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Class XII Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Maths
______________________________________________________________________________
Book Name: NCERT Solutions
EXERCISE- 11.1
Question 1:
If a line makes angles 90 ,135 , 45 with x, y and z – axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
Solution 1:
Let direction cosines of the line be l, m, and n.
l = cos 90 = 0
m = cos135 = cos ( 90 + 45 )
1
= − sin 45 = −
2
1
n = cos 45 =
2
1 1
Therefore, the direction cosines of the line are 0, − , and .
2 2
Question 2:
Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinates axes.
Solution 2:
Let the direction cosines of the line make an angle α with each of the coordinates axes.
l = cos α, m = cos α, n = cos α
l2 +m2 +n2 =1  cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 3cos2  = 1
1 1
 cos 2  =  cos  = 
3 3
Hence, the direction cosines of the line, which is equally inclined to the coordinate axes, are
1 1 1
 ,  , and  .
3 3 3
Question 3:
If a line has the direction ratios – 18, 12, -4, then what are its direction cosines?
Solution 3:
If a line has direction ratios – 18, 12, -4, then its direction cosines are
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−18 12 −4
l= ,m = ,n =
( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 ) ( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 ) ( −18) + (12 ) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−18 12 −4
i.e., , , or,
22 22 22
−9 6 −2
, ,
11 11 11
−9 6 −2
Hence, the direction cosines are , , and .
11 11 11
Question 4:
Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (-1, -2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
Solution 4:
Given points are A (2, 3, 4), B (-1, -2, 1), and C (5, 8, 7).
As we know that the direction cosines of points,
( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , are given by x2 − x1, y2 − y1, and z2 − z1 .
Therefore the direction ratios of AB are (- 1, - 2), (-2, -3), and (1, -4) i.e., -3, -5, and -3.
The direction ratios of BC are (5 – (-1)), (8 – (-2)), and (7 – 1) i.e., 6, 10, and 6.
It can be seen that the direction ratios of BC are -2 times that AB i.e., they are proportional.
Hence, AB is parallel to BC. Since point B is common to both AB and BC, points A, B, and C
are collinear.
Question 5:
Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 5, -4), (-1, 1, 2) and
(-5, -5, -2)
Solution 5:
A (3, 5, -4), B (-1, 1, 2), and C (-5, -5, -2).
The direction ratios of the side AB are (-1 -3), (1 -5), and (2 – (-4))
i.e., -4, -4, and 6.
( −4) + ( −4) + ( 6) = 16 + 16 + 36 =
2 2 2
Then, 68 = 2 17
Therefore, the direction cosines of AB are
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−4 −4 6
l= ,m = ,n =
( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 ) ( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 ) ( −4 ) + ( −4 ) + ( 6 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−4 4 6
i.e., ,− ,
2 17 2 17 2 17
−2 −2 3
, ,
17 17 17
The direction ratios of BC are (-5 – (-1)), ( -5 -1), and (-2 -2) i.e., -4, -6, and -4.
Therefore, the direction cosines of BC are
−4 −6 −4
, ,
( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 ) ( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 ) ( −4 ) + ( −6 ) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−4 −6 −4
i.e., , ,
2 17 2 17 2 17
The direction ratios of CA are (-5 -3), (-5 -5), and (-2 – (-4)) i.e., -8, -10, and 2.
Hence, the direction cosines of AC are
−8 −5 2
, ,
( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 ) ( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 ) ( −8) + (10 ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−8 −10 2
i.e., , ,
2 42 2 42 2 42
EXERCISE- 11.2
Question 1:
Show that the three lines with direction cosines
Top tutor.
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12 −3 −4 4 12 3 3 −4 12
, , ; , , ; , , are mutually perpendicular.
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Solution 1:
Two lines with direction cosines l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 , are perpendicular to each other, if
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
12 −3 −4 4 12 3
(i) For the lines with direction cosines,
, , and , , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
12 4  −3  12  −4  3
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =  +   +  
13 13  13  13  13  13
48 36 12
= − −
169 169 169
=0
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
4 12 3 3 −4 12
(ii)For the lines with direction cosines,
, , and , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
4 3 12  −4  3 12
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =  +    + +
13 13 13  13  13 13
12 48 36
= − + =0
169 169 169
3 −4 12 12 −3 −4
(iii)For the lines with direction cosines, , , and , , , we get
13 13 13 13 13 13
 3   12   −4   −3   12   −4 
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =      +      +     
 13   13   13   13   13   13 
36 12 48
= + − =0
169 169 169
So, all the lines are mutually perpendicular.
Question 2:
Show that the line through the points (1, -1, 2) (3, 4, -2) is perpendicular to the line through the
points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
Solution 2:
Let AB be the line joining the points, (1, -1, 2) and (3, 4, -2), and CD be the line through the
points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
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a1 = (3 -1), b1 = (4 – (-1)), and c1 = (-2 -2) i.e., 2, 5, and -4.

a2 = (3 -0), b2 = (5 -3), and c2 = (6 -2) i.e., 3, 2, and 4.
AB ⊥ CD  a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 =0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2  3 + 5  2 + ( −4)  4 = 6 + 10 – 16 = 0
Hence, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.
Question 3:
Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points
(-1, -2, 1), (1, 2, 5).
Solution 3:
Let AB be the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4), CD be the line through the points, (-
1, -2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
a1 = (2 -4), b1 = (3 -7), and c1 = (4 -8) i.e., -2, -4, and -4.
a2 = (1 – (-1)), b2 = (2 – (-2)), and c2 = (5 -1) i.e., 2, 4, and 4.
a1 b1 c1
AB CD  = =
a2 b2 c2
a1 −2
= = −1
a2 2
b1 −4
= = −1
b2 4
c1 −4
= = −1
c2 4
a1 b1 c1
 = =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, AB is parallel to CD.
Question 4:
Find the equation of the line which passes through point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector
3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ.
Solution 4:
It is given that the line passes through the point A (1, 2, 3). Therefore, the position vector through
A is a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
b = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
Top tutor.
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So, line passes through point A and parallel to b is given by

r = a + b , where  is a constant.
(
 r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ )
This is the required equation of the line.
Question 5:
Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that passes through the point with
positive vector 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and is in the direction iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ .
Solution 5:
It is given that the line passes through the point with positive vector
a = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ ... (1)
b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ... ( 2 )
So, line passes through point A and parallel to b is given by
r = a + b , where  is a constant.
(
 r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ +  iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ)
This is the required equation of the line in vector form.
r = xiˆ − yjˆ + zkˆ  xiˆ − yjˆ + zkˆ = (  + 2) iˆ + ( 2 − 1) ˆj + ( − + 4) kˆ
Eliminating  , we get the Cartesian form equation as
x − 2 y +1 z − 4
= =
1 2 −1
Question 6:
Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2, 4, -5) and parallel to
x+3 y −4 z +8
the line given by = =
3 5 6
Solution 6:
It is given that the line passes through the point (-2, 4, -5) and is parallel to
x+3 y −4 z +8
= =
3 5 6
x+3 y −4 z +8
The direction ratios of the line, = = , are 3, 5, and 6.
3 5 6
x+3 y −4 z +8
The required line is parallel to = =
3 5 6
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Therefore, its direction ratios are 3k, 5k, and 6k, when k ≠0
It is known that the equation of the line through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and with direction ratios,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a, b, c, is given by = =
a b c
Hence, the equation of the required line is
x+2 y−4 z +5 x+2 y−4 z+5
= =  = = =k
3k 5k 6k 3 5 6
Question 7:
x−5 y + 4 z −6
The Cartesian equation of a line is = = .Write its vector form.
3 7 2
Solution 7:
The Cartesian equation of the line is given by
x−5 y + 4 z −6
= = . …(1)
3 7 2
The given line passes through the point (5, -4, 6). The position vector of this point is
a = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.
This means that the line is in the direction of the vector, b = 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ
As we known that the line through positive vector a and in the direction of the vector b is given
by the equation, r = a + b ,   R
( ) (
 r = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ +  3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ )
This is the required equation of the given line in vector form.
Question 8:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equation of the lines that passes through the origin and (5, -2,
3).
Solution 8:
The required line passes through the origin. Therefore, its position vector is given by,
a=0 …(1)
The direction ratios of the line through origin and (5, -2, 3) are
(5 -0) = 5, (-2 -0) = -2, (3 – 0) = 3
The line is parallel to the vector given by the equation, b = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
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The equation of the line in vector form through a point with position vector a and parallel to b
is,
(
r = a + b ,   R  r = 0 +  5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ )
(
 r =  5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ )
The equation of the line through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and direction ratios a, b, c is given by,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
a b c
Hence, the equation of the required line in the Cartesian form is
x−0 y−0 z −0 x y z
= =  = =
5 −2 3 5 2 3
Question 9:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equation of the line that passes through the point (3, -2, -5),
(3, -2, 6).
Solution 9:
Let the line passing through the points, P (3, -2, -5) and Q (3, -2, 6), be PQ.
Since PQ passes through P (3, -2, -5), its position vector is given by,
a = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
The direction ratios of PQ are given by,
(3 - 3) = 0, (-2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11
The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is
b = 0.iˆ − 0. ˆj + 11kˆ = 11 k̂
The equation of PQ in vector form is given by, r = a + b ,   R
( )
 r = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 5kˆ + 11 kˆ
The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x−3 y + 2 z +5
= =  = =
a b c 0 0 11
Question 10:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
( )
(i) r = 2iˆ − 5 ˆj + kˆ +  3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and
(
r = 7iˆ − 6kˆ +  iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ )
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(
(ii) r = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ + 1 iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ and )
(
r = 2iˆ − ˆj − 56kˆ +  3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ )
Solution 10:
(i)Let  be the angle between the given lines.
b1.b2
The angle between the given pairs of lines is given by, cos  =
b1 b2
The given lines are parallel to the vectors, b1 = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and b2 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ , respectively.
 b1 = 32 + 22 + 62 = 7
(1) + ( 2) + ( 2) =3
2 2 2
b2 =
( ) (
b1.b2 = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ )
= 3  1 + 2  2 + 6  2 = 3 + 4 + 12 = 19
19
 cos  =
73
 19 
  = cos −1  
 21 
(ii)The given line are parallel to the vectors, b1 = iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ and b2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ , respectively.
(1) + ( −1) + ( −2) = 6

2 2 2
 b1 =
(3) + ( −5) + ( −4) = 50 = 5 2

2 2 2
b2 =
( ) (
b1.b2 = iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ . 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ )
=1 . 3 – 1(-5) – 2(-4)
=3+5+8
=16
b1.b2
cos  =
b1 b2
16 16 16
 cos  = = =
6.5 2 2. 3.5 2 10 3
8
 cos  =
5 3
 8 
  = cos −1  
5 3
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Question 11:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
x − 2 y −1 z + 3 x + 2 y −4 z −5
(i) = = and = =
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
x y z x −5 y −2 z −3
(ii) = = and = =
2 2 1 4 1 8
Solution 11:
Let b1 and b2 be the vectors parallel to the pair of lines,
x − 2 y −1 z + 3 x + 2 y −4 z −5
= = and = = , respectively.
2 5 −3 −1 8 4
 b1 = 2iˆ + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ and b2 = −iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ
( 2) + (5) + ( −3) = 38
2 2 2
b1 =
( −1) + (8) + ( 4) = 81 = 9
2 2 2
b2 =
( )(
b1.b2 = 2iˆ + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ . −iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ )
= 2(-1) + 5  8 + (-3) . 4
= -2 + 40 – 12
=26
The angle,  , between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,
b1.b2
Cos  =
b1 b2
26
 cos  =
9 38
 26 
  = cos −1  
 9 38 
(ii)Let b1 , b2 be the vectors parallel to the given pair of lines,
x y z x −5 y −2 z −3
= = and = = , respectively.
2 2 1 4 1 8
b1 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ
b2 = 4iˆ + ˆj + 8kˆ
( 2) + ( 2) + (1) = 9 =3
2 2 2
 b1 =
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b2 = 42 + 12 + 82 = 81 = 9
( ) (
b1.b2 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ . 4iˆ + ˆj + 8kˆ )
= 2  4 + 2  1 + 1  8 = 8 + 2 + 8 = 18
b1.b2
If  is the angle between the given pair of lines, then cos  =
b1 b2
18 2 2
 cos  = =   = cos −1  
3 9 3 3
Question 12:
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
Find the values of p so the line = = and = = are at right
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
angles.
Solution 12:
The given equations can be written in the standard form as
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 5 z − 6
= = and = =
−3 2 p 2 − 3p 1 −5
7 7
The direction ratios of the lines are given by
2p −3 p
a1 = -3, b1 = , c1 = 2 and a2 = , b2 = 1, c2 = -5.
7 7
Since, both lines are perpendicular to each other, therefore a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
9p 2p
 + = 10
7 7
 −3 p   2 p 
 ( −3) .  +  . (1) + 2. ( −5 ) = 0  11 p = 70
 7   7 
70
 p=
11
70
Hence, the value of p =
11
Question 13:
x−5 y + 2 z x y z
Show that the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other.
7 −5 1 1 2 3
Solution 13:
x−5 y + 2 z x y z
The equation of the given lines are = = and = =
7 −5 1 1 2 3
Here, a1 = 7, b1 = -5, c1 = 1 and a2 = 1, b2 = 2, c2 = 3.
Top tutor.
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Two lines with direction ratios, a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 are perpendicular to each other, if a1 a2 +
b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
7  1 + (-5)  2 + 1  3
= 7 – 10 + 3 = 0
Hence, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Question 14:
Find the shortest distance between the lines
( ) ( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ +  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and
r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ +  ( 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ )
Solution 14:
Given lines are
( ) ( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ +  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and
r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ +  ( 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ )
Shortest distance between the lines r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 +  b2 , is given by,
d=
(b  b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(1)
b1  b2
Comparing the given equations, we get
a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ , b1 = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
a2 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ , b2 = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
( ) ( )
a2 - a1 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ - iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ = iˆ - 3 ĵ - 2 k̂
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1  b2 = 1 − 1 1
2 −1 2
b1  b2 = (-2 – 1) iˆ - (2 – 2) ĵ + (1 + 2) k̂ = -3 iˆ + 3 k̂
 b1  b2 = ( −3) + (3) = +9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2
2 2
Putting all the values in equation (1) , we get
d=
( )(
−3iˆ + 3kˆ . iˆ − 3 ˆj − 2kˆ
d=
)
−3.1 + 3(−2)
3 2 3 2
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−9 3 3 2 3 2
d= d= = =
3 2 2 2 2 2
3 2
Hence, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.
2
Question 15:
x +1 y +1 z +1 x−3 y −5 z −7
Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
Solution 15:
x +1 y +1 z +1 x−3 y −5 z −7
The given lines are = = and = =
7 −6 1 1 −2 1
The shortest distance between the two lines,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = and = = , is given by,
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
d= …(1)
( b1c2 − b2c1 ) + ( c1a2 − c2 a1 ) + ( a1b2 − a2b1 )
2 2 2
Comparing the equations, we get

x1 = −1, y1 = −1, z1 = −1, a1 = 7, b1 = −6, c1 = 1
x2 = 3, y2 = 5, z2 = 7, a2 = 1, b2 = −2, c2 = 1
Then,
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 4 6 8
a1 b1 c1 = 7 −6 1
a2 b2 c2 1 −2 1
= 4 (-6 + 2) – 6 (1 + 7) + 8 (-14 + 6)
= -16 – 36 – 64 = -116
 (b1c2 − b2 c1 ) + ( c1a2 − c2 a1 ) + ( a1b2 − a2b1 ) = ( −6 + 2) + (1 + 7 ) + ( −14 + 6)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 16 + 36 + 64
= 116 = 2 29
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get
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−116 −58
d= =
2 29 29
−2  29
= = −2 29
29
d = 2 29 , therefore the distance between the given lines is 2 29 units.
Question 16:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
( ) (
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ )
and r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ +  2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ ( )
Solution 16:
( )
The given lines are iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ and r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ +  2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ ( )
The shortest distance between the lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 +  b2 , is given by,
d=
(b  b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(1)
b1  b2
Comparing the given equations with r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 +  b2 , we obtain

a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b1 = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ
a = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ, b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ
2 2
( ) (
a2 − a1 = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 6kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1  b2 = 1 − 3 2 = ( −3 − 6 ) iˆ − (1 − 4 ) ˆj + ( 3 + 6 ) kˆ = −9iˆ + 3 ˆj + 9kˆ
2 3 1
 b1  b2 = ( −9) + ( 3) + (9) = 81 + 9 + 81 = 171 = 3 19

2 2 2
(b  b ).( a
1 2 2 ( )(
− a ) = −9iˆ + 3 ˆj + 9kˆ . 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ )
= - 9 3 + 33 + 93 = 9
9 3
d= =
3 19 19
3
Hence, the shortest distance between the given lines is units.
19
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Question 17:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ and
r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2s − 1) ˆj − ( 2s + 1) kˆ
Solution 17:
The given lines are
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ
( ) (
 r = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(1)
r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2s − 1) ˆj − ( 2s + 1) kˆ
( ) (
r = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ + s iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(2)
The shortest distance between the lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , is given by,
d=
(b  b ) .( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
...(3)
b1  b2
For the given equations,
a1 = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b1 = −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
a = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ, b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
2 2
( ) (
a2 − a1 = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = ˆj − 4kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1  b2 = −1 1 − 2 = ( −2 + 4 ) iˆ − ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( −2 − 1) kˆ
1 2 −2
= 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ
 b1  b2 = ( 2) + ( −4 ) + ( −3) = 4 + 16 + 9
2 2 2
= 29
( ) ( )(
 b1  b2 . ( a2 − a ) = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ . ˆj − 4kˆ = −4 + 12 = 8 )
8 8
d= =
29 29
8
Hence, the shortest distance between the lines is units.
29
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EXERCISE- 11.3
Question 1:
In each of the following cases, determine the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and
the distance from the origin.
(a)z = 2 (b) x + y + z = 1
(c)2x + 3y – z = 5 (d)5y + 8 = 0
Solution 1:
(a)The equation of the plane is z = 2 or 0 x + 0 y + z = 2 …(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, 0, and 1.
 02 + 02 + 12 = 1
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 1, we obtain
0.x + 0.y + 1.z = 2
This is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the
plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.
Hence, the direction cosines are 0, 0, and 1 and the distance of the plane form the origin is 2
units.
(b)x + y + z = 1 ….(1)
 (1) + (1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 3 , we get

1 1 1 1
x+ y+ z= …(2)
3 3 3 3
This equation is one of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are direction cosines of normal
to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
1 1 1
Hence, the direction cosines of the normal are , , and and the distance of normal
3 3 3
1
form the origin is units.
3
(c)2x + 3y – z = 5 …(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 2, 3, and -1.
 ( 2) + (3) + ( −1) = 14
2 2 2
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2 3 1 5
x+ y− z=
14 14 14 14
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal
2 3 −1
Hence, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are , , and and the distance
14 14 14
5
of normal form the origin is units.
14
(d)5y + 8 = 0
 0x – 5y + 0z = 8…..(1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, -5, and 0.
 02 + ( −5) + 02 = 5
2
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we get

8
−y =
5
The equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal
to the plane and d is the distance of the form the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are 0, -1, and 0 and the distance of
8
normal form the origin is units.
5
Question 2:
Find the vector equation of a plane which is at the distance of 7 units from the origin and normal
to the vector 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
Solution 2:
The normal vector is, n = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
n 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ
nˆ = = =
n ( 3) + ( 5 ) + ( 6 )
2 2 2
70
The equation of the plane with position vector r is given by, r .nˆ = d
 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ 
 rˆ.   = 7

 70 
Question 3:
Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:
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(
(a) r . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2) ( )
(b) r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1
(c) r . ( s − 2t ) iˆ + ( 3 − t ) ˆj + ( 2s + t ) kˆ  = 15
Solution 3:
(a) Given equation of the plane is
( )
r . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2 …(1)
For any arbitrary point, P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r is given by,
r = xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ
Putting the values of r in equation (1), we get
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 2  x + y − z = 2
(
(b) r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1) …(1)
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r is given by,
Putting the value of r in equation (1), we obtain
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ = 1  2 x + 3 y − 4 z = 1
(c) r . ( s − 2t ) iˆ + ( 3 − t ) ˆj + ( 2s + t ) kˆ  = 15 …(1)

For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r is given by,
Putting the value of r in equation (1), we get
( )
xiˆ + yjˆ − zkˆ . ( s − 2t ) iˆ + ( 3 − t ) ˆj + ( 2s + t ) kˆ  = 15
 
 ( s − 2t ) x + ( 3 − t ) y + ( 2s + t ) z = 15
Question 4:
In the following cases, find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the
origin.
(a)2x + 3y + 4z – 12 = 0 (b)3y + 4z – 6 = 0
(c)x + y +z = 1 (d)5y + 8 = 0
Solution 4:
(a)Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
2x + 3y + 4z – 12 =0
 2x + 3y + 4z – 12 =0 ….(1)
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 ( 2) + (3) + ( 4) = 29
2 2 2

2 3 4 12
x+ y+ z=
29 29 29 29
This equation is of form lx + my + nz = d, when l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to
the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd)
Hence, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
 2 12 3 12 4 12   24 36 48 
 , , , , ,  i.e.,  29 , 49 , 29  .
 29 29 29 29 29 29   
(b)Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
3y + 4z – 6 = 0
 0x + 3y + 4z = 6…(1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, 3, 4.
 02 + 32 + 42 = 5
3 4 6
0x + y+ z =
5 5 5
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, when l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal
(ld , md , nd )
 3 6 4 6  18 24 
 0, , , ,  i.e.,  0, , .
 5 5 5 5  25 25 
(c)Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
X+y+z=1 …(1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 1, 1, and 1.
 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
1 1 1 1
x+ y+ z=
3 3 3 3
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(ld , md , nd )
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
 , , , , ,  i.e.,  3 , 3 , 3  .
 3 3 3 3 3 3  
(d) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be ( x1 , y1, z1 ) .
5y + 8 = 0
 0x – 5y + 0z = 8 …(1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, -5 and 0.
 02 + ( −5) + 0 = 5
2
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain

8
−y =
5
(ld , md , nd )
 8   8 
 0, −1 5  , 0  i.e.,  0,-  5  , 0  .
       
Question 5:
Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the planes
(a)that passes through the point (1, 0, -2) and the normal to the plane is iˆ + ˆj − kˆ .
(b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the normal vector to the plane is iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ .
Solution 5:
(a) The position vector of point (1, 0, -2) is a = iˆ − 2kˆ
The normal vector N perpendicular to the plane is N = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is given by, (r − a ).N = 0
( ) ( )
 r − iˆ − 2kˆ  . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0
 
…(1)
r is the positive vector of any point p (x, y, z) in the plane.
 r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
Thus, equation (1) becomes
 ( ) ( ) ( )  ( )
 xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ − iˆ − 2kˆ  . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0  ( x − 1) iˆ + yjˆ + ( z + 2) kˆ  . iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 0

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 ( x −1) + y − ( z + 2) = 0  x + y − z − 3 = 0
 x+ y−z =3
(b) The position vector of point (1, 4, 6) is a = iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ
The normal vector N perpendicular to the plane is N = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is given by, (r − a ).N = 0
( ) ( )
 r − iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ  . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0 ….(1)
 
r is the positive vector of any point p (x, y, z) in the plane.
 r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
Thus, equation (1) becomes
 ( ) ( ) (
 )
 xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ − iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ  . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0
( )
 ( x − 1) iˆ + ( y − 4 ) ˆj + ( z + 6 ) kˆ  . iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = 0
 
 ( x − 1) − 2 ( y − 4 ) + ( z − 6 ) = 0  x − 2 y + z + 1 = 0
Question 6:
Find the equations of the planes that passes through the points.
(a) (1, 1, -1), (6, 4, -5), (-4, -2, 3)
(b) (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (-2, 2, -1)
Solution 6:
(a) The given points are A (1, 1, -1), B (6, 4, -5), and C (-4, -2, 3).
1 1 −1
6 4 − 5 = (12 − 10 ) − (18 − 20 ) − ( −12 + 16 )
−4 − 2 3
= 2+2−4 = 0
Since A, B, C are collinear points, there will be infinite number of planes passing through the
given points.
(b) The given points are A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1), C (-2, 2, -1).
1 1 0
1 2 1 = ( −2 − 2 ) − ( 2 + 2 ) = −8  0
−2 2 − 1
Thus, a plane will pass through the point A, B, and C.
The equation of the plane through the points, ( x1, y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , and ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) , is given
by
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x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x −1 y −1 z
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0  0 1 1 =0
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 −3 1 −1
 ( −2 )( x − 1) − 3 ( y − 1) + 3 z = 0  −2 x − 3 y + 3 z + 2 + 3 = 0
 −2 x − 3 y + 3 z = −5  2 x + 3 y − 3 z = 5
Question 7:
Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y - z = 5
Solution 7:
2x + y - z = 5 …(1)
2 y z x y z
x + − =1 + + = 1 .... ( 2 )
5 5 5 5 5 −5
2
x y z
The equation of a plane in intercept form is + + = 1 , where a, b, c are intercepts cut off by
a b c
the plane at x, y, z axes respectively.
Hence, for the given equation,
5
a = , b = 5, and c=-5
2
5
Thus, the intercepts cut off by plane are , 5 and -5.
2
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to ZOX plane.
Solution 8:
The equation of the plane ZOX is
Y=0
Any plane parallel to it is of the form, y = a
Since the y-intercept of the plane is 3,
a = 3
Hence, the equation of the required plane is y = 3.
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Question 9:
Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes
3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and x + y + z – 2 = 0 and the point (2, 2,1)
Solution 9:
The equation of the given plane through the intersection of the planes,
3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and x + y + z – 2 = 0, is given by
(3x – y + 2z – 4) + α (x + y + z – 2) = 0, where α €R
This plane passes through the point (2,2,1).
Hence, this point will satisfy equation (1).
(3×2-2+2×1-4)+ α(2+2+1-2) = 0
2
 2 + 3α = 0   = −
3
2
Putting  = − in equation (1), we get
3
2
(3x – y + 2z – 4) - (x + y + z – 2) = 0
3
 3(3x – y + 2z – 4) -2(x + y + z – 2) = 0
 (9x – 3y + 6x – 12) – 2(x+ y + z – 2) = 0
 7x – 5y + 4z – 8 =0
Question 10:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7, r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9 and through the point (2, 1, 3)
Solution 10:
The equations of the planes are r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 7 and r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) = 9
 r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) − 7 = 0 ...(1)
r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) − 9 = 0 ... ( 2 )
Equation of required plane is given by,
 r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) − 7  +   r .(2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ) − 9  = 0 , where   R
   
r . (2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) +  (2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 3kˆ)  = 9 + 7
r . ( 2 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 2 + 5 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 3) kˆ  = 9 + 7 ...(3)
The plane passes through the point (2, 1, 3).
Hence, its position vector is given by,
r = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
Putting in equation (3), we get
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(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ). ( 2 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 2 + 5 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 3) kˆ  = 9 + 7
 
 ( 2 + 2 ) + ( 2 + 5 ) + ( 3 − 3) = 9 + 7
 18 − 3 = 9 + 7
10
 9 = 10   =
9
10
Putting  = in equation (3), we get
9
 38 68 ˆ 3 ˆ 
r .  iˆ + j + k  = 17
 9 9 9 
( )
 r . 38iˆ + 68 ˆj + 3kˆ = 153
Question 11:
Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes
x + y + z = 1 and 2x +3y + 4z = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane x – y + z = 0
Solution 11:
The equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes, x + y + z = 1 and 2x +3y + 4z
= 5 is
(x + y + z – 1) +  (2x +3y + 4z – 5) = 0
 ( 2 + 1) x + (3 + 1) y + ( 4 + 1) z − (5 +1) = 0 ...(1)
a1 = ( 2 + 1) , b1 = ( 3 + 1) , and c1 = ( 4 + 1) .
The plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to x – y + z = 0
a2 = 1, b2 = -1, and c2 = 1.
Since the planes are perpendicular,
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
 ( 2 + 1) − (3 + 1) + ( 4 + 1) = 0
1
 3 + 1 = 0   = −
3
1
Putting  = − in equation (1), we get
3
1 1 2
x+ z+ =0
3 3 3
x – z + 2 = 0
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Question 12:
Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 5 and r .(3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 3
Solution 12:
The equation of the given planes are r .(2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) = 5 and r .(3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 3
If n1 and n2 are normal to the planes, r .n1 = d1 and r .n2 = d 2 ,
Normal to the planes, then the angle between them ,  , is given by,
n1.n2
cos  = …..(1)
n1 n2
Here, n1 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ and n2 = 3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ
( )
 n1.n2 = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ (3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) = 2.3 + 2. ( −3 ) + ( −3 ) .5 = −15
n1 = ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ( −3) = 17
2 2 2
n2 = ( 3) + ( −3) + ( 5) = 43
2 2 2
Substituting the values of n1.n2 n1 and n2 in equation (1), we obtain

−15
cos  =
17. 43
15  15 
 cos  =   = cos −1  
731  731 
Question 13:
In the following cases, determine whether the given planes are parallel or perpendicular, and in
case they are neither, find the angles between them.
(a)7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x – y – 10z + 4 = 0
(b)2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0
(c)2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0
(d)2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0
(e)4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0
Solution 13:
The directions ratios of normal to be the plane, L1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0 are a1 , b1 , c1 and
L2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = 0 are a2 , b2 , c2 .
a1 b1 c1
L1 L2 ,  = =
a2 b2 c2
L1 ⊥ L2
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 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

The angle between L1 and L2 is given by,
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

 = cos −1
a12 + b12 + c12 . a22 + b22 + c22
(a)The equation of the planes are 7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and 3x – y – 10z + 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 7, b1 = 5, c1 = 6
a2 = 3, b2 = -1, c2 = -10
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 7  3 + 5 ( −1) + 6  ( −10) = −44  0
Therefore, the given planes are not perpendicular.
a1 7 b1 5 c 6 −3
= , = = −5, 1 = =
a2 3 b2 −1 c2 −10 5
a1 b1 c1
It can be seen that,  
a2 b2 c2
Therefore, the given places are not parallel.
The angle between them is given by,
7  3 + 5 ( −1) + 6  ( −10 )
 = cos −1
( 7 ) + ( 5) + ( 6 )  ( 3) + ( −1) + ( −10 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
21 − 5 − 60 44 2
= cos −1 = cos −1 = cos −1
110  110 110 5
(b) The equations of the planes are 2x + y + 3z – 2 = 0 and x – 2y + 5 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, c1 = 3 and a2 = 1, b2 = −2, c2 = 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2 1 + 1 ( −2) + 3 0 = 0
Hence, the given planes are perpendicular to each other.
(c) The equations of the planes are 2x – 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 and 3x – 3y + 6z – 1 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = −2, c1 = 4 and
a2 = 3, b2 = −3, c2 = 6
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2  3 + ( −2 )( −3) + 4  6
= 6 + 6 + 24 = 36  0
Hence, the given planes are not perpendicular to each other.
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a1 2 b1 −2
= , =
a2 3 b2 −3
c1 4 2
and = =
c2 6 3
a1 b1 c1
 = =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given planes are parallel to each other.
(d)The equation of the planes are 2x – y + 3z – 1 = 0 and 2x – y + 3z + 3 = 0
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = −1, c1 = 3 and a2 = 2, b2 = −1, c2 = 3
a1 2 b −1
= = 1, 1 = =1
a2 2 b2 −1
c1 3
and = =1
c2 3
a1 b1 c1
 = =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given lines are parallel to each other.
(e)The equation of the given planes are 4x + 8y + z – 8 = 0 and y + z – 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 4, b1 = 8, c1 = 1 and a2 = 0, b2 = 1, c2 = 1
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 4  0 + 8 1 + 1 = 9  0
Hence, the given lines are not perpendicular to each other.
a1 4 b1 8 c 1
= , = =8 , 1 = = 1
a2 0 b2 1 c2 1
a1 b1 c1
  
a2 b2 c2
Thus, the given lines not parallel to each other.
The angle between the planes is given by,
4  0 + 8  1 + 1 1
 = cos −1
42 + 82 + 12  02 + 12 + 12
9  1  
= cos −1 = cos −1   = 45
9 2  2
Question 14:
In the following cases, find the distance of each of the given points from the corresponding given
plane.
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Point plane
(a)(0, 0, 0) 3x – 4y + 12z = 3
(b)(3, -2, 1) 2x – y + 2z + 3 = 0
(c)(2, 3, -5) x+ 2y – 2z = 9
(d)(-6, 0 , 0) 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0
Solution 14:
The distance between a point, P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , and a plane Ax + By + Cz = D, is given by,
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 − D
d= …(1)
A2 + B 2 + C 2
(a)The given point is (0, 0) and the plane is 3x – 4y + 12z = 3
3  0 − 4  0 + 12  0 − 3 3
d = =
( −3) + ( −4 ) + (12 )
2 2 2
169
3
=
13
(b)The given points is (3, -2, 1) and the plane is 2x – y + 2z+3 = 0
2  3 − ( −2 ) + 2 1 + 3 13
d = =
( 2 ) + ( −1) + ( 2 ) 3
2 2 2
13
=
3
(c)The given point is (2, 3, -5) and the plane is x+ 2y – 2z = 9
2 + 2  3 − 2 ( −5 ) 9 9
d = =
(1) + ( 2 ) + ( −2 ) 3
2 2 2
=3
(d)The given points is (-6, 0, 0) and the plane is 2x – 3y + 6z – 2 = 0
2 ( −6 ) − 3  0 + 6  0 − 2 −14 14
d= = =
( 2 ) + ( −3) + ( 6 ) 7
2 2 2
49
=2
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined
by the points (3, 5, -1), (4, 3, -1).
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Solution 1:
Let OA be the line joining the origin, O(0, 0, 0), and the points, A (2, 1, 1).
Also, let BC be the line joining the points, B (3, 5, -1) and C (4, 3, -1).
The direction ratios of OA are 2, 1, and 1 and of BC are (4 -3) = 1, (3 -5) = -2, and (-1 + 1) = 0
OA ⊥ BC a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2  1 + 1(−2) + 1 0
= 2−2 = 0
Thus, OA ⊥ BC .
Question 2:
If l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 are the direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines. Show that
the direction cosines of the perpendicular to both of these are m1n2 − m2 n1 , n1l2 − n2l1 , l1m2 − l2 m1.
Solution 2:
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ... (1)
l12 + m12 + n12 = 1 ... ( 2 )
l + m + n =1
2
2
2
2
2
2 ... ( 3)
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to the line with direction
cosines l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 .
 ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0
ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0
l m n
 = =
m1n2 − m2 n1 n1l2 − n2l1 l1m2 − l2 m1
l2 m2 n2
 = =
( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) ( l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
l 2 + m2 + n 2
= …(4)
( m1n2 − m2n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + ( l1m2 − l2m1 )
2 2 2
l, m, n are the direction cosines of the line.

 l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 ….(5)
As we known that,
( l12 + m12 + n12 ) ( l22 + m22 + n22 ) – ( l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 )
= ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + (l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
From (1, (2), and (3), we get

 1.1 – 0 = ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + (l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
 ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + (l1m2 − l2 m1 ) = 1

2 2 2
…(6)
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Putting the values from equation (5) and (6) in equation (4), we get
l2 m2 n2
= = =1
( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) ( l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
 l = m1n2 − m2 n1 ,
m = n1l2 − n2l1 ,
n = l1m2 − l2 m1
Hence, the direction cosines of the required line are m1n2 − m2 n1 , n1l2 − n2l1 , l1m2 − l2 m1 .
Question 3:
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are a, b, c and b – c, c – a, a – b.
Solution 3:
The angle  between the lines with direction cosines, a, b, c and b – c. c – a, a – b, is given by,
a (b − c ) + b (c − a ) + c ( a − b )
cos  =
a 2 + b2 + c2 + (b − c ) + (c − a ) + ( a − b )
2 2 2
 cos  = 0
  = cos −1 0
  = 90
Question 4:
Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.
Solution 4:
The line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin is x-axis itself.
Let A be a point on x-axis. Therefore, the coordinates of A are given by (a, 0, 0), where a  R .
Direction ratios of OA are (a – 0) = a, 0, 0
The equation of OA is given by,
x−0 y−0 z −0 x y z
= =  = = =a
a 0 0 1 0 0
x y z
Hence, the equation of line parallel to x -axis and passing origin is = =
1 0 0
Question 5:
If the coordinates of the points A, B, C, D be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (-4, 3, -6) and (2, 9, 2)
respectively, then find the angle between the lines AB and CD.
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Solution 5:
The coordinates of A, B, C, and D are (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (-4, 3, -6) and (2, 9, 2) respectively.
a1 = (4 – 1) = 3, b1 = (5 – 2) = 3, and c1 = (7 – 3) = 4
a2 = (2 – (-4)) = 6, b2 = (9 – 3) = 6, and c2 = (2 – (-6)) = 8
a1 b1 c1 1
 = = =
a2 b2 c2 2
Hence, AB CD .
Therefore, the angle between AB and CD is either 0 or 180 .
Question 6:
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x-1 y − 1 z − 6
If the line = = and = = are perpendicular, find the value of k.
−3 2k 2 3k 1 −5
Solution 6:
Here, a1 = -3, b1 = 2k, c1 = 2 and a2 = 3k, b2 = 1, c2 = -5.
Two lines with direction ratios, a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 , are perpendicular, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
−3(3k ) + 2k  1 + 2 ( −5 ) = 0
 −9k + 2k − 10 = 0
−10
 7 k = −10  k =
7
10
Hence, for k = − , the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
7
Question 7:
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane
r .(iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ) + 9 = 0
Solution 7:
Here, r = (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ)
and N = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
The equation of a line passing through a point and perpendicular to the given plane is given by,
l = r + N,  R
( ) ( )
 l = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  iˆ + 2 ˆj − 5kˆ
Question 8:
Find the equation of the plane passing through (a, b, c) and parallel to the plane r .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 2
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Solution 8:
Any plane parallel to the plane, r1.(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 2 , is of the form
r .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) =  …(1)
The plane passes through the point (a, b, c).
Therefore, the position vector r of this point is r = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ
Hence, equation (1) becomes
( )(
aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ =  )
 a+b+c = 
Putting  = a + b + c in equation (1), we get
r1.(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = a + b + c …(2)
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in equation (2), we get
( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = a + b + c  x + y + z = a + b + c
Question 9:
Find the shortest distance between lines (
r = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ +  iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) and
(
r = −4iˆ − kˆ +  3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . )
Solution 9:
The given lines are
(
r = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ +  iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) …(1)
(
r = −4iˆ − kˆ +  3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . ) …(2)
The shortest distance between two lines, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , is given by
d=
(b  b ).( a
1 2 2 − a1 )
…(3)
b  b2
Comparing, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 to equation (1) and (2), we get
a1 = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
b = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
1
a2 = −4iˆ − kˆ
b2 = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
( ) ( )
 a2 − a1 = −4iˆ − kˆ − 6iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ = −10iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
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iˆ ˆj kˆ
 b1  b2 = 1 − 2 2 = ( 4 + 4 ) iˆ − ( −2 − 6 ) ˆj + ( −2 + 6 ) kˆ
3 −2 −2
= 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ
( ) ( )(
b1  b2 . ( a2 − a1 ) = 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 4kˆ . −10iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ )
= −80 − 16 − 12 = −108
−108
d= =9
12
Hence, the shortest distance between the two given lines is 9 units.
Question 10:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the YZ-
plane.
Solution 10:
The equation of the line passing through the points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The line passing through the point, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
x − 5 y −1 z − 6 x − 5 y −1 z − 6
= =  = = = k ( say )
3 − 5 4 −1 1 − 6 −2 3 −5
 x = 5 − 2k , y = 3k + 1, z = 6 − 5k
Any point on the line is of the form (5 – 2k, 3k + 1, 6 – 5k).
The equation of YZ-plane is x = 0
As the line passes through YZ-plane,
5
5 – 2k = 0  k =
2
5 17
 3k + 1 = 3  + 1 =
2 2
5 −13
6 – 5k = 6 – 5  =
2 2
 17 −13 
Hence, the required point is  0, , .
 2 2 
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Question 11:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the ZX-
plane.
Solution 11:
The equation of the line passing through the points, ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The line passing through the points, (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1), is given by,
x − 5 y −1 z − 6 x − 5 y −1 z − 6
= =  = = = k ( say )
3 − 5 4 −1 1 − 6 −2 3 −5
 x = 5 − 2k , y = 3k + 1, z = 6 − 5k
Any point on the line is of the form (5 – 2k, 3k + 1, 6 – 5k).
Since the line passes through ZX-plane,
1
3k + 1 = 0  k = −
3
 1  17
 5 – 2k = 5 - 2  −  =
 3 3
 1  23
6 – 5k = 6 – 5  −  =
 3 2
 17 23 
Hence, the required point is  , 0,  .
 3 2 
Question 12:
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, -4, -5) and (2, -3, 1) crosses the plane
2x + y + z = 7).
Solution 12:
The equation of the line through the point, ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z2 ) , is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Since the line passes through the points, (3, -4, -5) and (2, -3, 1), its equation is given by,
x−3 y + 4 z +5 x−3 y + 4 z +5
= =  = = = k ( say )
2 − 3 −3 + 4 1 + 5 −1 1 6
 x = 3 − k , y = k − 4, z = 6k − 5
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Thus, any point on the line is of the form (3 – k, k – 4, 6k – 5).

This point lies on the plane, 2x + y + z = 7
2 (3 – k) + (k – 4) + (6k – 5) = 7
 5k – 3 = 7  k = 2
Hence, the coordinates of the required point are (3 – 2, 2 – 4, 6  2 – 5) i.e., (1 -2, 7).
Question 13:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (-1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of
the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.
Solution 13:
The equation of the plane passing through the point (-1, 3, 2) is
a (x + 1) + b (y – 3) + c (z – 2) = 0 …(1)
where, a, b, c are direction ratios of normal to the plane.
We know that two planes, a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 =0 are perpendicular,
if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, x + 2y +3z = 5
a.1 + b.2 +c.3 =0
 a + 2b + 3c = 0 …(2)
Also, plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane, 3x + 3y + z = 0
a.3 + b.3 + c.1 = 0
 3a + 3b + c = 0 …(3)
From equation (2) and (3), we get
a b c
= =
2  1-3  3 3  3 − 1 1 1 3 − 2  3
a b c
 = = = k ( say )
−7 8 −3
 a = -7k, b = 8k, c = -3k
Putting the values of a, b, and c in equation (1), we get
-7k (x + 1) + 8k (y – 3) -3k (z -2) = 0
 (-7x – 7) + (8y – 24) -3z + 6 =0
 -7x + 8y – 3z – 25 =0
 7x – 8y + 3z + 25 = 0
Question 14:
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( )
If the points (1, 1, p) and (-3, 0, 1) be equidistant from the plane r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ + 13 = 0 ,
then find the value of p.
Solution 14:
Here, a1 = iˆ + ˆj + pkˆ
a = −4iˆ + kˆ
2
(
The equation of the given plane is r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ + 13 = 0 )
The perpendicular distance between a point whose vector is a and the plane, r .N = d , is given
by,
a. N − d
D=
N
Here, N = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ and d = -13

Hence, the distance between the point (1, 1, p) and the given plane is
ˆ ˆ ˆ ( ˆ
 i + j + pk  . 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12k + 13
 
)
D1 =
3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ
3 + 4 − 12 p + 13 20 − 12 p
 D1 =  D1 = ……(1)
3 + 4 + ( −12 ) 13
2 2 2
Similarly, the distance between the point (-3,0,1) and the given plane is
D2 =
( −3iˆ + kˆ ) . ( 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ ) + 13
3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ
−9 − 12 + 13 8
 D2 =  D2 = …(2)
32 + 42 + ( −12 ) 13
2
From the given condition,

 D1 = D2
20 − 12 p 8
 =
13 13
 20 – 12p = 8 or – (20 – 12p) = 8
7
 12 p = 12 or 12p = 28  p = 1 or p =
3
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Question 15:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 1 and r . 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ + 4 = 0 and parallel to x-axis.
Solution 15:
The given planes are
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 1  r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 1 = 0
r . ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ ) + 4 = 0
The equation of any plane passing through the line of intersection of these planes is given by
( ) ( )
 r . iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 1 +   2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ + 4  = 0
   
r . ( 2 + 1) iˆ + ( 3 + 1) ˆj + (1 −  ) kˆ  + ( 4 + 1) 0 ... (1)
a1 = ( 2 + 1) , b1 = ( 3 + 1) , and c1 = (1 −  ) .
The required plane is parallel to x-axis. Therefore, its normal is perpendicular to x-axis.
The direction ratios of x-axis are 1, 0, and 0.
a2 = 1, b2 = 0 and c2 = 0
1. ( 2 + 1) + 0 ( 3 + 1) + 0 (1 −  ) = 0
1
 2 + 1 = 0   = −
2
1
Putting  = − in equation (1), we get
2
 1
 2
3 
( )
 r .  − ˆj + kˆ  + ( −3) = 0  r ˆj − 3kˆ + 6 = 0
2 
Hence, its Cartesian equation is y – 3z + 6 = 0
Question 16:
If O be the origin and the coordinates of P ne (1, 2, -3), then find the equation of the plane
passing through P and perpendicular to OP.
Solution 16:
The direction ratios of OP are a = (1 – 0) = 1, b = (2 – 0) = 2, and c = (-3 – 0) = -3
The equation of the plane passing through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
a( x − x1 ) + b( y − y1 ) + c( z − z1 ) = 0
where, a, b, and c are the direction ratios of normal.
Here, the direction ratios of normal are 1, 2, and -3 and the point P is (1, 2, -3).
Hence, the equation of the required plane is
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1(x – 1) + 2(y – 2) – 3(z + 3) = 0

 x + 2y – 3z – 14 = 0
Question 17:
Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes
( ) ( )
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 = 0, r . 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + 5 = 0 and which is perpendicular to the plane
r . ( 5iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ ) + 8 = 0 .
Solution 17:
The equation of the given planes are
( )
r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4 = 0 …(1)
r . ( 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ) + 5 = 0 …(2)
The equation of the required plane is,
( ) ( )
 r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 4  +   r . 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + 5 = 0
   
r . ( 2 + 1) iˆ + (  + 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 −  ) kˆ  + ( 5 − 4 ) = 0 ...(3)
( )
The plane in equation (3) is perpendicular to the plane, r . 5iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ + 8 = 0
 5 ( 2 + 1) + 3 (  + 2 ) − 6 ( 3 −  ) = 0
7
 19 − 7 = 0   =
19
7
Putting  = in equation (3), we get
19
 33 45 ˆ 50 ˆ  −41
 r .  iˆ + j + k =0
19 19 19  19
( )
 r . 33iˆ + 45 ˆj + 50kˆ − 41 = 0 ... ( 4 )
The Cartesian equation of this plane is given by
( )( )
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ . 33iˆ + 45 ˆj + 50kˆ − 41 = 0
 33 x + 45 y + 50 z − 41 = 0
Question 18:
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Find the distance of the point (-1, -5, -10) from the point of intersection of the line
( ) (
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ +  3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ and the plane r . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5 )
Solution 18:
The equation of the given line is
(
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ +  3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ ) …(1)
The equation of the given plane is
( )
r . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5 …(2)
Putting the value of r from equation (1) in equation (2), we get
( ) (
 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ +  3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ  . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5
  )
( )
 ( 3 + 2 ) iˆ + ( 4 − 1) ˆj + ( 2 + 2 ) kˆ  . iˆ − ˆj + kˆ = 5
 
 ( 3 + 2 ) − ( 4 − 1) + ( 2 + 2 ) = 5   = 0
Putting this value in equation (1), we get the equation of the line as r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
This means that the position vector of the point of intersection of the line and plane is
r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
This shows that the point of intersection of the given line and plane is given by the coordinates,
(2, -1, 2). The point is (-1, -5, -10).
The required distance between the points (2, -1, 2) and (-1, -5, -10), is
d= ( −1 − 2) + ( −5 + 1) + ( −10 − 2) = 9 + 16 + 144 = 169 = 13
2 2 2
Question 19:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the planes
( ) ( )
r = iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ = and r . 3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 6
Solution 19:
Let the required line be parallel to vector b given by,
b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ
The position vector of the point (1,2,3) is
aˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
The equation of line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to b is given by,
r = a + b
( ) (
 r . iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ ) …(1)
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
The equation of the given planes are

(
r . iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ = 5) …(2)
r . ( 3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) = 6 …(3)
The line in equation (1) and plane in equation (2) are parallel. Therefore, the normal to the plane
of equation (2) and the given line are perpendicular.
( ) ( 2 3 )
 iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ . b iˆ + b ˆj + b kˆ =0   (b − b + 2b ) = 0
1 1 2 3
 b1 − b2 + 2b3 = 0 …(4)
Similarly,
( ) ( )
3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ . b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ =0
  (3b1 + b2 + b3 ) = 0
 3b1 + b2 + b3 = 0 …(5)
From equation (4) and (5), we obtain
b1 b2 b3
= =
( −1) 1 − 1 2 2  3 − 11 11 − 3 ( −1)
b1 b2 b3
 = =
−3 5 4
Thus,
the direction ratios of b are -3, 5, and 4.
b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ = −3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ
Putting the value of b in equation (1), we get
( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  ( −3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ )
Question 20:
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, -4) and perpendicular to the
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
two lines: = = and = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
Solution 20:
Here, b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ
aˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4 kˆ
The equation of the line passing through(1,2,-4) and parallel to vector b is given by
r = a + b
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
( ) (
 r iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ +  b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ ) …(1)
The equation of the lines are
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10
= = …(2)
3 −16 7
x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
= = …(3)
3 8 −5
Since, line (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other.
 3b1 − 16b2 + 7b3 = 0 …(4)
Also,
line (1) and line (3) are perpendicular to each other.
 3b1 + 8b2 − 5b3 = 0 …(5)
From equation (4) and (5), we obtain
b1 b2 b3
= =
( −16 )( −5) − 8  7 7  3 − 3 ( −5 ) 3  8 − 3 ( −16 )
b1 b2 b3 b b b
 = =  1= 2 = 3
24 36 72 2 3 6
Direction ratios of b are 2, 3, and 6.
 b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ
Putting  b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ in equation (1), we get
( ) (
 r = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ +  2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ )
Question 21:
Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance of p units from the origin, then
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2+ 2= 2
a b c p
Solution 21:
The equation of the plane having intercepts a, b, c with x, y, z axes respectively is given by,
x y z
+ + =1 …(1)
a b c
The distance (p) of the plane from the origin is given by,
0 0 0
+ + −1
a b c 1
p=  p=
 1   1 1 1 1 1
+ +
 2 + 2 + 2 
a  b  c  a 2 b2 c 2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
1 1 1 1 1
 p2 =  2 = 2+ 2+ 2
1 1 1 p a b c
2
+ 2+ 2
a b c
Question 22:
Distance between the two planes: 2x + 3y + 4z = 4 and 4x + 6y + 8z = 12 is
2
(A)2 units (B)4 units (C) 8 units (D) units
29
Solution 22:
The equation of the planes are
2x + 3y + 4z = 4 …(1)
4x + 6y + 8z = 12
 2x + 3y + 4z = 6 …(2)
Since given planes are parallel,
We know that the distance between two parallel planes, ax + by + cz = d1 and ax + by + cz = d2
is given by,
d 2 − d1 6−4
D= D=
a 2 + b2 + c2 ( 2 ) + ( 3) + ( 4 )
2 2 2
2
D=
29
2
Hence, the distance between the given plane is units.
29
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Question 23:
The planes: 2x – y + 4z = 5 and 5x – 2.5y + 10z = 6 are
 5
(A) Perpendicular (B) Parallel (C) intersect y-axis (D) passes through  0, 0, 
 4
Solution 23:
The equation of the planes are
2x – y + 4z = 5 …(1)
5x – 2.5y + 10z = 6 …(2)
Here,
a1 2 b1 −1 2
= , = =
a2 5 b2 −2.5 5
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
c1 4 2
= =
c2 10 5
a1 b1 c1
 = =
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given planes are parallel.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
Top tutor.
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a1 = (3 -1), b1 = (4 – (-1)), and c1 = (-2 -2) i.e., 2, 5, and -4.

So, line passes through point A and parallel to b is given by

(1) + ( −1) + ( −2) = 6

(3) + ( −5) + ( −4) = 50 = 5 2

r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ +  ( 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ )

r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ +  ( 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ )

Shortest distance between the lines r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 +  b2 , is given by,

Putting all the values in equation (1) , we get

Comparing the equations, we get

Comparing the given equations with r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 +  b2 , we obtain

 b1  b2 = ( −9) + ( 3) + (9) = 81 + 9 + 81 = 171 = 3 19

Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 3 , we get

Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 14 , we get

Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we get

(c) r . ( s − 2t ) iˆ + ( 3 − t ) ˆj + ( 2s + t ) kˆ  = 15 …(1)

Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 29 , we get

The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by

Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain

Substituting the values of n1.n2 n1 and n2 in equation (1), we obtain

 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

l, m, n are the direction cosines of the line.

From (1, (2), and (3), we get

 ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) + ( n1l2 − n2l1 ) + (l1m2 − l2 m1 ) = 1

( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) .(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = a + b + c  x + y + z = a + b + c

Thus, any point on the line is of the form (3 – k, k – 4, 6k – 5).

Here, N = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 12kˆ and d = -13

From the given condition,

1(x – 1) + 2(y – 2) – 3(z + 3) = 0

The equation of the given planes are

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