TASK%G.

%RISK%MANAGEMENT%
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Risk!is!defined!as!the!probability!and!possible!severity!of!accident!or!loss!from!exposure!to!
various!hazards,!including!injury!to!people!and!loss!of!resources.!All!operations!involve!risk!
and!require!decisions!than!include!risk!assessment!and!risk!management.!
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1. Principles,of,risk,management:,
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There! are! four! basic! principles! of! risk! management! that! are! useful! when! try! to! determine!
what!constitutes!an!acceptable!level!of!risk:!
Tailwind in TO
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B Accept! no! unnecessary! risk:! only! accept! the! necessary! risk,! flying! is! impossible!
without!risk,!do!not!make!a!situation!more!dangerous!than!necessary.!
B Make! risk! decisions! at! the! appropriate! level:! the! appropriate! decisionBmaker! is! the!
person!who!can!develop!and!implement!risk!controls.!
o In!single!pilot!situation,!the!pilot!makes!decisions.!
o In!other!situation!it!may!be!beneficial!to!“go!up!the!ladder”!for!the!decision.!i.e.!
talk!to!experienced!CFI!about!risky!situation.!
B Accept!risk!when!benefits!outweigh!the!cost:!Analyze!costs!and!benefits!and!make!an!
informed!decision.!Exam:!You!are!at!holding!point!19,!with!tailwind!and!you!have!to!
make!a!decision,!spend!money!in!taxi!or!take!off!with!tailwind.!
B Integrate!risk!management!into!planning!at!all!levels:!risks!are!more!easily!managed!
in!the!planning!stages!of!an!operation.!Plan!early!to!avoid!unnecessary!risk.!
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2. Risk,management,process,
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Risk! management! is! a! simple! process! which! identifies! operational! hazards! and! takes!
reasonable!measures!to!reduce!risk.!It!has!six!steps:!
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B Step! 1:! Identify! the! hazard.! Hazard! is! any! condition! that! causes! degradation,! injury,!
death!or!damage.!
B Step!2:!Assess!the!risk.!Determine!the!level!of!risk!!
B Step! 3:! Analyze! risk! control! measures.! Investigate! specific! strategies! and! tools! that!
reduce,!mitigate!or!eliminate!the!risk.!All!risk!have!two!components:!
o Probability!of!occurrence!
o Severity!of!the!hazard!
B Step!4:!Make!control!decisions.!Identify!the!proper!decision!maker.!This!must!choose!
the!best!control!based!on!steps!1!and!2.!
B Step! 5:! Implement! risk! controls.! Make! a! plan! to! apply! the! selected! controls! (time,!
materials,!personnel…)!
 B Step!6:!Supervise!and!review.!Once!controls!are!in!place,!evaluate!their!effectiveness.!
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Example:! T.O.! Briefing;! it! has! all! steps! and! the! objective! of! the! briefing! is! that! anything!
happens,!don’t!think,!just!act.!
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It! is! important,! apply! steps! in! sequence! and! maintain! a! balance! (all! steps! are! important).!
Apply!the!process!in!a!cycle!and!involve!people!in!the!process.!
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3. Level,of,risk,
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Level!of!risk!by!a!given!hazard!is!measured!by:!
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B Severity:!extent!of!possible!loss!
B Probability:!likelihood!that!a!hazard!will!cause!a!loss!
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4. Assessing,risk,
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Every!flight!has!hazards!and!some!level!of!risk.!Pilots!must!be!able!to!differentiate!in!advance!
between! a! low! risk! flight! and! a! high! risk! flight;! and! then! establish! a! review! process! and!
develop!a!risk!mitigation!strategies.!
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Several! risk! assessment! models! are! available.! The! most! basic! tool! is! the! risk! matrix.! This!
assesses!two!items:!
B The! likelihood! (probability).! May! be! probable,! occasional,! remote! or! improbable.!
Exam:!likelihood!of!a!pilot!flying!MVFR!to!encounter!IFR!conditions.!
B Severity:! it! can! relate! to! injury! or! damage.! May! be! catastrophic,! critical,! marginal! or!
negligible!
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High!probability/severity!is!bad!and!vice!versa.!
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 5. Mitigating,risk,
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After!determining!the!level!of!risk,!the!pilot!needs!to!reduce!the!risk.!Analyze!options!that!can!
reduce!unnecessary!risk.!Exam:!cancel!or!delay!the!flight;!bring!CFI…!
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6. IMSAFE,checklist,
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One! of! the! best! ways! that! single! pilots! can! mitigate! risk! is! to! use! the! IMSAFE! checklist! to!
determine!physical!and!mental!readiness!for!flying.!
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7. PAVE,checklist,
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Another!way!to!mitigate!risk!is!to!perceive!hazards.!With!PAVE!checklist,!the!pilot!divides!the!
risk!of!flight!into!four!categories:!
B (P)!Pilot!in!Command:!Am!I!ready!for!this!trip?!IMSAFE!checklist!
B (A)!Aircraft:!is!this!the!right!aircraft!for!the!flight?!Maintenance,!equipment…!
B (V)!Environment:!weather,!airport,!airspace,!night!flight…!
B (E)! External! pressures:! influences! outside! of! the! flight! that! create! pressure! to!
complete!the!flight.!!
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 8. 5P,checklist,
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The! 5ps! are! used! to! evaluate! the! pilot´s! current! situation! at! key! decision! points! during! the!
flight.!
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The!process!is!simple,!at!least!5!times!before/during!the!flight,!review!and!consider!the!5ps!
and! make! a! decision! required! by! the! current! situation.! Usually! during! preflight,! before! TO,!
midpoint!of!trip,!descent!and!prior!to!FAF.!
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The!5ps!are:!
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B The!Plan:!
o The!mission:!planning,!weather,!route,!fuel.!The!plan!is!always!changing,!adjust!
with!it!
B The!Plane:!
o Condition,!abilities,!equipment,!etc!
B The!Pilot:!
o IMSAFE!
B The!passengers:!
o Ensure!passengers!are!involved!in!decision!making!process!
o Understand!what!passengers!want!to!do!
B The!programming:!
o Plane!in!advance!
o Pilot!familiarity!with!the!equipment,!route,!air!traffic!control!
o Always!consider!pilot!capabilities!in!relation!to!programming!