1993). The Sikh and Sikhism. Atlantic Publishers 129. ^ Griffin, Lepel (1865). The Panjab chiefs, historical and
& Distributors. p. 60. biographical notices. Oxford University. p. 172.
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116. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh 131. ^ a b Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt
Study & Teaching Society. p. 21. ISBN 0969409249. Press. p. 111. ISBN 9788170103011.
117. ^ Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. New Delhi: 132. ^ "The Sikh Review" . 51 (1–6, 589–594). 2003: 40. Retrieved
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136. ^ Kapoor, Sukhbir (1988). The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru 150. ^ a b c Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian
Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs. Khalsa College Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 33. ISBN 0969409249.
London Press. p. 181. 151. ^ A. H., Bingley (1970). Sikhs. The University of Michigan:
137. ^ Johar, Surinder (2002). The Sikh Sword to Power. Arsee Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 27.
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138. ^ Kumar, Ram (1991). The Sikh struggle: origin, evolution, and Retrieved 18 September 2013.
present phase. Chanakya Publications. p. 75. 153. ^ Sobati, Haracaran (1990). The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the
139. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh. Eastern Book Linkers. p. 64.
Study & Teaching Society. p. 27. ISBN 0969409249. ISBN 9788185133423.
140. ^ Markovit, Claude (2002). A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950. 154. ^ Singh, Patwant (2007). The Sikhs. Random House Digital, Inc.
Anthem Press. p. 199. ISBN 9781843310044. ISBN 9780307429339.
141. ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt 155. ^ Rashid, Haroon (2002). History of the Pathans, Volume 1. Haroon
Press. p. 10. ISBN 9788170103011. Rashid. p. 166.
142. ^ Singh, Khushwant (1963). A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1839. 156. ^ Bigelow, Anna (2010). Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in
Oxford University Press. p. 134. Muslim North India. Oxford University Press. p. 69.
143. ^ Tasneem, Niranjan (2006). The Lost Meaning. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9780195368239.
p. 153. ISBN 9788126017966. 157. ^ a b Mayel, Jaspal (2006). Universality of the Sikh Religion. Jaspal
144. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh Mayell. p. 58. ISBN 9780977790708.
Study & Teaching Society. p. 29. ISBN 0969409249. 158. ^ Markovitz, Claude (2002). A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950.
145. ^ Mehta, Jaswant (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern Anthem Press. p. 1999. ISBN 9781843310044.
India: 1707 - 1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 256. 159. ^ Nevile, Pran (2004). India Perspectives. 17: 41. Missing or empty
ISBN 9781932705546. |title= (help)
146. ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 7. Hemkunt Press. p. 36. 160. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The
ISBN 9788170102458. Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University
147. ^ Johar, Surinder (2002). The Sikh Sword to Power. The University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780199756551.
of Michigan: Arsee Publishers. p. 88. 161. ^ Johar, Surinder (1978). The Heritage of Amritsar. University of
148. ^ Singh, Diwan (1993). The Revolution of Guru Nanak. Peoples Michigan: Sundeep Prakashan. p. 69.
Publishing House. p. 186. 162. ^ Dalrymple, William (2013). Return of a King: The Battle for
Afghanistan, 1839-42. Random House Digital, Inc.
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163. ^ Singh, Parm (1999). Golden Temple. Publication Bureau, Punjabi 178. ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt
University. p. 15. ISBN 9788173805691. Press. p. 146. ISBN 9788170103011.
164. ^ Sen, S. N. (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. 179. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
p. 10. ISBN 9788122417746. Study & Teaching Society. p. 38. ISBN 0969409249.
165. ^ Grewal, Jaspal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab . Cambridge 180. ^ Mehta, Jaswant (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern
University Press. p. 246 . ISBN 9780521637640. India: 1707 - 1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257.
166. ^ Seetal, Sohan (1971). Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja ISBN 9781932705546.
Ranjeet Singh. The University of Michigan: Dhanpat Rai. p. 46. 181. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement . Controller of Print. and
167. ^ Umar, Muhammad (1998). Muslim society in northern India during Stationery. 1980. p. 37. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
the eighteenth century. p. 533. 182. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
168. ^ Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. New Delhi: Study & Teaching Society. p. 40. ISBN 0969409249.
Sanbun Publishers. p. 207. ISBN 9789380213255. 183. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The
169. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University
Study & Teaching Society. p. 34. ISBN 0969409249. Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780199756551.
170. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh 184. ^ Singh, R. N. (2003). Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion
Study & Teaching Society. p. 35. ISBN 0969409249. to Politics. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 105.
171. ^ ab Duggal, Kartar (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay ISBN 9788171697038.
Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 46. ISBN 9788170174103. 185. ^ a b Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
172. ^ a b Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society. p. 41. ISBN 0969409249.
Study & Teaching Society. p. 36. ISBN 0969409249. 186. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement . Controller of Print. and
173. ^ Markovitz, Claude (2002). A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950. Stationery. 1980. p. 38. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
Anthem Press. p. 198. ISBN 9781843310044. 187. ^ Dogra, R. C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and
174. ^ Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Denmark: Culture . Vikas Publishing House. p. 401 . ISBN 9780706983685.
Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre. p. 447. 188. ^ Chilana, Rajwant (2005). International Bibliography of Sikh
ISBN 9780969596424. Studies. Springer. p. 218. ISBN 9781402030437.
175. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh 189. ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1927). The Khalsa Generals. Canadian Sikh
Study & Teaching Society. p. 37. ISBN 0969409249. Study & Teaching Society. p. 42. ISBN 0969409249.
176. ^ Surjit, Gandhi (1980). Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty. Gur 190. ^ History of Islam , p. 506, at Google Books
Das Kapur. p. 316. 191. ^ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges .
177. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. Greenwood Press. p. 948. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
India: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-19-567747-1. Also, as 192. ^ Jacques, p. 948
according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).
193. ^ Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 206. ^ Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–
1707–1813 . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. ISBN 978-1- 33)
932705-54-6. Retrieved 23 September 2010. 207. ^ a b c Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–
194. ^ Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). A Concise History of 137)
Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 . ISBN 9781490714417. 208. ^ Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge
Retrieved 29 December 2014. University Press.
195. ^ Sethi, Jasbir Singh. Views and Reviews . ISBN 9788190825986. 209. ^ Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–138)
196. ^ Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the 210. ^ Ballantyne, Tony (2006). Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh
Mughal Empire, 1764–1803, second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal Cultural Formations in an Imperial World . Duke University Press.
(2000) ISBN 978-8121502139 p. 229. ISBN 9780822388111. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
197. ^ " "Ranjit Singh, Maharaja", Sikh Cyber Museum" . 211. ^ Sharma, Gautam (1990). Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments
Sikhcybermuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 of the Indian Army. Allied Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 9788170231400.
August 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009. 212. ^ Oberoi, Harjot (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries:
198. ^ Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson & Paul Schellinger 2012, pp. 28–29. Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition . University of
199. ^ K.S. Duggal (1 February 2009). Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Chicago Press. p. 494. ISBN 9780226615929. Retrieved
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9 August 2009. 213. ^ Hansra, Harkirat (2007). Liberty at Stake: Sikhs: The Most Visible,
200. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ranjit Singh" . Encyclopædia Yet Misunderstood, Minority of America. iUniverse. p. 59.
Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892. ISBN 9780595432226.
201. ^ ab Sheikh, Majid (31 October 2010). "Destruction of schools as 214. ^ Spencer, Bob (2012). Sanity and Solitude: Cogent Ramblings of a
Leitner saw them" . Dawn. Retrieved 4 June 2013. Lone Aesthetic. AuthorHouse. p. 196. ISBN 9781477234679.
202. ^ Allender, Tim (2006). Ruling Through Education: The Politics of 215. ^ Sidhu, Dawinder (2009). Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11
Schooling in the Colonial Punjab. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 22. Sikh Experience. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112.
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203. ^ ab Leitner, Gottlieb (2002). History of Indigenous Education in the 216. ^ Singh, Mohinder (2007). The Akali Movement. National Institute of
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ISBN 9789693513127. 217. ^ Hannum, Hurst (2011). Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-
204. ^ Stronge, Susan (1999). The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms. V&A Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights. University
Publications. p. 144. ISBN 1851772618. of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780812202182.
205. ^ Chhabra, G. S. (2005). Advance Study in the History of Modern 218. ^ a b Swami P. The Queen's Visit. Jallianwala Bagh revisited. A
India (Volume-2: 1803–1920). Lotus Press. p. 117. look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the
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1997.
219. ^ Singh, Harbans (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z. 231. ^ Lukas, J. Anthony (20 March 1966), "Hindu vs. Sikh: Why the
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220. ^ Kohli, M. S. (2003). Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and 232. ^ Telford, Hamish (November 1992). "The Political Economy of
Survivals. Indus Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 9788173871528. Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy". Asian Survey. 32 (11):
221. ^ Bakshi, Ram (1998). Parkash Singh Badal: Chief Minister of 969–987. doi:10.1525/as.1992.32.11.00p0215k .
Punjab. APH Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9788170249870. 233. ^ Tatla, Darshan Singh (1993). The politics of homeland : a study of
222. ^ "Saka Panja Sahib" . thesikhencyclopedia.com. Retrieved the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in
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234. ^ ab Frank, Katherine (7 January 2002). Indira: The Life of Indira
223. ^ Singh, Harbans (1995). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D.
Punjabi University. p. 53. ISBN 9788173801006. Nehru Gandhi . Houghton Mifflin. pp. 312–327 . ISBN 0-395-
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Publishers. p. 229. ISBN 9788177648683. 235. ^ a b Pace, Eric (1 November 1984), "Assassination in India: Sikhs
225. ^ Strong-Boag, Veronica (1999). Painting the Maple: Essays on at the center of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47" ,
Race, Gender, and the Construction of Canada . UBC Press. The New York Times, p. 24
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226. ^ Dilagir, Harajindar (1997). The Sikh Reference Book. Denmark: Non-Violence in Hinduism" (PDF). The Ecumenical Review. 55:
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227. ^ Gaur, I. D. (2008). Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of 237. ^ Pike, John (27 April 2005), Military: Sikhs in Punjab , retrieved
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230. ^ Dutt, Amitava; Devgun, Surinder (23 September 1977). "Diffusion 239. ^ Singh, Sangat (2001). The Sikhs in History. New Delhi, India:
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GeoJournal. 1 (5): 81–89. doi:10.1007/BF00704966 . ISSN 1572-
9893 . |access-date= requires |url= (help)[dead link]
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ไทย 1.4 Guru Ram Das

Early Modern (1469 CE – 1750 CE) [ edit ]

Guru Nanak Dev [ edit ]

Guru Angad Dev [ edit ]

Guru Amar Das [ edit ]

Guru Ram Das [ edit ]

Guru Har Gobind Rai [ edit ]

Guru Har Gobind became the sixth guru of the

Guru Har Rai [ edit ]

Guru Har Krishan [ edit ]

“ Sri Guru Harkrishan Ji was the epitome of sensibility, generosity, and

Guru Tegh Bahadur [ edit ]

actually the son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. Artsistic rendering of the execution of

Guru Gobind Singh [ edit ]

Creation of the Khalsa [ edit ]

Banda Singh Bahadur [ edit ]

Age of Revolution (1750 CE – 1914 CE) [ edit ]

Nawab Kapur Singh [ edit ]

Extensive looting of the Mughal government [ edit ]

Government sides with the Khalsa [ edit ]

Dal Khalsa [ edit ]

The following measures were established by Nawab Kapur Singh:[94]

5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa [ edit ]

Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership [ edit ]

State oppression [ edit ]

Sikhs attack Nader Shah [ edit ]

Sikhs kill Massa Rangar [ edit ]

Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan [ edit ]

Mughals increase persecution [ edit ]

The Khalsa strengthen military developments [ edit ]

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia [ edit ]

Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre) [ edit ]

Reclaiming Amritsar [ edit ]

Reorganisation of the Misls [ edit ]

Khalsa side with the Government [ edit ]

Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757 [ edit ]

The Khalsa gain territory [ edit ]

Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre) [ edit ]

Harmandir Sahib blown up in 1762 [ edit ]

Sikhs retake Lahore [ edit ]

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia [ edit ]

Award of an Estate [ edit ]

Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia [ edit ]

Fighting the tyrannical Government [ edit ]

Ramgarhia Misl Estate [ edit ]

Conflicts between Misls [ edit ]

Mutual Misl wars [ edit ]

Sikhs captured Delhi [ edit ]

The creation of the United Misl [ edit ]

Battles fought by Sikhs [ edit ]

Sikh Empire [ edit ]

Main article: Sikh Empire

Sher Singh in Lahore, c. 1845 CE.

Punjab flourishes in education and arts [ edit ]

Khalsa Army [ edit ]

Ghorchara (Horse-mounted) Sikh Khalsa Akali Nihangs.

First Anglo-Sikh War [ edit ]

Second Anglo-Sikh War [ edit ]

Punjab under British Raj [ edit ]

Impact on Punjabi education [ edit ]

Sikhs in the British military [ edit ]

Singh Sabha [ edit ]