Solved questions

B Tech Degree exam, May/June 2016

Regulation 2013
(A3 size drawing sheets may be supplied)
Mechanics of Textile machinery
Part A (10 x 2 = 20)
1. Define displacement
Displacement takes place when an object is moved from one position to a second one. If the
object moves in a straight path it is said to be linear displacement. Other forms of displacement
include circular displacement, complex predictable displacement and random displacement.

2. A yarn guide of winding machine makes 48 doubled traverse/min. each traverse being 25 cm.
calculate the velocity of yarn guide.
Double traverse 48 means totally 96 single traverses
Traverse length of yarn guide is 25 cm.
Therefore the velocity of yarn guide = 96 x 0.25 = 24 m/min or 0.4 m/s.

3. State the different types of clutches

i. Jaw clutch
ii. Toothed clutch
iii. Single / multiple disc clutches
iv. Cone clutch
v. Centrifugal clutch
vi. Electromagnetic clutch
vii. Pneumatic clutch

4. Classify gears
i. straight tooth spur gears
ii. helical gears
iii. double helical gears
iv. spiral gears
v. straight bevel gears
vi. spiral bevel gears
vii. worm and worm wheel
viii. rack and pinion
ix. planetary gears

5. List out the advantages of rope drives

i. A larger amount of power is transmitted.
ii. A rope can be run in any direction or to any distance.
iii. Electrical disturbances are absent.
 iv. There is an absence of slip.
v. Significant power transmission.
vi. It can be used for long distance.
vii. Ropes are strong and flexible
viii. Provides smooth and quiet operation.
ix. It can run any direction.
x. Low-cost and economic.
xi. Precise alignment of the shaft not required.

6. The tension on the two sides of the belt is 1000 and 800 N respectively. If the speed of the belt
is 75 m/s, find the power transmitted by the belt.
Power transmitted by belt is, (Tt – Ts) υ, where Tt-belt tension on tight side=1000N, Ts-belt
tension on slack side=800N, υ is velocity of belt in 75 m/s.
Power transmitted = (1000 – 800) x 75 = 15000 Nm/s or 15000 W or 15 kW

7. Define friction
Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another which may be
static and kinetic. The co-efficient of friction, µ is a value used to determine the frictional forces
of surfaces moving relative to each other.

8. Mention the types of kinetic friction

i. Linear friction, 2.Coil friction
Linear friction is evident when one body slides or tends to slide over another, and the surfaces
in contact being flat ones. (drafting of fibres in drafting zone)
Coil friction is the friction between a flexible band and a curved surface (like a belt drive)

9. List the factors to be considered for design of shedding tappet

Factors to design shedding tappet
a. Nearest distance between bowl and tappet.
b. Lift of tappet
c. Diameter of anti friction bowl (follower)
d. Duration of dwell (normally 1/3 of crank rotation)

10. List out the type of beat up mechanism used for looms.
1. Loose reed beat up and 2. Fast reed beat up

PART B
11. a) (i) derive the equations of motion
Equations of motion –Linear
Symbols used in equations
t = time
S = distance or displacement
u = initial velocity
v=final velocity
a=acceleration or retardation
Displacement, velocity and time
A body moves at constant velocity in a constant direction and equal changes in displacement
occur in equal successive time intervals.
First equation is self evident, 𝑆 = 𝑢 × 𝑡

Initial velocity, final velocity, and time

It is the difference between final and initial velocities divided by time, given by
𝒗−𝒖
𝒂=
𝒕
Which can be rearrange to, 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
If a is retardation, v will be less than u, and a will be negative

Displacement, initial velocity, acceleration and time

𝒖+𝒗
𝑺= ×𝒕
𝟐
𝟏
Also, 𝑺 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐
Initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and displacement
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝑺

Equations for Circular movement

Acceleration of a rotating mass directed towards the centre is given by,
α = v2/r were v ids velocity and r is radius, α is angular acceleration

Acceleration in terms of angular velocity is given by, 𝒂 = 𝒓𝟐 𝝎𝟐 , where r is radius and ω is

angular velocity in rad/sec.

12. b) A beam of warping machine with normal warping speed of 900 mpm is stopped with
uniform retardation in 12s. what length of yarn will run over the beam during stoppage ?
i. If beam diameter is 46 cm , what is angular retardation?
ii. Also find out no.of revolution made during stoppage
Solution:
Given, Warping speed = 900 m/min = 15 m/s
Initial speed, u = 15 m/s
Final speed, v = 0
Time elapsed = 12 s
To find out uniform retardation from equation, 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕,
 0 = 15 − (𝑎 × 12) (a is negative due to retardation)
a = 1.25 m/s2
To find out angular retardation ω, at beam diameter 46 cm or 0.46 m,
Beam circumference = πD = 3.14 x 0.46 = 1.44 m
Angular retardation = acceleration/circumference=1.25/1.44 = 0.868 rev/s2
ω = 0.868 x 2π = 5.45 rad/s2

to find out no.of revolution made by beam, first find out length of warp yarn wound until it stops,
𝟏 𝟏
from equation, 𝑺 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐 − (𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟗𝟎 𝒎
To find out total no.of rev made during retardation period, apply,
warp length/beam circumference = 90/1.44 = 62.6 rev.

12.(a) Briefly discuss the application of cone clutches and centrifugal clutches for textile
machines.
Cone clutch is used in some automatic looms, through which the drive is passed on to bottom
shaft and crank shaft.
Cone clutch is also used in modern speed frame builder motion for alternate engaging of the
bevels bobbin rail traverse.
Centrifugal clutch is used in carding machine for cylinder drive for smooth acceleration and to
avoid unnecessary belt slippage. This clutch is also finds application in looms, carding, knitting,
drawing, roving and spinning machines.
(OR)
(b) An epicyclic gear consists of three wheels A, B, and C as shown in Fig. The wheel A has 72
internal teeth, C has 32 external teeth. Wheel B gears with both the wheels A and C and is carried
on arm D, which rotates about the centr of wheel A at 18 rpm. Determine the speed of the wheels
B and C when the wheel A is fixed.

Given wheel A = 72T, Wheel B= x, wheel C = 32, Arm speed = 18 rpm

First to find the no.of teeth on the wheel B (X) using pitch circle concept.

One dia of wheel C + two dia of wheel B = dia of wheel A,

Alternately, 32 + (2 x X) T = 72, therefore wheel B = 20T
𝑨 𝑩 𝟕𝟐 𝟐𝟎
e is the gear train value of epicyclic gear = 𝑩 × 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 which is negative because if
A is rotated, C rotates in opposite direction, hence e= -2.25
𝒍−𝒂
Apply the formula, 𝒆 = where l=last wheel (C) speed, f=first wheel (A) speed is 0,, a=arm
𝒇−𝒂
speed = 18 rpm
𝑙 − 18
−2.25 =
0 − 18
Speed of wheel, C = 58.5 rpm in the direction of arm

Analysis of gearing
Condition Wheel A Wheel B Wheel C Arm D
Gears fixed on a a a a
arm (i)
Arm fixed (ii) f-a (f-a) x 72/20 e(f-a) 0
Resultant (i)+(ii) f a + {(f-a) x 72/20} a + {e(f-a)} a
Problem values 0 18 + {(0-18) x 72/20} 18 + {(-2.25)(0-18)} 18
Actual speed 0 -46.8 rpm 58.5 18
Comments No Rotating opposite to Rotating in the Given arm
rotation arm direction of arm speed

Result: speed of gear wheel C = 58.5rpm

speed of gear wheel B = -46.8 rpm

13. (a) explain in detail about the application of variable speed drives in textile machines
Hints:
Variable speed drives refer to stepped pulleys used to vary the speed where driving and driven
pulleys are complementary to each other (sum of the two dia is constant). Normally three step
pulleys are most common in industry to vary the speed to 3 levels. They find application in
the drives of feed lattice or feed rollers in blow room.
Another drive is PIV (positive infinitely variable) gear, where a pair of conical coaxial discs
are employed for driving and driven pulleys. Two pair of discs are complimentary, when one
pair comes closer, other pair goes wider, hence the effective diameter of the discs vary
resulting in speed change. Modern ring frame is equipped with this drive for speed control of
spindles.
Some times, cone drums are also considered as variable drives which are used for feed and
speed regulation in blow room and speed frame respectively.
 (b) Explain the various factors influencing design of cone drum pulley for speed frame.
Spindle (flyer) speed
Front roller delivery rate of twist level in roving
Empty bobbin diameter
Full bobbin diameter
Gear train value of differential
Sum value of top and bottom cone diameter
Refer to Textile Mathematics Vol2 JE Booth for detailed explanation with worked out
example.

14(a). A let off for a 100 m beam is arranged as shown in Fig. A band fixed to the frame of
the loom is coiled around the weighting ruffle and attached to the weighting lever which is
pulled down by the weight. The ruffle diameter is 15 cm and the effect of weight is equivalent
to 100 kg load suspended from the band. If the coefficient of friction between the band ruffle
is 0.18, calculate the work done against friction for one revolution of the beam if identical
braking arrangements may be assumed at each end of it.

In this application, the ruffle is moving against the resistance of the band, so the tension T2 must
be greater than T1.

The tension T2 is equivalent to a load of 100 kg suspended from the band, i.e.,
T2 = 9.81 x 100 kg = 981 N
When slip occurs,
𝑻𝟐
= 𝒆µ𝜽
𝑻𝟏
𝟗𝟖𝟏
= 𝒆𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝝅 since θ = π radians
𝑻𝟏
 Therefore, T1 = 557.3 N
Frictional force at each ruffle on both sides of beam = T2 – T1 = 981 – 557.3 = 423.7 N
Total frictional force on both ruffles = 2 x 423.7 = 847.4 N
In one revolution, the ruffle moves, πD = 0.15π metre
Work done per revolution = total frictional force x linear movement of ruffle
= 847.4 x 0.15 π = 399.1 Joule/rev.

(OR)

14.(b) Figure shows friction let off weighing motion for loom. A rope is fixed at A to the frame
and coiled around the ruffle and attached to weighting lever at B. With µ = 0.16, what warp
tension will cause slip and let off the 1½ turns in another case. Assume similar arrangement at
each side of beam. In the fig.Y = 4”, X = 20”, W=50 pounds, ruffle radius=6”, beam radius=16”

Given, beam radius = 16 inch,

Let warp tension be T
Turning moment is T x B

Tension Tt acting at point B=Weight x leverage (x/y) = (50 x 0.4536 x 9.81)N x (20/4)
Tt = 1112.5 N (for one side ruffle)
𝑻𝒕
= 𝒆µ𝜽
𝑻𝒔
Angle of lap is 1½ turns i.e., 3π radians, µ = 0.16

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐.𝟓
= 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟎.𝟒𝟖𝝅 = 4.51
𝑻𝒔
 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
𝑻𝒔 = = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟕 𝑵
𝟒. 𝟓𝟏
Frictional force = Tt - Ts = 1112.5 – 244.7 = 867.8 N (on one side ruffle)
Hence for both sides, the total frictional force to overcome is, 2 x 867.8 = 1735.6 N

In opposition to the turning moment is the friction force F, acting at the ruffle radius R.
With the system on the point of slippage: T x B = F x R,
Total frictional force=867.8 N, Beam radius=16 inch=0.41 m, ruffle radius=6 inch=0.15 m
𝐹×𝑅 (0.15)
Tension on warp to overcome frictional force = = (1735.6) × = 𝟔𝟑𝟓 𝑵
𝐵 0.41
Tension on warp=635 N

15.(a) Draw a tappet for a 1 down, 1 up, 1 down, 1 up, 2 down (six picks to the round) weave,
with the following particulars:
i) Centre of tappet to the nearest point of contact with the treadle bowl = 4 inches
ii) Lift of tappet = 2 inch
iii) Treadle bowl diameter = 1.5 inch
iv)Dwell = one third of a pick

Repeated question. Procedure for tappet design has already been given in the earlier solved
paper.

(OR)

15.(b) Discuss in detail about the various factors that affect the initial shuttle speed.

Picking force or power of picking, picking mechanism

Mass of shuttle
Frictional force between shuttle and race board, shuttle and the reed, and shuttle and top shed line.
Power of picking influences the initial shuttle velocity by,
 Increases linearly with the mass of the shuttle.
 Increases proportionately with the square of loom width
 Decreases proportionately with the square of degree of crank shaft rotation available for
the passage of the shuttle through the shed.
For further info, refer to ‘Principles of Weaving’ Marks & Robinson