Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

MINING INDUSTRIALIZATION TRANSPORTATION URBANIZATION

 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Sumitted to: DR. MIGUEL R. SANTOS

Subject: PDS 323 – SEMINAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the whole class are expected to:
1. define mining;
2. determine the major effects of mining;
3. identify the economic benefits of mining;
4. define industrialization;
5. determine the major effects of industrialization;
6. enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization;
7. define transportation;
8. determine the major effects of transportation;
9. enumerate the advantages transportation;
10. define urbanization;
11. determine the major effects of urbanization; and
12. enumerate the benefits of urbanization;

MINING
 It is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually
Sumitted by: JAYMARK L. SANCHEZ
from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. –PhD. SCIENCE
 Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times.

 Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of
a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the
mine is closed.
MAJOR EFFECTS OF MINING
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
1. It leads to the emission of dust, suspended particle and gases which cause air pollution.
2. Release of harmful trace element e.g., CO, Pb, Cd etc. leads to the contamination of surface
water
3. Underground water is also contaminated due to seepage and infiltration of leached drainage.
4. Mining leads to the degradation of soil quality, fertility and makes it toxic.
5. Natural vegetation get adversely effected due to leached trace element.

6. The major consequences of mining is the deforestation which results in loss of flora and fauna.
7. It directly affect the ecosystem and its stability as many species are killed due to toxicity of
water and soil and loss of habitat.
8. Mining results in wastage of land as it neither remain suitable for industrial use nor for
agricultural purposes.
9. Mining directly results in the loss of landscape and beauty of surrounding
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF MINING
1. Providing livelihood to local communities.
2. Generating income for the local government thereby directly contributing to its economy.
3. Promoting a more efficient use of energy, saving people money.
4. Promoting environmental awareness through rehabilitation programs resulting to more renewable
sources than ever.

Mining and Quarrying grew by 2.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019, but slower than the 8.1
percent growth recorded in the same period of the previous year. Nickel Mining, the top
contributor to the industry’s growth, expanded by 82.4 percent. Other contributor was Stone
Quarrying, Clay and Sandpits which grew by 7.9 percent.
The rest of the sub-industries contracted during the period. These were: Crude Oil, Natural
Gas & Condensate, 6.2 percent; Gold Mining, 21.4 percent; Other Non-Metallic Mining, 4.1
percent; Copper Mining, 16.8 percent; Other Metallic Mining, 23.3 percent and Chromium
Mining, 24.7 percent.

FAST FACTS: MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. The Philippines is the fifth most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and
chromite. It is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world. The Mines and Geosciences
Bureau has estimated that the country has an estimated $840 billion worth of untapped mineral
wealth, as of 2012.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
2. All the regions (except NCR and ARMM) in the country allow mining operations. ARMM ceased
issuing permits due to the on-going peace process between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the
national government.
3. About 30 million hectares of land areas in the Philippines is deemed as possible areas for metallic
minerals. About 9 million hectares of land areas is identified as having high mineral potential,
according to MGB.
4. The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons and non- metallic minerals are
at 19.3 billion metric tons, as of 2012.
5. According to MGB, there are 236,000 workers in the mining industry in 2016.

6. The mining industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is at 0.6% in 2016.

7. The contribution of minerals and mineral products to the country’s total exports is at 4% and 0.3%
for non-metallic mineral manufacturers in 2016.
8. The mining industry's gross production value declined in the last 2 years. From P208.2 billion ($4.2
billion) in 2014 to only P100.6 billion ($2 billion) in 2016, according to MGB.
9. The Mining Act of 1995 allows for foreign ownership of mining assets and exploration permits. The
Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the foreign investors' participation in mining activities in
2004.
10. Mining tax is low at 2% for metallic and non-metallic minerals. During the Aquino administration,
a mining reform bill was drafted to increase revenues of the government. In the bill, companies will
either pay 10% tax on gross revenues or 45% to 55% tax on adjusted mining revenues plus a
percentage of windfall profit, whichever is higher.
11. As of September 2016, there are about 40 metallic mines and 62 non-metallic mines  operating in
the country.
12. There are a total of 1,473 mining applications under process in the country as of 2016, according
to the MGB
13. As of August 2016, mining companies have already committed P13.1 billion for the development
of their host and neighboring communities under their Social Development and Management
Programs, the MGB reported.
14. Meanwhile, mining companies have allotted a total of about P19.1 billion for the implementation of
approved projects and programs under their Environmental Protection and Enhancement Programs.
15. From 2011 to 2013, the mining sector committed to reforest about 34,000 hectares, under the
National Greening Program. By December 2015, more than 47,000 hectares have been reforested.

INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
 It is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian
society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the
purpose of manufacturing.
MAJOR EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Soil Contamination
 Habitat Destruction

ADVANTAGES
 The growth of industries has resulted in large scale production of goods which are available to
the consumer at much cheaper rates.
 There is saving of time and labor.
 Industrialization has resulted in a considerable rise in the standard of living of the people.
 A number of substitutes in consumer goods are available. The customer get wide variety of
choices.
 There are means to control and check the colossal wastage of human energy that can be used
otherwise.
 Industrialization creates new job opportunities, leading to the removal of poverty to a great
extent.
 Industrialization has also resulted in the development of new modes of transport making quick
export and import possible. The world has become a small place.

DISADVANTAGES
 The immediate result is in the gradual disappearance of many natural resources, the pollution
of land, water and air.
 The increase in vehicular traffic, launching of space ships and rockets by competing nations,
the incessant working of machines in factories have brought in noise-pollution and dust and
smoke.
 The general dirty and unhealthy conditions in and around the industrial sites have affected
human health and happiness. Diseases, unheard of before, are spreading far and wide.
 There has been instances of child labor in factories.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
  The exploitation of the poor by the rich has increases the crime-rate, isolation and sense of
loneliness.
 The gradual displacement of manpower in industries is ultimately leading to unemployment.
 There has been a steady decline in spiritual values and well-being of man consequent upon
the growth of an artificial, mechanical and materialistic civilization brought about by
industrialization.
 Capitalistic ethics with a craving for more and more money seem to dominate and influence
millions of people. The grave uncertainties in the money-market sometimes bring misfortunes
for the common people.
 Inflation sets in, the value of money goes down and the poor working class becomes poorer.
Class conflicts, strike, dharnas, gheraos and bandhs and then lockouts cause hardship and
unrest. Society faces their impact in various ways.

 Large scale heavy industries lead to a sharp fall in the number of cottage industries and their
gradual disappearance. Regional and local artisans and workers of various trades and
professions suffer a great deal.
 It is time that emphasis is put on a planned and balanced industrialization keeping in view the
preservation of environment. Man should be less dependent on the machine, which once a
slave, tends to become the master. Excessive dependence on the machine makes man unfit
for many things and renders him a helpless creature. Heavy industries and cottage industries
must be complementary to each other, so that sustained development would be possible. It
would be a move in the right direction. It will employ local and regional manpower and utilize
the local and regional resources.

TRANSPORTATION
 It is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. In other words,
the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point
A to a Point B.
 Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development
of civilizations.

MAJOR EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION

 Climate change
 Air quality
 Noise
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
 Water quality
 Soil quality
 Biodiversity
 Land take
ADVANTAGES
 It benefits communities financially.
 Public transportation reduces air pollution.
 Increased fuel efficiency.
 Reduced traffic congestion.
 Saves money

Public transportation contributes to both the economical and physical health of individuals, it
brings financial benefits to communities, and it provides not only jobs in the industry itself, but is also
a key component of a healthy business ecosystem by increasing mobility options for both job
commuters and customers alike.

URBANIZATION
 It refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this
change
 It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as
more people begin living and working in central areas.
 Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
 Urbanization occurs because people move from rural areas to urban areas .This usually
occurs when a country is still developing
 Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be
distinguished from urban growth: urbanization is "the proportion of the total national population
living in areas classed as urban", while urban growth refers to "the absolute number of people
living in areas classed as urban

MAJOR EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION

 Biodiversity
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
 Inequality Water
 Air Pollution
 Diseases
 Elevated emissions of air pollutants and GHGs
 Development of slums
 Waste are a major problem in large cities.
 Air pollution results from over-dependence on motorised transport and from burning of coal to
supply energy.
 Water pollution results from poor sewage facililties and disposal of industrial heavy metals into
waterways.
 Vast quantities of solid waste are produced in industries.
 Traffic congestion and noise pollution are major environmental impacts of large cities.

BENEFITS
 Improvement In Economy
 Growth Of Commercial Activities
 Social & Cultural Integration
 Efficient Services
 Resources Of Utilization

Urbanization is here to stay, it might slow down but stopping it is not something that will come any
sooner. Therefore, the primary way to minimize the problems caused by urbanization is to plan for all
amenities and resources available for the comfort of the public without putting more pressure on
society and the environment.
The cities should use the cardinal rule, where their growth is planned, rather than letting them
grow on their own. As the local government plans for the city, it should make sure that there is
adequate infrastructure to support the growing population and residential areas should be located
near civic bodies to improve service provision.
To reduce rural-urban migration, job opportunities can be created in rural areas. This will reduce
stress exerted on cities by the increasing number of people. Restricting people to move to cities
cannot be used to solve problems associated with urbanization. This is because each citizen has a
right to move and settle anywhere as long as he or she is not infringing on other people’s rights.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

--end—

“A beautiful environment starts with you.”

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 ^ Bardi, Coyle and Novack, 2006: 158
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gen. Tinio, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL
 ^ Jump up to:a b Cooper et al., 1998: 277

 ^ Jump up to:a b Bardi, Coyle and Novack, 2006: 211–14

 "Urbanization". MeSH browser. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 November2014. The

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 ^ "Urbanization in". demographic partitions. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

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Gordon, Satterthwaite, David. London: International Institute for Environment and
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