1.

TITLE OF PROJECT:

Traffic light signal

2.EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
 Bread Board
 LEDs (Red, Yellow & Green)
 Connecting Wires
 Battery (9V)

 Diodes (IN 4148 * 6)

 Capacitors (2.2uF & 10uF)
 IC 555 timer
 IC 4017
 Resistors (22kohm, 330kohm, 100kohm, 10kohm potentiometer)
 Formica sheet

3.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
4.THEORETICAL DETAILS:
 Traffic light signal:
Traffic lights also known as Traffic signals are signalling

devices positioned at road intersections , pedestrian crossings and other

locations to control the flow of traffic.

 History:
In 1914, the first traffic signal was installed in Cleveland, Ohio.

The device had a buzzer apart from red and green colours which was used

to the warning of changing colours.

 Component description:
1. 555 Timer IC:
555 Timer IC has 8 pins. Function of each pin is mentioned below;

Pin 1 is grounded , pins 4 and 8 are shortednand then tied to supply

+Vcc output , V output is taken from pin 3 , pin 2 and 6 are shorted

and then connected to ground through capacitor C, pin 7 is connected

to supply +Vcc through the resistor R1, and between pin 6 and 7 a

resistor R2 is connected. At point 5 a bypass capacitor of 10uF is

connected.
 555 Timer IC

2. CD 4017 IC:

It has 16 pins and function of each pin is described below;

Pin-1: It is the output 5. It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts.

Pin-2: It is the output 1. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.

Pin-3: It is the output 0. It goes high when the counter reads 0 count.

Pin-4: It is the output 2. It goes high when the counter reads 2 counts.

Pin-5: It is the output 6. It goes high when the counter reads 6 counts.

Pin-6: It is the output 7. It goes high when the counter reads 7 counts.

Pin-7: It is the output 3. It goes high when the counter reads 3 counts.

Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage (0V).

Pin-9: It is the output 8. It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts.
 Pin-10: It is the output 4. It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts.

Pin-11: It is the output 9. It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts.

Pin-12: This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with another counter so
as to enable counting greater than the range supported by a single IC 4017. By cascading with
another 4017 IC, we can count up to 20 numbers. We can increase and increase the range of
counting by cascading it with more and more IC 4017s. Each additional cascaded IC will
increase the counting range by 10. However, it is not advisable to cascade more than 3 ICs as
it may reduce the reliability of the count due to the occurrence glitches.

Pin-13: This pin is the disable pin. In normal mode of operation, this is connected to ground
or logic LOW voltage. If this pin is connected to logic HIGH voltage, then the circuit will
stop receiving pulses and so it will not advance the count irrespective of number of pulses
received from the clock.

Pin-14: This pin is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give the input clock
pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count advances on the rising edge of the
clock.

Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation. If you need to
reset the IC, then you can connect this pin to HIGH voltage.

Pin-16: This is the power supply (Vcc) pin. This should be given a HIGH voltage of 3V to
15V for the IC to function
 CD 4017

3. Resistors:

There are many types of resistors, both fixed and variable. The most common type of

resistors is carbon resitors. They are available in different ratings depending upon the

resistance. Their power rating ranges from 1/8 watt to 1 watt.

Fixed resistor:

These are the resistors whose values are fixed and ca not be changed. Colour bands

on the resistors determine the value of resistance. There are normally four bands .

First band shows first digit, second band shows the second digit, third band

Determines number of zeros and fourth band determines the tolerance for the value

Of resistance.

Variable resistor:
These are the resistors whose values can be varied depending upon the use .

It can be either used as potentiometer or rheostat.

4. Capacitors:

Capacitors are the passive devices which are used to store energy. They store

energy in their electric field.

FIXED RESISTORS VARIABLE RESISTOR

CAPACITOR

5. LEDs:
LED is acronym of light emitting diode.It is p-n junction diode which emits light

when current is passed through it.

RED: It indicates the driver to stop at the intersection.

YELLOW: It indicates the driver for getting ready to go or to stop.

GREEN: It indicates the driver to cross the intersection.

LEDs
6. IN 4148 Diodes:
It is a standard silicon switching signal diode . it is one of the most popular and long

living diode due to its dependable specifications and low cost. The IN 4148 is useful

in switching applications up to 100MHz with a recovery time no more than 4ns.

IN 4148
5. HARDWARE PICTURES:

6.APPLICATIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:
 Working principle:
This traffic lights model is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used
for Sequential Circuits. We can also call it as sequential traffic lights model.
Coming to the working principle of traffic lights, the main IC is 4017 counter IC
which is used to glow the Red, Yellow and Green LED respectively. 555 timer
acts as a pulse generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC. Timing of
glow of certain lights totally depends upon the 555 timer’s pulse which we can
control via potentiometer, so if you want to change thetime of glow , you can do so
by varying the potentiometer, having the responsibility for the timing. LEDs are not
 directly connected with 4017 counter, as the lights won’t be stable. We have used
the combination of IN4148diodes and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate
output. Main drawback of this circuit is that you can never have an exact timing
with this.

7 .REFERENCES:
 https://www.electricaltechnology.org
 http://www.theorycircuit.com
 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com
 https://circuitdigest.tumblr.com