NAME- MANISH KUMAR

ENROLLMENT NO.- 16UEE050

SUBJECT- POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
SECTION- B
SEMESTER- 8th
DATE OF SUBMISSION- 12/04/2020
 ASSIGNMENT NO.-1

1. Various types of turbines used in Hydro

Power Plant
Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers
that transform the kinetic energy of the falling water into
mechanical energy of rotation and whose primary
function is to drive a electric generator.

Hydro-power is essentially a controlled method of

water descent usefully utilised to generate power.

Hydroelectric plants utilise the energy of water falling

through a head that may vary from a few meters to
~1500 or even 2000 m. To manage this wide range of
heads, many different kinds of turbines are employed,
which differ in their working components.

Classification of Hydraulic Turbines

➢ Hydraulic turbines are generally classified as

▪ Impulse Turbine – Pelton, Turgo turbine
▪ Reaction Turbine – Francis, Kaplan and Propeller
turbine

➢ Based on flow direction, they are further classified as:

▪ Tangential Flow
▪ Radial Flow
▪ Axial Flow
 ▪ Mixed Flow

1. Impulse Turbines:-
➢ The flow energy to the impulse turbines is
completely converted to kinetic energy before
transformation in the runner.
➢ The impulse forces being transferred by the
direction changes of the flow velocity vector when
passing the buckets create the energy converted to
mechanical energy on the turbine shaft.
➢ The flow enters the runner from jets spaced around
the rim of the runners. The jet hits momentarily only
a part of the circumference of the runner.

a. Pelton Impulse Turbine:

• Invented by Pelton in 1890.
• The Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse
turbine.
• The Pelton wheel is most efficient in high head
applications.
• Power plants with net heads ranging from 200 to
1,500 m.
• The largest units can be up to 200 Megawatts.
• Pelton turbines are best suited for high head and
low flow sites.
• Depending on water flow and design, Pelton wheels
can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and
as high as 1800 meters.
• As the height of fall increases, less volume of water
can generate same power.

b. Turgo Impuse Turbine:

• Turgo impulse turbine design was developed by
Gilkes in 1919 to provide a simple impulse type
machine with considerably higher specific speed
than a single jet Pelton. The design allows larger jet
of water to be directed at an angle onto the runner
face.
• The Turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine
designed for medium head applications.
• Turgo runners may have an efficiency of over 90%.
• A Turgo runner looks like a Pelton runner split in
half. For the same power, the Turgo runner is one
half the diameter of the Pelton runner and so twice
the specific speed.
• The Turgo can handle a greater water flow than the
Pelton because exiting water does not interfere with
adjacent buckets.

2. Reaction Turbines:-
➢ In the reaction turbines two effects cause the
energy transfer from the flow to the mechanical
energy on the turbine shaft:
▪ Firstly, it follows from a drop in pressure from
inlet to outlet of the runner. This is denoted as
the reaction part of the energy conversion.
▪ Secondly, the changes in the directions of the
flow velocity vectors through the runner blade
channels transfer impulse forces. This is
denoted as the impulse part of the energy
conversion.

a. Francis Turbine:
 ▪ The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which
means that the working fluid changes pressure as it
moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.
▪ The inlet is spiral shaped. The guide vanes direct
the water tangentially to the runner causing the
runner to spin.
▪ The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable
to allow efficient turbine operation for a range of
water flow conditions.
▪ Power plants with net heads ranging from 20 to 750
m.

b. Propeller Turbine:
The propeller turbines have the following favourable
characteristics:
✓ relatively small dimensions combined with high
rotational speed
✓ a favourable efficiency curve
✓ large overloading capacity
▪ The runner has only a few blades radially oriented
on the hub and without an outer rim.
▪ The water flows axially through the runner.
▪ The runner blades have a slight curvature and
cause relatively low flow losses. This allows for
higher flow velocities without great loss of
efficiency.
▪ Accordingly, the runner diameter becomes
relatively smaller and the rotational speed more
than twice than that for a Francis turbine of the
corresponding head and discharge.
▪ The comparatively high efficiencies at partial loads
and the ability of overloading is obtained by a
coordinated regulation of the guide vanes and the
 runner blades to obtain optimal efficiency for all
operations.

c. Kalpan Turbine:
➢ The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine
that has adjustable blades. It was developed in
1913 by the Austrian professor, Viktor Kaplan.
➢ Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the
world in high-flow low-head power production
ranging from 10m to 70m.
Apart from the above mentioned types of turbines, there
are some special types of turbines which shall be
discussed below.
▪ The Diagonal flow turbine is an improvement of
Kaplan turbine with better performance for high
head. The Diagonal flow turbine, as a result of using
adjustable runner result of using adjustable runner
blades, has high efficiency over a wide range of
head and load. Thus, it is suitable for a power
station with wide variation of head or large variation
of discharge.

▪ Tubular/Bulb turbine is a type of Kalpan turbine of

reaction type. The tubular turbine is equipped with
adjustable wicket gates and adjustable and
adjustable runner blades. This arrangement
provides the greatest possible flexibility in adapting
to changing net head and changing demands for
 power output, because the gates and blades can be
adjusted to their optimum openings.

▪ The Pump turbine is used at pumped storage

hydroelectric plants, which pump water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir during off-peak load
periods so that water is available to drive the
machine as a turbine during the peak power
generation needs. Pump turbines are classified into
three principal types analogous to reaction turbines
and pumps. i.e.
(i)Radial flow –Francis: 23-800 m
(ii)Mixed flow or diagonal flow: 11-76 m
(iii)Axial flow or propeller: 1-14 m

2. Payback Period of solar Power Plant.

➢ With the rapid decline in solar panel prices, on-grid

solar power systems have become commercially
attractive.
➢ At the same time, solar plants need high initial
investment. Therefore, understanding soundness of
investment becomes crucial.
➢ Payback period, Return on Investment (RoI) and
NPV are the most commonly used metrics to gauge
soundness of an investment.
 ❖ What is Payback Period?
Payback period is the amount of time taken to
recover the initial cost of an investment. Investments
with shorter paybacks are more attractive. In general,
Investments with a payback period of less than 4
years are considered good. It is also useful to compare
choices and arrive at informed decisions. Choices could
be:
• Payback period of solar investment vs investment
in energy saving equipment
• Payback period with different type of panels
• Payback period with different designs etc.

❖ How to Calculate Payback Period on Solar

Investment?
Payback Period on Solar System= Net Initial Cost
(INR)/ Net Annual Benefit (INR)

❖ Net Initial Cost

Net Initial Cost= (Initial Cost- Initial Benefits)

➢ Initial Cost of the solar plant. It includes the cost of

• Solar panels
• Structures
• Solar Inverter
• Balance of System (Cables, boxes, earthing
system etc.)
• Engineering, transport, and installation
 ➢ Initial Benefits from the govt.
• Subsidies for residential consumers/Savings
from accelerated depreciation for industrial
consumers

❖ Net Annual Benefit

Net Annual Benefit = (Annual Benefits – Annual
Costs)

➢ Annual Benefits
For residential consumers, there are no annual
benefits from governments. For businesses
(Industries/commercial entities), annual benefits from
solar plants come in two parts. They are:
• Savings in electricity bill
• Tax savings due to accelerated depreciation
Savings in electricity bill can be calculated by
multiplying generation from the solar plant with electricity
tariff.

➢ Annual Costs
These include Operation & Maintenance costs such
as
• Cleaning of panels
• Health checks by professionals to avoid failures
(preferred for large plants)
• Spares maintenance (preferred for large plants)
O&M costs are considered as 1% of the initial cost
for large systems and 2% for small systems.

Using the net initial cost and net annual benefits, the
payback period can be calculated.
 3. Site selection parameters for Nuclear Power
Plant

An important stage in the development of a nuclear

power project is the selection of a suitable site to
establish the site-related design inputs for Nuclear
Power Plant (NPP). The selection of suitable site is the
result of a process in which the costs are minimized. It is
also to ensure adequate protection of site personnel, the
public and the environment from the impacts of the
construction and operation of NPP.

Generally, a site is considered acceptable from the

safety point of view if:
 a) It cannot be affected by phenomena against
which protection through the design is
impracticable;
b) The probability of occurrence and the severity of
destructive phenomena against which the plant can
be protected (at reasonable additional cost) are not
too high; and
c) The site characteristics (population distribution,
meteorology, hydrology, etc) are such that the
consequences of potential accident would be at
acceptable limits.
Above mentioned points are described further as
parameters:-
• Site shouldn’t fall within Environment Sensitive Area
(ESA) and high population densities.
• It should fulfil the Suitability criteria parameters-
local topographic features, access considerations,
important species habitat, impingement/entrainment
effects, and optimizing location of the site with
respect to the load centre.
• Preferred sites are those with a minimal likelihood
of surface or near-surface deformation and a
minimal likelihood of earthquakes on faults in the
site vicinity (within a radius of 8km).
• Sites with competent bedrock generally have
suitable foundation conditions.
• The following geologic and related man-made
conditions should be avoided in determining the
suitability of the site:
a) Areas of active (and dormant) volcanic
activity;
b) Subsidence areas caused by withdrawal of
sub-surface fluids, such as oil or groundwater,
including areas which may be affected by future
withdrawals;
c) Potential unstable slope areas, including areas
demonstrating paleo-landslide characteristics;
d) Areas of potential collapse (e.g. karstic areas
in limestone, salt or other soluble formations);
e) Mined areas, such as near-surface coal
mined-out areas, as well as areas where
resources are present and may be exploited in
the future; and
f) Areas subject to seismic and other induced
water waves and floods.
• At the early steps of site selection, applicant should
identify areas based upon consideration of the size
(length) of faults (which may be capable, and hence
capable tectonic structures) and their distance to a
site for various distances out to 320km from a site.
• Applicant should identify all tectonic and non-
tectonic structures and faults with a potential for
surface deformation or displacement at a regional
scale (in general, a 320km radius around the area
of interest) based on available geologic reports.
 Unfavorable areas which do not meet the criteria
will be avoided.
• Applicant should identify and exclude all areas in
regional scale which shows peak ground
accelerations (PGA) exceeding 0.10g3 at a
probability of exceedance of 2% in 50 years. Sites
with the highest values of PGA in combination with
deleterious site soils would be less favorable than
those sites with lowest values of PGA and no
known deleterious site soil conditions.
• However, in conjunction to the determination of
surface deformation in later step, applicant should
identify and avoid all areas containing poor
foundation conditions.
• The potential effect of natural atmospheric extremes
on the safety-related structures of a NPP shall be
considered.
• If the case of dispersion of radioactive material
released caused by a design basis accident is
insufficient at the boundary of the exclusion area or
at the outer boundary of the low population zone,
the design of the NPP would be required to include
appropriate and adequate as well as compensating
safety-engineered features
• An applicant should designate an exclusion area
and have the authority to determine all activities
within that area, including removal of personnel and
property.
• In particular, adequate plans shall be established
for appropriate emergency zone. The plume
exposure pathway for emergency planning of NPP
generally consists of an area of about 16km in
radius, and the ingestion pathway covers an area
about 80km in radius.
• Applicant should ensure adequate and highly
dependable system of water supply sources shall
be shown to be available under postulated
occurrences of natural and site-related accidental
phenomena or combinations of such phenomena.
The adequacy of water supply should also be
considered for the entire lifetime of NPPs.
• Migrations of important species and migration
routes that pass through the site or its environs
should be identified. Generally, the most critical
migratory routes relative to NPP siting are those of
aquatic species in water bodies associated with the
cooling systems.