Waves

LECTURE 1 Wave Equation

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Waves
LECTURE 1 Wave Equation
Waves
A wave is Transfer of Energy by oscillations of medium components.
In a wave along with energy, momentum is also transferred.
Sound is Wave
Sound is a Wave

A wave is a phenomenon in which energy is transferred by vibration/oscillation of medium

particles and this happens when sound travels through a medium.

Energy sound wave has some characteristics :

These are :
1. Frequency
2. Time Period
3. Amplitude
4. Wavelength

These property of a wave are related to the oscillations of particles due to the which sound
travels.
Waves
A wave is Transfer of Energy by oscillations of medium components.
In a wave along with energy, momentum is also transferred.

Waves

Mechanical Waves: Electromagnetic waves:

Energy transfer takes place by oscillation Energy transfer takes place by
of physical medium particles. oscillation of E (electric field) and B
Eg: Sound, Spring, String (Magnetic field). Eg: light, x-rays…
Transverse Waves
Mechanical Waves
In Phase
Out Phase
Longitudinal Waves
Wave Characteristics
Basic characteristics of a Mechanical wave

A Mechanical Wave characteristics defined by 3 properties:

1. Amplitude (A)
2. Frequency ( )
3. Velocity (v)

Wave source Unidirectional wave

Physical medium particles act as wave carrier

Oscillator
Amplitude (Wave)
Amplitude (Wave)
Maximum displacement of medium particles (which transfer energy in wave) during their
oscillations from mean position.

Oscillator:
[ A depends on Wave Source ]
A A

A
For a lossless/ ideal medium A = Constant

For a lossy medium

Energy of Oscillation: E A2

Damping : A decreasing
Frequency (Wave)
Frequency (Wave)

No. of oscillations of medium particles per unit time (Hz).

Frequency = Constant

Frequency of a wave depends only on wave source/oscillation.

Frequency (Wave)
No. of oscillations of medium particles per unit time (Hz).

Frequency of a wave depends only on wave source/oscillation.

η0

ηT

ηR ηA

Frequency of Wave NEVER changes

 Frequency - Waves

η0

ηT

ηR
= 0 = a = t
ηA
Velocity of Wave
Velocity of wave
Speed with which Energy is transferred through the medium.
Wave Velocity mainly depends on the physical properties of medium.

i.e. after generation waves is carried by the medium.

Its speed is decided by medium only.

Wave Amp (A) & Wave Freq (𝝂) depend on Wave Source (lossless medium). Wave Velocity
depends on medium.
 Velocity of wave
y
v
A
x

A
A
Plane Progressive Wave
It is a wave which has constant (Amplitude, Frequency and Velocity)
throughout. A A A A
V

source

In a PPW, if medium particle execute SHM then it is called Simple Harmonic

Waves (SHW).
Generation of a SHW in a stretched string:
y
v
A
x

A λ = vT = v (1/ )
A

Wave length Wave speed: v = λ

Phase Difference and Path Difference in a SHW
φ Δ

ω,λ
Phase Difference and Path Difference in a SHW

Phase difference between SHW πs of A & B.

k
k is angular wave number

Phase difference (ɸ) = path difference (Δ)

Propagation of a Progressive Wave Pulse:

v
t=0

y = f(x)
t=0

vt
t=t

y=
Propagation of a Progressive Wave Pulse :

After time ‘t’ eq. of displacement cure of the wave will be :

Shifting of origin

x = 0 origin
New origin : x = vt
x = vt = 0
x=0
 Equation of SHW
v
P
(x,y)
X
O
O is ahead of P
in phase and path t=t
as disturbance
starts
here...
Different forms of SHW Equation:

If at t = 0, x = 0, initial phase of oscillation is α, then general equation is

Velocity & Acceleration of a Particles
 y
Velocity of a Particle
v
P

x
O
t=0
x t = x/v
Velocity of a Particle - Slope - Wave Velocity

v P

O x
k=0
t = x/v
Velocity & Acceleration of a medium particle in SHW propagation
Displacement of a medium particle in SHW

(1)

(2)

Slope of Displacement curve:

At t = t

(3)

From (2) + (3)

From equation (2), Acceleration of medium particle

(4)

here at:

Diff. equation (3) w.r.t x

(5)
From: (4) + (5)

(X) [As v =ω/k]

(curvature of displacement curvature)

(X) is called a linear differential wave equation.

Acceleration of Medium Particles in SHM = v2 x Curvature of Displacement Curvature.

Velocity & Acceleration of a Particle
y
v
P

O
x
k=0 t = x/v
x
Velocity & Acceleration of a Particle
differential wave equation

(curvature of displacement curvature)

ap = v2 x Curvature of Displacement Curvature

 A wave is expressed by the equation y = 0.5 sinπ (3t - 0.1 x). If here t and
Example x are in m and sec. Find wave speed?
A. 10 m/s
B. 20 m/s
C. 30 m/s
D. 40 m/s
Example 1 m/s

2m

Write the Equation of Waves ? T = 2 sec

A. sin π (t + x)
B. 2sin π (t + x)
C. sin π (t - x)
D. 2sin π (t - x)
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