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Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
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River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
OBJECTIVES:
After studying Chapter 36, the reader should
be able to:
• Prepare for ASE Electrical/Electronic Systems
(A6) certification test content area “A ”
(General Electrical/Electronics System
Diagnosis).
• Draw the symbols used on schematics.
• Discuss the various methods that can be use
to locate a short circuit.
• List the electrical troubleshooting diagnosis
steps.
2
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
KEY TERMS:
double-pole, double-throw switch (DPDT) • double-pole,
single-throw switch (DPST)
wiring schematic
3
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
WIRING SCHEMATICS
Manufacturers’ service manuals include wiring schematics of all
the electrical circuits of a vehicle. A wiring schematic, called a
diagram, shows electrical components and wiring using symbols
and lines to represent components and wires.
Continued 5
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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By James D. Halderman Pearson
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Shown here is a rear side-marker bulb circuit diagram where “.8 ”
indicates the metric wire gauge size in square millimeters (mm2)
and “PPL ” indicates a solid purple wire.
The diagram also shows the color of the wire changes at C210. This
stands for “connector #210” and is used for reference purposes, and
can vary depending on the manufacturer.
The color change from purple (PPL) to purple with a white tracer
(PPL/WHT) is not important except to know where the wire
changes color in the circuit. Wire gauge remained the same on
both sides of the connection
Figure 36–2
Typical section of a wiring diagram. Notice that
the wire color changes at connection C210. The
“.8” represents the metric wire size in square
millimeters.
Continued 6
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
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Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
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Electrical and electronic symbols used in wiring & circuit diagrams.
See the chart on Page 371 of Figure 36–3 This figure shows typical
electrical and electronic symbols used in
your textbook. automotive wiring and circuit diagrams.
7
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
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Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
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Read The Arrows
Wiring diagrams indicate connections by symbols that look like arrows.
Do not read these “arrows” as pointers showing the direction of current
flow. Also observe that the power side (positive side) of the circuit is
usually the female end of the connector.
Figure 36–4
In this typical connector, note that the positive terminal is usually a female connector.
If a connector becomes disconnected, it will be difficult for the circuit to
become shorted to ground or to another circuit because the wire is
recessed inside the connector.
8
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS
Schematic drawings replace photos, or line drawings of actual
components with a symbol that represents the actual component:
Battery The plates of a battery are represented by long and short
lines. The longer line represents the positive plate of a battery and
the shorter line represents the negative plate of the battery. Each
pair of short and long lines represents one cell of a battery.
Figure 36–5 The symbol for a battery. The positive plate of a battery is represented by the
longer line and the negative plate by the shorter line. The voltage of the battery is usually stated
next to the symbol.
Continued 9
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
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Because each cell of a typical automotive lead-acid battery has 2.1
volts, a battery symbol showing a 12-volt battery should have six
pairs of lines. However, most symbols simply use two or three pairs
of long and short lines and list battery voltage next to the symbol.
The positive terminal of the battery is indicated with a plus sign (+),
representing the positive post of the battery, placed next to the long
line of the end cell. The negative (ground) terminal is represented
by a negative sign (–) and is placed next to the shorter cell line.
Figure 36–6
The ground symbol on the left
represents earth ground. The
ground symbol on the right
represents a chassis ground.
Continued 10
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
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Wiring Electrical wiring is shown as straight lines with a few
numbers and/or letters to indicate:
Wire size—This can be either AWG, such as 18 gauge or in
square millimeters, such as 0.8.
Circuit numbers—Each wire in part of a circuit is labeled with
the circuit number to help the service tech trace the wiring and
allows for an explanation of how the circuit is supposed to work.
Wire color—Most schematics also indicate an abbreviation for
the color of the wire and place it next to the wire. Many wires
have two colors: a solid color and a stripe color. In this case, the
solid color is listed, and then a dark slash (/) and the color of the
stripe is listed. For example, red/wht would indicate a red wire
with a white tracer.
Continued 12
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Terminals—The metal part attached at the end of a wire is called
a terminal. A symbol for a terminal is shown in Figure 36–8.
Wire connections—When two wires are electrically connected,
the junction is shown with a black dot. See Figure 36–9.
When two wires cross in a schematic that are not electrically
connected, one of the wires is shown as going over the other wire
and does not connect. See Figure 36–10.
Connectors—An electrical connector is a plastic part that
contains one or more terminals. While the terminals provide the
electrical connection in a circuit, it is the plastic connector that
keeps the terminals together mechanically.
Continued 13
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Figure 36–8 Figure 36–9
The electrical terminals are usually Two wires that cross at the dot indicate that the two are
labeled with a letter, as shown on electrically connected.
this cooling fan motor.
Figure 36–10
Wires that cross, but do not electrically contact each
other, are shown with one wire bridging over the other.
Continued 14
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Connections are usually labeled with a “C ” and three numbers
which indicate the general location of the connector.
Continued 15
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Figure 36–11
Connectors (C), grounds (G), and splices (S) are followed by a number, generally indicating the
location in the vehicle. For example, G209 is a ground connection located under the dash.
C-102 is a connector located under the hood (between 100 and 199)
on the right side of the vehicle (even number 102).
Continued 16
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
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Grounds and Splices—Grounds and splices are also labeled
using the same general format as connectors.
Figure 36–12 The ground for the battery is labeled
G305 indicating the ground connector is located in
the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The
ground wire is black (BLK), the circuit number is 50,
and the wire is 32 mm 2 (2-gauge AWG).
Continued 17
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
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UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
Electrical Components Most components have their own unique
symbol that shows basic function or parts.
Bulbs—Light bulbs usually use a filament, which heats and then
gives off light when electrical current flows. The symbol used for
a light bulb shows a circle with a filament inside. A dual-filament
bulb, such as is used for taillights and brake light/turn signals, is
shown with two filaments.
Figure 36–13 The symbol for light bulbs shows the filament inside a circle, which represents
the glass ampoule of the bulb.
Continued 18
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Electric Motors An electric motor symbol shows a circle with the
letter “M ” in the center and two electrical connections, one to the
top and one at the bottom. See Figure 36–14 for an example of a
cooling fan motor.
Figure 36–15
Resistor symbols vary depending on the type of resistor.
Continued 20
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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A two-wire rheostat is usually shown as part of another unit, such as
a fuel level sending unit.
Figure 36–16 A rheostat uses just two wires—one is connected to a voltage source and the
other is attached to the movable arm.
Continued 21
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Capacitors Usually part of an electronic component and not a
replaceable component. Older vehicles used capacitors to reduce
radio interference. They were installed inside alternators or attached
to wiring connectors. See Figure 36–17.
Continued 23
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Figure 36–19
A dashed outline represents a
portion (part) of a component.
Figure 36–20
A solid box represents
an entire component.
Continued 24
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Separate Replaceable Part Often components shown on a
schematic cannot be replaced but are part of a complete assembly.
On a schematic of GM vehicles, the following is shown:
If a part name is underlined, it is a replaceable part.
If a part is not underlined, it is not available as a replaceable part,
but is rather included with other components shown and sold as
an assembly.
If the case itself is grounded,
the ground symbol is attached Figure 36–21
to the component as shown. This symbol represents a
component that is case
grounded.
Continued 25
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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By James D. Halderman Pearson
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Switches Electrical switches are drawn on a wiring diagram in their
normal position. This can be one of two possible positions:
Normally open The switch is not connected to a terminal and no
current flows in this position. This type of switch is labeled N.O.
Normally closed The switch is electrically connected to a con-
tact and current will flow through the switch. This type of switch
is labeled N.C.
Continued 26
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Other switches can use more than two contacts.
Continued 28
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Another type of switch that is used on most vehicles is called a
momentary switch. Usually used to send a voltage signal to a
module or controller to request a device be turned on or off.
The switch just makes momentary contact and returns to the open
position. The symbol that represents a momentary switch uses two
dots for the contact with a switch above them.
Continued 30
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Figure 36–23 A relay uses a movable arm to complete a circuit whenever there is a power at
terminal 86 and a ground at terminal 85. A typical relay only requires about 1/10 ampere through
the relay coil. The movable arm then closes the contacts (#30 to #87) and can relay 30 amperes
or more.
Continued 31
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Figure 36–24 A cross-sectional view of a typical four-terminal relay. Current flowing through
the coil (terminals 86 and 85) causes the movable arm (called the armature) to be drawn toward
the coil magnet. The contact points complete the electrical circuit connected to terminals 30
and 87.
Continued 32
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Most relays use four or five terminals as follows:
A coil that provides magnetic pull to a movable armature (arm).
The resistance of most relay coils ranges from 50 to 150 ohms, but
is usually between 60 and 100 ohms. The International Standard
Organization (ISO) identification of the coil terminals are 86 and
85. Terminal number 86
represents power to the relay coil
85 represents the ground side.
Continued 33
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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The higher amperage current flow through a relay flows through
terminals 30 and 87 and often 87a. Terminal 30 is usually where
power is applied. When the relay is at rest without power and
ground to the coil, the armature inside the relay electrically
connects terminals 30 and 87a if the relay has five terminals.
Figure 36–29
A resistor used in parallel with the coil
windings is a commonly used spike
reduction method used in many relays.
Continued 37
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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COMMON POWER OR GROUND
Whenever diagnosing an electrical problem that affects more than
one component or system, check the electrical schematic for a
common power source or a common ground.
See Figure 36–30 for an example where all of the following lights
are powered by one fuse (power source).
Under-hood light Left-side courtesy light
Inside lighted mirrors Right-side courtesy light
Dome light
For a customer complaint involving one or more of the items listed,
check the fuse and the common part of the circuit that feeds all of
affected lights. Check for a common ground if several components
that seem unrelated are not functioning correctly. Continued 38
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Figure 36–30
A typical wiring diagram showing multiple switches and bulbs powered by one fuse.
This additional current can easily overload the fuse and wiring. Do not
simply install a larger-amperage fuse; the wire gauge size was not
engineered for the additional current and could overheat.
The solution is a relay, which uses a small coil to create a magnetic field
that causes a movable arm to switch on a higher-current circuit.
41
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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Do It Right—Install a Relay - Part 2
The typical relay has 50 to 150 ohms (usually 60 to 100) of resistance and
requires just 0.24 to 0.08 amp when connected to a 12-volt source. This
small additional current will not be enough to overload the existing circuit.
Figure 36–31 To add additional lighting, simply tap into an existing light wire and connect a
relay. Whenever the existing light is turned on, the coil of the relay is energized. The arm of the
relay then connects power from another circuit (fuse) to the auxiliary lights without overloading
the existing light circuit.
42
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
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By James D. Halderman Pearson
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USING SCHEMATICS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
Follow these steps when troubleshooting wiring problems.
Step #1 Verify the malfunction. If, for example, the backup lights
do not operate, make certain that the ignition is on (key on, engine
off), with the gear selector in reverse, and check for operation of
the backup lights.
Step #3 Check the fuse for the backup lights. See Figure 36–32.
Continued 43
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Step #4 Check for voltage at the backup light socket. This can be
done using a test light or a voltmeter.
If voltage is available at the socket,
the problem is either a defective
bulb or a poor ground at the socket
or a ground wire connection to the
body or frame.
Figure 36–32 Always check the simple things
first. Check the fuse for the circuit you are
testing. Maybe a fault in another circuit
controlled by the same fuse could have caused
the fuse to blow. Use a test light to check that
both sides of the fuse have voltage.
Test Light Method Remove the blown fuse and connect a test light
to the terminals of the fuse holder. If there is a short, current will
flow from the power side of the fuse holder through the test light to
ground through the short circuit, and the test light will light.
CAUTION: Connecting the lead to the power side of the fuse holder will
cause current flow through and damage to the ohmmeter.
Continued 49
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Gauss Gauge Method A special pulsing circuit breaker (similar to
a flasher unit) can be installed in place of the fuse. Current will flow
through the circuit until the circuit breaker opens the circuit.
As soon as the circuit breaker opens the circuit, it closes again. This
on-and-off current flow creates a pulsing magnetic field around the
wire carrying the current. A Gauss gauge is a handheld meter that
responds to weak magnetic fields.
This pulsing magnetic field will register on the Gauss gauge even
through the metal body of the vehicle. A needle-type compass can
also be used to observe the pulsing magnetic field.
Continued 50
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Figure 36–33 (a) After removing the blown fuse, a pulsing circuit breaker is connected to the
terminals of the fuse. (b) The circuit breaker causes current to flow, then stop, then flow again,
through the circuit up to the point of the short-to-ground. By observing the Gauss gauge, the
location of the short is indicated near where the needle stops moving due to the magnetic field
created by the flow of current through the wire.
Continued 51
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Figure 36–34 A Gauss gauge can be used to determine the location of a short circuit even
behind a metal panel.
Continued 52
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Electronic Tone Generator Tester An electronic tone generator
tester can be used to locate a short-to-ground or an open circuit.
Similar to test equipment used to test telephone and cable television
lines, a tone generator tester generates a tone that can be heard
through a receiver (probe).
The tone will be generated while there is a continuous electrical
path along the circuit. The signal will stop if there is an open (break)
or short-to-ground in the circuit.
The windings in the solenoids and
relays will increase the strength of
the signal in these locations.
Figure 36–35 A tone generator-type tester used
to locate open circuits and circuits that are
shorted-to-ground. Included with this tester is a
transmitter (tone generator), receiver (probe),
and headphones for use in noisy shops.
Continued 54
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Figure 36–37 To check for an open (break), connect the red lead of the tone generator to the
load side of the fuse terminal and the black lead to a good chassis ground. Turn on the
transmitter an then listen for the tone signal with the receiver set in the open position. Using a
wiring diagram, follow the signal along the circuit until the tone stops, indicating the location of
the open.
55
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Heat or Movement
Electrical shorts are commonly caused either by movement, which causes
the insulation around the wiring to be worn away, or by heat melting the
insulation. When checking for a short circuit, first check the wiring that is
susceptible to heat, movement, and damage:
56
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
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Wiggle Test
Intermittent electrical problems are common yet difficult to locate. To help
locate these hard-to-find problems, try operating the circuit and then start
wiggling the wires and connections that control the circuit.
If in doubt where the wiring goes, try moving all the wiring starting at the
battery. Pay particular attention to wiring running near the battery or the
windshield washer container. Corrosion can cause wiring to fail, and
battery acid fumes and alcohol-based windshield washer fluid can start or
contribute to the problem.
If you notice any change in the operation of the device being tested while
wiggling the wiring, look closer in the area you were wiggling until the
actual problem is located and corrected.
57
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
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River,NJ
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ELECTRICAL TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
1. For a device to work, it must have power and ground.
2. If there is no power to a device, an open power side (blown
fuse, etc.) is indicated.
3. If there is power on both sides of a device, an open ground is
indicated.
4. If a fuse blows immediately, a grounded power-side wire is
indicated.
5. Most electrical faults result from heat or movement.
6. Most noncomputer-controlled devices operate by opening and
closing the power side of the circuit (power-side switch).
7. Most computer-controlled devices operate by opening and
closing the ground side of the circuit (ground-side switch).
58
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
STEP-BY-STEP TROUBLESHOOTING
PROCEDURE
The following procedure has been field tested for many years and
provides a step-by-step guide to follow when troubleshooting:
1. Determine the customer concern (complaint) and get as much
information as possible from the customer or service advisor.
a. When did the problem start?
b. Under what conditions does the problem occur?
c. Have there been any recent repairs to the vehicle
which could have created the problem?
2. Verify the customer’s concern by actually observing the fault.
HINT: Split the circuit help isolate the problem and start at the relay.
59
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
3. Perform a thorough visual inspection and be sure to check
everything that does and does not work.
4. Check for technical service bulletins (TSBs).
5. Check the factory service information and follow the
troubleshooting procedure.
a. Determine how the circuit works
b. Determine which part of the circuit is good, based on
what works and what does not work
c. Isolate the problem area
6. Determine the root cause and repair the vehicle.
7. Verify the repair and complete the repair order (R.O.) by listing
the three C’s (complaint, cause, and correction).
60
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
Shocking Experience
A customer complained that after driving for a while, he got a static shock
whenever the door handle was grabbed when exiting the vehicle. The
customer thought that there must be an electrical fault and that the shock
was coming from the vehicle itself. In a way, the shock was caused by the
vehicle, but it was not a fault.
The service technician sprayed the cloth
seats and carpet with an antistatic spray
and the problem did not reoccur.
Obviously, a static charge was being
created by movement of the driver’s
clothing on the seats and discharged
when the driver touched the metal
door handle.
Figure 36–38 Antistatic spray can be used to stop
customers from being shocked when they touch a
metal object like the door handle.
61
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
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SUMMARY
1. Most wiring diagrams include the wire color, circuit number,
and wire gauge.
Continued 62
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
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SUMMARY (cont.)
4. A short-to-voltage affects the power side of the circuit and
usually involves more than one circuit.
63
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458
end
64
Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition ©©2008
2009Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.
Inc.
By James D. Halderman Pearson
PearsonPrentice
PrenticeHall
Hall- -Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ
NJ07458
07458