Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Quality education is viewed as any country’s pillar of success.

Restructuring the Philippines’s basic educational system through the K to 12

Program is a tough but strategic move by the government to ensure that it

produces competent graduates who can serve as the backbone for a highly

skilled and employable work force. K to 12 Program made kindergarten a

prerequisite to basic education. It lengthened basic schooling to include a two-

year senior high school and offered technical and vocational courses to

students not planning to go to college, thus giving them more chances of

getting employed in blue-collar work (Barlongo, 2015).

Department of Education (DepEd), in partnership with various

organizations, is presently taking a shot at making openings for work and

alternatives for SHS graduates. With the program, understudies will never

again require an advanced education to pick up business.

For the longest period, the Philippines educational system has only ten

(10) years of basic education compared to 12 or more years in other

countries. Among ASEAN member nations, the Philippines is the only country

with less than 12 years of pre-university education (Cruz, 2015). Because of

this, Filipino students are lacking mastery in terms of basic competencies due

to a congested old curriculum. Students who finished basic education in the

old curriculum are usually younger than 18 years old and are considered

unprepared to start a job or commence an enterprise. Moreover, countries

abroad see the old basic education curriculum as inadequate. Most foreign

countries do not automatically qualify Filipinos working overseas as

professionals.

Grades 11 and 12 or the aspects of SHS is the additional two years

where students will have specializations. Each senior high school student may

choose from the four (4) tracks which are Academic, Technical-Vocational-

Livelihood, Sports, and Arts & Design. Under academic track, students can

choose from the following strands: Accountancy and Business Management

(ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); and Science, Technology,

Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).

Specifically, as the topic of this research focuses on, ABM curriculum

will allow students to get a deeper appreciation of the real world of accounting

and business management. Subjects in ABM will also give them the tools

they’ll need on their journey to success in the corporate world. Expect the

studying of financial and management accounting alongside the legal,

business, and organizational contexts that the students will be encountering in

enterprise. In taking this strand, students will be able to analyze assets,

interpret profitability, understand financial positions, and prepare audit

accounts (Edukasyon.ph,2016).

After completing the additional years in high school, there should be

right career choice for the students entering into the professional education. It

is critical having high impact on their expert and professional life and future
accomplishment.

The most difficult choice that a family business needs to make is to

whom the family business will be exchanged, or who will end up being the

successor of the family business. There is most likely that naming a

successor can have huge implications for a business and that family business

may choose distinctive characteristic to focus around while picking a

successor. A few organizations may focus around skill level, others on

demographic qualities, relational attributes, or inspiration levels of that specific

potential successor. Regardless of whether a successor has been named can

enormously impact how a family business is overseen and arranged out for

what's to come.

There has been a broad measure of research conducted

encompassing succession planning and intergenerational transfer and

numerous variables have been distinguished that influence the change of a

business from age to age. Nonetheless, although much literature has been

published encompassing business progression, there are still holes that have

not yet been filled. Specifically, few investigations have possessed the

capacity to evaluate family business connections and individual connections.

Also, a large number of the investigations have been led with generally small

samples of family business and less yet have examined family cultivate

organizations. Intergenerational exchange is particularly vital for ranches in

view of the cultivating calling's high word related legacy rate.

Researchers have thought that it was hard to evaluate a fruitful

progression process and its attributes. It isn't generally clear which individual
in the business should be interviewed or if there should be a consensus

among family members included in the business.

Research regarding succession has to be approached differently when

examining family businesses than when examining non-family business

entities. When the “family” is integrated with the business, there are familial

bonds and interactions that affect the succession decision. The succession

process is usually not as straightforward as lining up the candidates and

seeing which is the most qualified. When the family unit becomes intertwined

in the decision-making process of the family business, objectives and goals of

the business may become skewed or altered in order to maintain family

bonds. The maintenance of family relationships can sometimes come as an

expense to the family business. The succession process of a family business

can be extremely complicated because personal feelings can easily play a

role in decision-making and the process of succession is not strictly adherent

to numbers and contract (R.D. Foltz & M.I. Marshall, 2012).

Most research has concentrated on either business qualities, proprietor

attributes, or family qualities or two out of three features. Maybe a couple

have possessed the capacity to center around each of the three parts of the

family business. We add to the writing by not just incorporating every one of

the three (family, business, and proprietor qualities) yet additionally how

administration rehearses influence the progression procedure of

distinguishing a successor. We are likewise ready to contrast cultivate family

business with non-cultivate family business which has not frequently been

done before.
 Before anything else, students should decide first for their career

choice. The first step in solving a career problem is to bridge the gap between

where students are and where they want to be. Exploring the values,

interests, and skills will help them find educational and career options that

match up with their goals. Whether they are choosing a major, searching for a

job, or applying to grad schools, the theory-based services can help them

develop and implement a plan for their future.

Career choice is one of the biggest dilemma and challenge in any

student’s life. It involves an interplay of many factors which are intricately

intertwined. It is not a straightforward task and involves a difficult process of

decision making. This issue is not confined to Pakistan only but is universal in

nature. According to Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, and Pastorelli (2001) an

individual’s environment, talents, skills, and academic achievement exert an

influence on career choice. In case of a wrong choice, it may lead to resultant

failure and disappointment. Research shows homes, schools and the social

setup influence an individual’s career choice. Financial prospects influence

the career choice of men as they have to meet household expenses, whereas

women show more concern for social values and utility (Sax, 1994). Other

factors such as aptitude, life circumstances, and academic achievement have

also been proven as determinants of career choice (Ferry, 2006). Educational

level of parents, their profession and income are also identified as very

important factors (Hearn 1984, 1988).

Making a career choice is one of the hardest things to do in life.

Choosing a career that not only pays the bills but one that is also satisfying

and above all brings value both to oneself and those who interact with
(Katwa,2016).

On the other hand, other people are fortunate to realize what they need

to improve the situation whatever remains of their lives, others are not entirely

certain and they just discover an appropriate vocation way by fortunes or

experimentation. It is additionally enticing to take a vocation way that as far as

anyone knows pays well, which may be the situation; however a person gets

no fulfilment from it.

It ought to likewise be noticed that there is no such thing as a flawless

profession. A decent vocation is one that fulfils one person and difficulties to

continue developing. Regardless of whether a person is searching for a first

occupation or is considering changing vocations.

The significance of parental influence upon their children‘s career

choice is consistently important. Although schools, peers, and the students’

community all have an impact on the students' career choice, the parent ‘s

expectations and perceptions of vocational fit for their children have been

found to be the key roles in shaping their career choices (Ferry, 2006). But

apparently conflicts will occur because some of them are not agree with this

idea. The problem of choosing the path they are now taking because of the

influence of their family business is the sudden change of their decision,

regret and realization that they really do not like/ want what they are taking.

Some of them chose their current career because of the pressure that the line

of their family is for those specific businesses only.

It is in this light that this research is conducted to determine the

influence of the family business on an individual’s ultimate career path and

decision. It emphasise the importance and establishes effective career

decision-making for the students to foresee their future and their goal in life in

the field of business.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the Influence of Family Business to the Career

Decision of Accountancy and Business Management students in University of

Batangas Lipa City. The study is to be conducted during the first semester of

SY 2018- 2019 in the said institution. More specifically, the study intends to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age;

b. Type of family business;

c. Annual family business income; and

d. Number of years of family business operation?

2. How do these influences change the view and perspective of the student in

terms of their career decision?

3. Is there any significant relationship between the influences of the family

business to the student’s career decision?

4. Based on the findings, what can be proposed to help ABM students in

making their career decision

Significance of the Study

The researchers believe that the findings of the study will help them to know

the influence of family business to the career decisions of ABM students in

UBLC.

Further, this study is deemed significant to the following:

To the Students, as the center of educational system, students will

benefit from this study as they will be educated if they will be going to follow

the path that their family business have or the idea of where the course they

excel the most. Students can learn it in the form of self-reflecting after reading

the study. Their career decision making will be greatly affected in this study

because they can learn on how to choose wise decisions for their future.

To the Parents, this can give insight to parents on what kinds of

factors might be influencing their children aspirations to obtain certain career

choices. Parents can learn on how to control in giving much exerted influence

that may affect the self-esteem of their children in choosing their own career

path due to pressure from them.

To the Teachers, this study will help the teachers specifically to better

prepare and enhance children’s experiences in the classroom to best prepare

them for their futures. They will be also a good influence to the students

because as day pass students can learn and improve their skills. With the

help of them, students can realize the career they want because they knew

they are good at it.

To the University of Batangas Lipa City, the study will prove that the

institution is research-driven. Consequently, it can be added to the

University’s achievement as well as in the enhancement of the institution’s

research field which will make the University more recognized by providing a

quality education.

To the UBLC – High School Department, the study will provide an

achievement for the department. The department will be acknowledged for

producing an excellent researches and studies. Furthermore, the department

will also gain high viewpoint which could inspire future high school students to

enroll in the program.

To the Future Researchers, the study will be a great help to be a

source of another problem of the study or can be replicated using additional

variable in other schools or different setting and respondents. This study can

also serve as a reference who could be interested in the topics related in this

study.

Scope and Delimitation

The merging of exploring one self and the environment provides

information about how the individual’s skills and abilities align with certain

occupations. The scope of this research study will focus on the Grade 11 and

12 students enrolled in Accounting and Business Management for the A.Y

2018-2019 in the University of Batangas Lipa City. The business of the family

must be existing for more than three (3) years

The study is delimited to a group of Grade 11 and 12 who’s strand are

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics and Humanities and

Social Sciences in University of Batangas. It is also delimited to those

students that the family has no businesses. More than three years is needed

because it is important to know that the business is stable enough and it is

that influential for the successor of the business.

In this research other factors affecting the students’ career decision like

their peer group, socio-economic, cultural factors, and work experience and

also to those who have the greatest influence of the students’ decision that

are not part of their family and their business are not included or delimited to

the said research.

Definition of Terms

Business. It is a usually commercial or mercantile activity engaged in

as a means of livelihood (Merriam Webster).

In this study, business is defined as an organisation involved in the

trade of goods, services or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in

capitalist economies where most of them are privately owned and

administered to provide services to its customers.

Department of Education (DepEd). This, in partnership with various

organizations, is presently taking a shot at making openings for work and

alternatives for SHS graduates. With the program, understudies will never

again require an advanced education to pick up business.

K to 12 Education. This is an innovative education system. This area

of education has dominance over the conventional educational systems as it

puts more weight on thinking and reaching own self-explanatory conclusions

 Career. This is a field for or pursuit of consecutive progressive

achievement especially in public, professional, or business life.

Decide. To determine; settle, as a controversy, dispute contest,

arbitrate: to decide who is right. To cause the outcome. The charge decided

the battle.

Planning. The act or process of making or carrying out plans;

specifically: the establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social

or economic unit.

Successor. This is the one that follows; especially: one who succeeds

to a throne, title, estate, or office.

Proprietor. One granted ownership of a colony (such as one of the

original American colonies) and full prerogatives of establishing a government

and distributing land.

Chapter 2
Related Literature and Studies

In the pursuance of this study, the researchers sought several

materials and manuscript including studies and literatures made on allied

problems in order to acquire ample background knowledge on the subject

under study

Related Literature

Involvement of Family in Business. According to Bhalla (n.d.), the

majority firms around the world, and the research focusing on the implications

of family involvement in business ventures is growing exponentially. Also,

according to Bhalla, research into family businesses is considered to be in an

evolutionary phase and is not as voluminous as in other management areas.

Specifically, every parent wants to see their child succeed in all

aspects of their life, especially academically. Family influence is an important

force in preparing teens for their role in the workplace. Young people can form

many of their attitudes about work and careers as a result of interactions with

their family. What parents do for a living; where they live; their education,

knowledge and skills; what they earn; and how they spend their time and

money, have a huge influence on their child’s career decisions (Houssein-

Mustafa, n.d.).

The involvement of family business is quite clear. Career decidedness

at early stages produces positive effects on student performance, college

completion, and professional development. Emerging adults are taking 5 to 10

years longer to make career decisions than non-emerging adults (Lehmann &
Konstam, 2011).

Moreover, the purpose of this study will be to obtain a deeper

understanding of parental involvement in students’ career decision-making

and its influences on their career readiness and development. Students will

provide information on their parents’ involvement and influence during their

secondary education. Ultimately, this research will identify how family

influences the career decision-making processes and will educate

professionals about how to incorporate the family as a way to avoid delays in

the desired career paths of emerging adults (Latashia, 2012).

Although, According to Bowman-Upton (n.d.), the most difficult decision

that a family business has to make is to whom the family business will be

transferred, or who will become the successor of the family business. There is

no doubt that naming a successor can have huge implications for a business

and that family businesses may choose different characteristics to focus on

when choosing a successor.

In conclusion, having business in the family has a huge role in

selecting the career path of the students and is absolutely beneficial for

society on the whole. This study has only looked at business, family and

individual characteristics that affect the probability that a family business has

a named successor. However, having a named successor is just a step in the

right direction for business sustainability, with the ultimate goal of having a

successful succession process.

Importance of Career Decisions. Selecting a career and career

development form an important part in everyone’s life and therefore, choosing

the right career becomes equally important. But, not everyone is able to

choose the right path. Choosing a career is very important for everyone. This

is because if they have a definite path to follow in life, it will be helpful for

personal goal setting. With their goals set, they can start working in a definite

direction and succeed in life.

The importance of education is quite clear. Decisions regarding

careers and career choices require significant thought and preparation.

Career maturity, career decidedness, decision status, career planning and

career expectations have been explored as different aspects of career

decision making. Research in the area of career planning, career expectations

and decision status in adolescence is discussed in this section.

In this regard, career decision is also the progression of thoughts by

which an individual amalgamates self-knowledge and occupational knowledge

to arrive at an occupational choice (Osipow et al., 1987).

According to Gati, Krausz and Osipow (1996), career decisions will be

realistic and proper if one can seek the right information and use it as well

asthe possible. Meanwhile, Sukardi (2002) proposes three types of

information in making a career decision, namely: (1) social personal

information, (2) educational information, and (3) job information. The social

personal information is related to self-understanding concept and relationship

with others who will influence the choice of position. Educational information is

related to what educational knowledge should one own to get a job.

Meanwhile, the job information is related to the knowledge of which job can

fulfill one's decision and satisfaction. This is in line with Wattles’ (2009)
research which concludes that the needs of business people will always

change and grow in line with the progress of business complexity, technology,

competition demands, globalization, and various expectations that are in line

with one's economic condition. Thus, one information about the profession

that can be useful in making career decision is information about the working

environment of the profession, that is, what conditions will be faced by

someone at work later. This also applies to the accounting profession. A

useful information for accounting students in making career decision as an

accountant is one that concerns the work environment.

Process of Career Planning. Career planning is an exercise that is well

worth the time invested in it because it sets an individual going on the path

that leads to where he or she would like to go. This also provides a student

with a lot of clarity regarding the career objectives as well and it best done

before they embark on their job search.

Career planning is an excellent way to prepare for what the world ahead

has to offer. While many people find that career planning is something that is

done in college or after high school, it can be and should be done throughout

life as a way of making sure that an individual is on the right track. There are

many opportunities to get the planning that a person need. In fact, it can start

a long time before college as well.

For adolescents growing up in a family business, career planning

almost inevitably includes the question of whether or not to join the family

business. By investigating the factors that drive family business offspring to

follow in their parents’ footsteps compared with becoming an independent

founder or employee, this study, offers practical and theoretical contributions

to family business and entrepreneurship research (Rodermund, 2014).

According to Johns (1998), he described career as being “an

evolutional sequence of professional activities and positions occupied by a

person, same as the attitudes, the information and the abilities he/she

improves on in time” (p. 32).

Career planning is the deliberate process through which someone

becomes aware of his or her personal skills, interests, knowledge,

motivations, and other characteristics; acquires information about

opportunities and choices; identifies career-related goals; and establishes

action plans to attain specific goals (Dessler, 2008, p.198)

Career planning gives confidence to take greater responsibility for

one’s self development. This development also entrenches the shaping of

skills measured as significant in the market (Doyle, 1997).

Career planning refers to the process of instituting career goals and

defining fitting educational and developmental courses to learn the skills

needed to accomplish career objectives.

Career Profession. Geciki (2002) define career as the occupational,

commercial or industrial activity that a person may adopt during his/her life.

Redman and Wilkinsin (2001) clarifies career as the application of a person’s

cognition and capabilities, providing command over profession, timely work

expertise and a basis of developing and bettering business networks. Also it is

the sum total of one’s work experiences in a general occupational category

such as teaching, accounting, medicine, or sales.

According to Arnold (1997:21), a career is a sequence of employment

related positions, roles, actions and experiences. Edwen (2000), different

values are attached to different career options. These values according to him

stem from life experiences, educational background, and the environment.

Values are also attached to the stability which is attached to a particular

career. Professions have varying degrees of acceptability in different cultures

which also influences an individual’s career choice (Kerka, 2003).

A career defines how one sees oneself in the context of one’s social

environment, in terms of one’s future plans, one’s past accomplishments or

failures and one’s present competences and attributes (Raynor & Entin,

1982:262). Thinking about the future and oneself in the future has a

bigger role in adolescence than in the other developmental periods of

life (Trempala, Malmberg, 2002). Facing this developmental task,

adolescents may attempt to place the responsibility for making a career

decision onto others and may even delay or avoid making a choice,

which could ultimately lead to a less than optimal decision (Gati, Saka 2001).

Therefore, it is crucial to determine the factors that influence students’

decisions in order to assist them in this complicated process.

UNESCO (2002:4) defined a career as the interaction of work roles and

other life roles over a person’s lifespan including both paid and unpaid work.

Also, career is seen as the progress and actions taken by a person

throughout a lifetime, especially related to that person’s occupations

(Oloasebikan & Olusakin, 14 2014:44).

 Also, according to Johns (1998), he described career as being “an

evolutional sequence of professional activities and positions occupied by a

person, same as the attitudes, the information and the abilities he/she

improves on in time” (p. 32).

Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodology which includes the

research design, methods and procedures used in conducting the study. It

also includes the subject respondents, research instrument, research

environment or locale of the study and analysis of the data gathered.

Research Design

Descriptive research is used in the study and defined as a description,

recording, analysis and interpretation of the presented data. This type of

research is the most commonly used and the basic reason for carrying out

descriptive research is to identify the cause of something that is happening

(DJS Research Ltd, 2010).

Quantitative Research, as defined by Cristobal (2017) is a traditional,

positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined

procedures to acquire information. It utilizes deductive reasoning to generate

predictions that are tested in the real world. It is systematic since the

researcher progresses logically through a series of steps and according to

pre-specified plan of action.

Also, Descriptive design, as defined by Paler-Calmorin (2010) is a

method used when the study focuses at the present situation. The truth may

have different forms such as increased quantity of knowledge, a new

generalization or new law, an increased insight into facts which are operating,

and among others.

Moreover, as defined by Cristobal (2017), Descriptive design is utilized

for the purpose of accurately portraying a population that has been chosen

because of some specific characteristics. It is also used to determine the

extent or direction of attitudes and behaviors. This design aims to gather more

information on certain characteristics within a particular field of study. The

purpose is to provide picture of a situation as it naturally happens. It maybe

used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice, justify

current practices, aid in making professional judgments, or determine what

other practitioners in similar situations are doing. No manipulation of variables

is involved in a descriptive design.

According to Burns and Grove (2003:201), descriptive research “is

designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens”. It may be

used to justify current practice and make judgment and also to develop

theories. For the purpose of this study, descriptive research was used to

obtain a picture of nurses’ opinions of pain in patients who suffer from

dementia with a view to improving the standard of care for this group of

patients.

Based on the following definition and processes of descriptive

research, the researchers found out that this method best fits the very

purpose of this study which is to determine the influence of family business to

the career decisions of ABM students of UBLC. This design should be

employed because it helps provide answers to the questions such as who are

the students inclined with family business and how it influence their career

decisions and what career they might take in the future and also it is

associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot

conclusively ascertain answers to why.

Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the

current status of the phenomena and to describe "what exists" with respect to

variables or conditions in a situation.

In conclusion, this study tells that the particular subject is being

observed in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment.

Descriptive research is often used as a pre-cursor to more quantitative

research designs with the general overview giving some valuable pointers as

to what variables are worth testing quantitatively. Thus, descriptive studies

can yield rich data that lead to important recommendations in practice.

Respondents of the Study

The researchers will choose Grade 11 and Grade 12 taking

Accountancy, Business and Management students of University of Batangas

Lipa City. The students must have family business. These are practical to the

researchers since they belonged to the same strand, would have no difficulty

in talking with the respondents, and would save time, energy, money and

efforts.

The class of Grade 11 and Grade 12 of ABM have a total population of

—. It was large; thus, the sampling method is going to apply to come up with

an acceptable number of samples. To choose the final number of samples,

purposive sampling was applied to choose the subjects. Purposive sampling

is a sampling technique in which researcher relies on his or her own judgment

when choosing members of population to participate in the study.

Alternatively, purposive sampling method may prove to be effective when only

limited numbers of people can serve as primary data sources due to the

nature of research design and aims and objectives.

The researcher involves the handpicking of subjects to come up with a

specific sample size of —. The purpose of this research is to know who are
the students who have family business and what are the influences of having

family business in their career decisions. Specifically, the respondents should

be in line with family business.

Each class of ABM will be asked who are the students with family

business for the researchers to look for the necessary information needed for

their paper.

Data Gathering Instruments

To come up with the most reliable findings, the researchers employed

survey questionnaires which are purposively distributed to the appropriate

respondents of the study from University of Batangas Lipa City. The

questionnaires were formulated through various and thorough researches,

observations and interviews conducted by the researchers and were validated

by their thesis adviser.

The survey questionnaire elicited the following :

General Questions. The general question of the study is formulated as

the demographic profile of the respondents. It is composed of questions like

do they have family business, what is their size income, what kind of business

does their family have, etc.

Specific Questions. The specific questions of the study focuses on

influence of family business to the career decision. It is composed of four

questions.
 In addition, the questions in questionnaire is related to the respondents

of the study which is the Grade 11 and 12 of ABM students from UBLC.

Upon the validation of the survey questionnaires, the researchers

looked for the specific respondents of their study. To trace the respondents,

the researchers search for those respondents with family business. Also,

upon validating, some of the comments will be noted and validating is done to

improve the survey-quetionnaire for the ABM students of UBLC. The results of

the validation will analyze to ensure clarity and to determine whether the

researcher can yield data needed for the study. The changes will incorporated

in the final questionnaire.

After the final validating the floating of the survey-quetionnaire will be

done.  Other strand of senior high students of UBLC will not serve as

respondent of the study.

Statistical Treatment

After consolidating and recording the answers gathered through the

survey questionnaires, percentage distribution, ranking and weighted mean

are used in summarizing the responses in order to interpret and draw

conclusions from the result.

 The size of the sample is really going to depend on what the

researchers are doing, why they are doing it, what sort of methodological

approach they are taking, disciplinary approaches, knowledge of the size of

the whole population, and knowledge of the size of the sub-population being

sampled with their purposive sampling.