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CM011L – General Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory

Vinegar Analysis
Jeromy Marvin M. Gania, Yverjoy Czarina B. Lacro, Lhance Lumanog, Sheena
Nicole M. Orcio, Alexander M. Perez, Erson E. Quitco
Group 2
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Muralla St., Intramuors, Manila,
Philippines 1002

Abstract
The titration process is used to determine an unknown solution concentration using another solution with a known
concentration. The titrant is the material having a particular molarity and the titrant, with unknown molarity, is the
solution. The titrant used for this experiment was CH3COOH household vinegar and is a standardized NaOH, the
titrant. For the same brand, three trials were conducted. The equivalence point of the titration was achieved by adding
small amounts of NaOH gradually using the burette. The average CH3COOH percentage is 5.64by mass of the trials.
This is too high in comparison to the minimum acetic acid standard by mass of 4 to 4.5%. Some errors could have
been caused by inaccurate measurement reading.

Keywords: titration, molarity, acetic acid, burette

1. Introduction

By titration it with a standard acid (of a known concentration) volume needed to neutralize it, the
concentration of a fundamental solution can be determined. The titration is intended to detect the point of
equivalence, where chemical equivalent reactant amounts are mixed. The number of reactants mixed at
the equivalence point depends on the reaction stoichiometry. Titration refers to the method of determining
a solution's unknown concentration using another solution with a known focus (Baguio & Butaran, 2009).
The titrant and the titrand are the two solutions to this experiment. The solution of known concentration is
a titrant. The titrand is, on the other hand, the solution with an unknown, but certain volume. This process
works by adding small quantities of the titanium to the titanium. This contains an indicator to determine
when a sharp change in color is observed.
A fundamental solution is a titrant with a given concentration and can react with unknown
concentration with an acid like titrant. Commercial vinegars contain a well-recognized 4-5% acetic acid
solution (Beran, 2014), the CH3COOH solution. Acetic acid is one of the weakest carboxylic acids and
one of the simplest. It is a major industrial chemistry used in the manufacture of commercial products
such as plastic bottles and wood glue acetate. Moderate amounts as a cleaning agent are more often used.
Acidity in certain consumable products is also regulated.
The chemicals that were used in this experiment were mainly acetic acid (CH3COOH),
phenolphthalein (C20H14O4), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The key element in this procedure,
vinegar, is made up of (NaOH) and water. The phenolphthalein was the source of acid base and sodium
hydroxide, as the titrant was used to determine the percentage mass of acetic acid in the vinegar. All the
chemicals that were said to have been combined in an Erlenmeyer flask except sodium hydroxide that
was added during titration, and distilled water.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Chemical Reagents and Apparatuses


Chemical Reagents for the experiment:
 A 25 mL 0.1013 M standardized Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions
2 CM011L 1Q AY 1920

 3 mL of Vinegar
 20 mL of water
 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein were used
Apparatuses that are used in Experiment and their uses:
 Burette with clamp to hold the NaOH titrant
 Erlenmeyer Flask to contain the titrand
 Graduated cylinder for the volumetric measurement of the solutions
 Beaker to use if there is an excess NaOH solution
2.2) Summary of Procedure
The volume of the vinegar for the neutralization of a 25 mL 0.10 M NaOH was calculated to be
3.00 mL, assuming that the vinegar has a density of 1 g/mL and a percent acetic acid of 5%. In preparing
the titrant, 3.00 mL of vinegar and 2 drops of phenolphthalein were added to an Erlenmeyer flask. The
wall of the flask was rinsed by a 20 mL previously boiled, deionized water.

drops of NaOH was being


added slowly to the flask
while gently swirling the
contents of the flask.
As the sodium hydroxide
added, a pink color appears
where the drops of the base
come in contact with the
vinegar.
This color disappears when
swirled around. It is
important that the flask be
CM011L 1Q AY 1920 3

swirled continuously
throughout the
entire titration. The
endpoint is reached when
one drop of the NaOH
solution turns the vinegar in
the flask from
colorless to light pink. A
sheet of white paper
underneath the flask was
used as aid in recognizing
the color change
at the endpoint. The
vinegar should stay light
pink when it is swirled. This
indicates that the titration
must stop.
4 CM011L 1Q AY 1920

drops of NaOH was being


added slowly to the flask
while gently swirling the
contents of the flask.
As the sodium hydroxide
added, a pink color appears
where the drops of the base
come in contact with the
vinegar.
This color disappears when
swirled around. It is
important that the flask be
swirled continuously
throughout the
entire titration. The
endpoint is reached when
one drop of the NaOH
CM011L 1Q AY 1920 5

solution turns the vinegar in


the flask from
colorless to light pink. A
sheet of white paper
underneath the flask was
used as aid in recognizing
the color change
at the endpoint. The
vinegar should stay light
pink when it is swirled. This
indicates that the titration
must stop.
drops of NaOH was being
added slowly to the flask
while gently swirling the
contents of the flask.
6 CM011L 1Q AY 1920

As the sodium hydroxide


added, a pink color appears
where the drops of the base
come in contact with the
vinegar.
This color disappears when
swirled around. It is
important that the flask be
swirled continuously
throughout the
entire titration. The
endpoint is reached when
one drop of the NaOH
solution turns the vinegar in
the flask from
colorless to light pink. A
sheet of white paper
CM011L 1Q AY 1920 7

underneath the flask was


used as aid in recognizing
the color change
at the endpoint. The
vinegar should stay light
pink when it is swirled. This
indicates that the titration
must stop.
drops of NaOH was being
added slowly to the flask
while gently swirling the
contents of the flask.
As the sodium hydroxide
added, a pink color appears
where the drops of the base
come in contact with the
vinegar.
8 CM011L 1Q AY 1920

This color disappears when


swirled around. It is
important that the flask be
swirled continuously
throughout the
entire titration. The
endpoint is reached when
one drop of the NaOH
solution turns the vinegar in
the flask from
colorless to light pink. A
sheet of white paper
underneath the flask was
used as aid in recognizing
the color change
at the endpoint. The
vinegar should stay light
CM011L 1Q AY 1920 9

pink when it is swirled. This


indicates that the titration
must stop.
drops of NaOH was being
added slowly to the flask
while gently swirling the
contents of the flask.
As the sodium hydroxide
added, a pink color appears
where the drops of the base
come in contact with the
vinegar.
This color disappears when
swirled around. It is
important that the flask be
swirled continuously
throughout the
10 CM011L 1Q AY 1920

entire titration. The


endpoint is reached when
one drop of the NaOH
solution turns the vinegar in
the flask from
colorless to light pink. A
sheet of white paper
underneath the flask was
used as aid in recognizing
the color change
at the endpoint. The
vinegar should stay light
pink when it is swirled. This
indicates that the titration
must stop.
The Drops of NaOH was being added slowly to the flask while gently swirling the contents of
the flask. As the sodium hydroxide added, a pink colour appears where the drops of the base meet the
vinegar. This colour disappears when swirled around. It is important that the flask be swirled
continuously throughout the entire titration. The endpoint is reached when one drop of the NaOH solution
turns the vinegar in the flask from colourless to light pink. A sheet of white paper underneath the flask
was used as aid in recognizing the colour change at the endpoint. The vinegar should stay light pink when
it is swirled. This indicates that the titration must stop.
CM011L 1Q AY 1920 11

The burette is operated by a single student to be able to control the flow of the titrant to the flask.
If the student is right-handed, the stopcock of the burette must be controlled by the left hand otherwise,
the right hand must be used. Using the other free hand, the flask was swirled during the addition of the
NaOH titrant. Once the vinegar solution turned light pink, the endpoint of titration has been reached. The
volume of NaOH used was recorded in millilitre. The whole procedure was repeated for the second trial.

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, determining the percent by mass of the acetic acid in the vinegar goes through
both the process of experimentation through titration, and numerical computations. The standardized
NaOH was used as a base to titrate the acid. The molar concentration of NaOH were 0.09955 mol/L and
0.9985 mol/L, respectively. The computed percentage of acetic acid in from the first trial is 1.69%,
second trial is 4.18%, and in third trial is 11.06%. Assuming the density of all the vinegars are 1g/mL, the
students concluded that the third trial is more concentrated of acetic acid that the first and second trial.
The brand passed the minimum federal standard of 4% acetic acid by mass because it has an
average of 5.64% acetic acid by mass. This can even be a too high percent acetic acid by mass caused by
NaOH volumetric measurement inaccuracy. Some NaOH droplets may have adhered to the flask during
the process. Three different burette readings were measured for the two trials can be caused by an
inconsistent measurement of the vinegar solution.

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