CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

The term Ecology was introduced by Ernest Haeckel (1869), derived from Greek, namely: Oikos =
Residence (house) Logos = Science, study. Therefore Ecology is the study of the reciprocal relationship
between living things with each other and with its environment. Odum (1993) states that ecology is a
study of the structure and function of ecosystems or nature and humans as a part. The ecosystem
structure shows a state of the ecological system at a particular time and place including the state of the
density of the organism, biomass, the distribution of material (nutrients), energy, and other physical and
chemical factors that create the state of the system.

Ecosystem functions show a causal relationship that occurs as a whole between components in the
system. This clearly proves that ecology is a branch of science that studies all patterns of reciprocal
relationships between living things with one another, as well as with all the components around it. The
discussion of ecology can not be separated from the discussion of ecosystems with various constituent
components, namely abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors include temperature, water, humidity,
light, and topography, while biotic factors are living things consisting of humans, animals, plants, and
microbes. Ecology is also closely related to the levels of organization of living things, namely
populations, communities, and ecosystems that influence each other and are a system that shows unity.

Ecology, biology and other life sciences complement each other with zoology and botany that illustrate
that ecology tries to estimate, and the energy economy that describes most human food chains and
tropical levels.

Ecology tries to understand mutual relations, interactions between plants, animals, humans and their
natural environment, in order to answer questions; where they live, how they live and why they live
there. These relationships are so complex and close that Odum (1971) states that ecology is
"Environmental Biology".

B. Problem Formulation

1. What types of ecology consist of?

2. What is the difference between the types of ecology?

C. Purpose

1. To find out the types of ecology

2. To find out the differences between the types of ecology

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Forest Ecology

Forest Ecology is the study of the relationship between living things and the environment. This
relationship is very close and complex so that ecology is environmental biology (Environmental biology).

Forests are communities of plants that are controlled by trees and have different environmental
conditions than those outside the forest. The relationship between the community of forest plants,
wildlife and the natural environment is so close that forests can be seen as an ecological system or
ecosystem.

Forest ecology is a branch of ecology that specifically studies communities or forest ecosystems. Forests
can be studied in terms of autecology and synechology. Autekology studies the ecology of a type of tree
or the effect of an environmental factor on life or the growth of one or more tree species. The nature of
his investigation approached plant physiology. Synekology studies forests as communities or ecosystems
such as research on the influence of conditions on the composition and production of forests.

The discussion of ecology can not be separated from the discussion of ecosystems with various
constituent components, namely abiotic and biotic factors. Biotic factors include temperature, water,
humidity, light, and topography, while biotic factors are living things consisting of humans, animals,
plants, and microbes. Ecology is also closely related to the levels of organization of living things, namely
populations, communities, and ecosystems that influence each other and are a system that shows unity.

Ecology, biology and other life sciences complement each other with zoology and botany that illustrate
that ecology tries to estimate, and the energy economy that describes most human food chains and
tropical levels. Earth's territory and climate change research are two areas where ecologists (people
who study ecology) are now focusing.

Ecology is a branch of science that is still relatively new, which only emerged in the 70s. However,
ecology has a large influence on its biological branches. Ecology learns how living things can sustain their
lives by establishing a relationship between living creatures and with things not living in their place of
life or environment.

Ecologists study the following:

The transfer of energy and matter from one living thing to another living thing into its environment and
the factors that cause it.

Changes in population or species at different times in the factors that cause them

Inter-species relationships (interspecies interactions) occur in living things and the relationship between
living things and their environment.
The components that make up the ecosystem are:

• Living component (biotic)

• Non-living component (abiotic)

Both components are located somewhere and interact to form a regular unity. For example, in an
aquarium ecosystem, this ecosystem consists of fish, aquatic plants, plankton that float in water as a
biotic component, while those that include abiotic components are water, sand, rocks, minerals and
dissolved oxygen.

B. Marine Ecology

Marine ecology is the study of sea water ecosystems. Seawater ecosystems are distinguished from the
oceans, beaches, estuaries and coral reefs, and seagrass beds. The following is an explanation of marine
ecology.

Seawater habitat (oceanic) is characterized by high salinity with Cl-ions reaching 55%, especially in the
tropical sea area, because of its high temperature and large evaporation. In the tropics, the sea
temperature is around 25oC. High and lower temperature differences. The boundary between the layer
of water that is hot at the top and the cold part of the water at the bottom is called the thermocline
area.

In cold areas, the temperature of sea water is evenly distributed so that water can mix, so the sea
surface area remains fertile and there are many plankton and fish. The movement of water from the
beach to the middle causes the upper part of the water to drop downwards and vice versa, allowing a
good food chain to form. Marine habitats can be distinguished based on their depth and horizontal
surface area.

Also known as terminology:

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (integrated management of coastal areas)

Integrated Coastal Planning and Management Zone (integrated management and planning of coastal
areas, in terms of management of utilization of natural resources and environmental services found in
coastal areas by conducting a comprehensive assessment). Sorensen & Mc Creary in Dahuri 200)

Integrated Coastal Management (coastal area management)

Integrated Coastal Resources Management (integrated management of coastal area resources)

Coastal Zone Resources Management (coastal area resource management)

Coastal Resources Management (coastal resource management)

Coastal Zone Management (coastal area management)

Protection and laying eggs

Mangroves: feeding ground, fishing ground, spawning ground and nursery ground are many species and
shrimp and provide protection against waves

Seagrass: nursery ground, food search area for marine mammals

Seaweed: food and medicine

Coral reef ecosystem

The area of Indonesia's coral reefs is estimated to reach 60,000 km2, but only 6.2% are in good condition

The pressure on the existence of coral reefs is largely due to human activities

Damage to coral reefs is largely determined by activity on land

Benefits of coral reefs

An important role for the growth of fisheries resources (as feeding ground, fishing ground, spawning
ground and nursery ground)

Prevent erosion of the beach (abrasion)

As a marine tourism attraction

Globally, coral reefs function as settling calcium that flows from the river to the sea

As an absorber of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs)

Seagrass ecosystem

Seagrass is a flowering plant that lives immersed in the sea

Seagrass beds are ecosystems that have high organic productivity

The important ecological function is as feeding ground, fishing ground, spawning ground and nursery
ground for several types of animals, namely shrimp and baranong fish, as a silencer for the flow so that
the waters and surrounding areas become calm

Mangrove ecosystem

Forests are mainly grown on alluvial mud soils in coastal areas and tidal estuaries affected by sea water

The area of mangrove forests in Indonesia is the largest in the world (2.5-3.5 million hectares, 18-23% of
the area of mangrove in the world and wider than Brazil)

Ecological function:
As a wave damper (including tsunami waves), wind and storm

Protecting coastal areas from the dangers of abrasion

As an organic nutrient absorber, sludge and sediment traps

Producer a which is the result of decomposition of mangrove litter

As an upbringing area, look for food and breed fish, shrimp and other wild animals.

C. Plant Ecology

Plant ecology is the study of reciprocal relationships between plants and their environment. Plants need
life resources from their environment, and affect the environment as well as vice versa affecting the
growth and development of plants. Ecology is divided into two parts, namely Synechology and
Autekology. Ecological division, level of organization of living things, goals and development of plant
ecology, division of ecological knowledge.

In principle, viewed from biology, living things can be divided into two major parts, namely, animals and
plants. Both of these groups are very dependent on the factors that exist outside themselves either
directly or indirectly. In other words there is not one living thing in this world that can stand alone
without relying on other factors. External factors that affect the life of living things are called the
environment.

Humans as living things have been involved and interested in environmental problems since time
immemorial even though they did not understand the ecological words themselves. In primitive society
every individual to survive requires knowledge of the natural environment. Environment is the
environment outside the organism that effectively affects the life of the organism. Every plant adjusts to
its environment. This adjustment is useful for maintaining his life.

Ecology is a combination of two Greek words, oikos means house and logos means science or learning.
Etymologically, ecology means the knowledge of living things and their households. In other words the
definition of ecology is the study of the reciprocal relationship between living things and their
environment. Based on the above definition, what is meant by Plant Ecology is the study of reciprocal
relationships between plants (plants that are cultivated) and their environment. The plant environment
is divided into two groups, namely biotic and abiotic environments. From this environment plants get
light resources, mineral nutrients, and so on. Weakness, excess or incompatibility will cause stress in
plants.

Based on the ecological meaning above, it is clear that ecology is an integral part of biological science.
Therefore Biology is often referred to as environmental biology. Ecology is a small part of Biology.
Included in the scope of biology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere. If
we consider the discussion in studying ecology, it turns out that each science that discusses an individual
/ group is inseparable from discussing ecological problems. From this explanation it can be seen that
ecology is a science whose scope is very broad.
Learning about the environment of organisms has been studied before the word ecology itself is
introduced by experts. Our ancestors in ancient times have tried to preserve the environment, which is
evident from the mythical myth that appears like "do not cut down trees that are shady because there
are inhabitants" This is one of their efforts to maintain water availability. The myths about preserving
the environment are relatively large, because each tribe in Indonesia has it. This description shows that
humans are organisms that have full strength that affects the environment and vice versa. Ecological
knowledge develops in line with the development of human civilization itself.

The main purpose of studying plant ecology is to obtain optimal results from the cultivation techniques
carried out and maintain the environment so as to avoid damage as a legacy for our children and
grandchildren

The environment will affect various aspects of plant life and other living organisms on the face of the
earth. Therefore, knowledge of the plant's growing environment is needed so that the cultivation of
plants can produce optimum production. In an agroecosystem, a plant is a material consideration in the
design of aquaculture activities to be carried out. Landscape design from crop cultivation is also very
dependent on the environment. The environment will affect the types of plants suitable for cultivation
in the area, scheduling and cultivation techniques used. Therefore knowledge about the environment is
very important for the agricultural .

D. Insect ecology

Insect ecology studies the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of insects. Knowledge of
the ecology of postharvest pest insects is the basis of the application of integrated pest control (IPM). At
present, computer modeling for postharvest pest control has been widely developed. All of them are
based on insect ecology knowledge.

The nature of the storage structure in general is a stable condition compared to the natural environment
and abundant food availability. This storage character benefits warehouse pests, although sometimes
there is a scarcity of food sources. Pest insects in storage, especially important pests, are insects that
have been adapted to the storage environment well, because:

· Storage habitat is its natural reservoir

· High tolerance for physical factors at storage

· Diversity of eating behavior on various storing ingredients

· High reproductive rate

· High ability to find the location of food sources

· Ability to survive in conditions without food

· Adaptation of morphology (small size, flat shape, fast movement etc.)

Ecological studies carried out in conditions similar to storage are more useful for developing control
programs. Thus it can be obtained more descriptions of the factors that influence the distribution and
abundance of pests in real conditions.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SPREAD AND EFFECT OF WAREHOUSE PEST

1. SUHU, KADAR WATER SEEDS AND FOOD SOURCES

2. Development period

3. Survival / survival

4. Egg production

INTER-INDIVIDUAL INTERACTION AND INTERPECTION

1. Intraspecific (between individuals)

Interactions between individuals in one species determine the distribution and abundance of insects. At
low population densities, the growth rate is usually small because of difficulties in finding sexual
partners for example. As the population increases, the rate of growth increases exponentially due to the
abundance of food sources and environmental suitability. In line with the high population growth,
competition / competition for food and marriage occurs which has a negative effect on the population.
In certain species even cannibalism occurs in insects in the inactive stage (eggs and pupae). However,
population pressures like this rarely occur due to the tendency of migration if the population increases.
Competition generally occurs in populations in empty storage, means of transportation and processing
equipment where the amount of food is relatively small.

2. Interspecific (interspecies)

Inter-species interactions also affect the growth rate of an insect species. Various interaction patterns
are found in storage, namely:

· Succession, which is the change in species dominance in storage due to changes in the environment
and food sources. At the beginning the dominant pest is the primary one, then the secondary pest is
replaced, then the insect may eat fungus or remnants.

· Competition, occurs when two pest species have the same ecological niche (compare to succession
where each species has a different role.)

· Predation, can be by predatory species (eg Xylocoris sp. Ladybug) or pest species that become
facultative carnivores in extreme conditions.
· Parasitism, most Hymenoptera family Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, and Pteromalidae become
warehouse pest parasitoid. Including parasitism is the attack of microorganisms such as protozoa,
bacteria and fungus entomophaga disease on postharvest pests.

E. Freshwater Ecology

Freshwater ecology is very useful in everyday life. Freshwater itself is important because it is a cheap
source of domestic and industrial water, freshwater components are a hydrological cycle, and
freshwater ecosystems are easy and inexpensive disporsal / disposal systems

Some limiting factors in freshwater ecosystems include:

1. Clarity.

2. Temperature.

3. Flow.

4. Oxygen.

5. Biogenic salt in water.

The characteristics of freshwater ecosystems include variations in temperature that are not
conspicuous, lack of light penetration, and are affected by climate and weather. Most types of plants are
algae, while others are seed plants. Almost all animal phyla are found in fresh water. Organisms that live
in fresh water in general have adapted

Freshwater ecosystems are classified into calm water and flowing water. Including calm water
ecosystems are lakes and swamps, including the flowing water ecosystems are rivers.

1. Stagnant water (as long as the word lenis = calm) for example: lakes, ponds, and swamps and
mangroves.

2. Water flow / lotik (origin of the word lotus = washed) for example: spring, flow.

F. Differences in the Types of Ecology

Each type of ecology has its own scope. Therefore, one type of ecology with the other ecology has a
difference. In this paper only 5 types of ecology are discussed, namely forest ecology, marine ecology,
plant ecology, insect ecology, and freshwater ecology. The different types of ecology include:

Forest ecology is a branch of ecology that specifically studies communities or forest ecosystems

Marine ecology is the study of marine ecosystems.

Plant ecology is the study of reciprocal relationships between plants and their environment.

Insect ecology studies the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of insects.
 CHAPTER III

COVER

A. Conclusion

Based on the results of the discussion, the authors can conclude as follows:

1. Ecology consists of several types. Examples are forest ecology, marine ecology, plant ecology, insect
ecology, and freshwater ecology.

2. Each type of ecology has a different scope

B. Suggestions

1. As a student, they should deepen their knowledge in accordance with their fields so that they have
skills.

2. It is expected to further perfect this paper.

3. Students must become student learning centers in lectures so that students are more creative.