Research Methodology on Literature

Livia Jeanne Saputra / 20170600024

A.

1. What is research? Why do we conduct research?

Research is systematic investigation toward increasing the sum of knowladge. it is an organization
scientific effort for discovering new material unearting what is hidden, finding explantion for current
situation and corroborating or debunking the oretical assumption ,claims or practies through
systematic study (Gibson and Mitchrll,2003)
2. What is the purpose of reseach?
The research purpose is a statement of "why" the study is being conducted, or the goal of the study.
The goal of a study might be to identify or describe a concept or to explain or predict a situation or
solution to a situation that indicates the type of study to be conducted (Beckingham, 1974).
3. What are the types of research?
Applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, experimental research,
qualitative research, historical research, phenomenlogical research, quantitative research, and etc.
4. What are the two main preparations to be done in conducting any research?
 Choosing a research question
During the course of your clinical practice, you will come across questions that are not answered by
a review of the scientific literature.
 Planning and developing a research project proposal
Qualitative research should involve consultation with a research expert in the particular
methodology of research in which you are interested.
5. What does research methodology refer to?
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and
analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability.
6. What does the research methodology include?
 Observation Data
 Experimental Data
 Simulation Data
 Derived or Compiled Data
7. What does the term method imply?
An established, habitual, logical, or prescribed practice or systematic process of achieving certain ends
with accuracy and efficiency, usually in an ordered sequence of fixed steps. See also scientific method
and procedure.
8. What is “technique’?
A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a
scientific procedure.
9. What are the techniques in the stage of taking a sample and in the stage of taking data?
 Convenience Sampling
This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the sample is
representative of the population, so it can’t produce generalizable results.
 Voluntary Response Sampling
A voluntary response sample is mainly based on ease of access. Instead of the researcher choosing
participants and directly contacting them, people volunteer themselves (e.g. by responding to a
public online survey).
 Purposive Sampling
It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge
about a specific phenomenon rather than make statistical inferences. An effective purposive
sample must have clear criteria and rationale for inclusion.
 Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more
people.
10. Give examples of observation techniques?
 A principal watching a teacher give a lesson to her class in order to judge her effectiveness as an
educator.
 A scientist looking at a chemical reaction in an experiment
 A doctor watching a patient after administering an injection
 A parent watching her children interact with other children on the playground
 An astronomer looking at the night sky and recording data regarding movement and brightness of
the objects he sees
 A zoologist watching lions in a den after prey is introduced to determine the swiftness of the
animals' response
 Air flight controllers watching their monitors for airplane movements and locations
 A child watching a fish in a tank
B.

1. What is a hypothesis? What is it for?

Hypothesis is assumption, something proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see
if it might be true.
2. What kind of research have hypothesis?
 Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the two variables being
studied (one variable has an effect on the other). It states that the results are not due to chance
and that they are significant in terms of supporting the theory being investigated.
 Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied
(one variable does not affect the other). It states results are due to chance and are not significant in
terms of supporting the idea being investigated.
 Non-directional Hypothesis
A two-tailed non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect
on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
 Directional Hypothesis
A one-tailed directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable.
3. What are....(a) alternative hypothesis, (b) null hypothesis?
A. The alternative hypothesis is what we are attempting to demonstrate in an indirect way by the use
of our hypothesis test.
B. The null hypothesis is what we attempt to find evidence against in our hypothesis test.
4. What is a good hypothesis?
A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. ... While you could
consider any prediction of an outcome to be a type of hypothesis, a good hypothesis is one you can
test using the scientific method.
5. What are variables?
A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.