HU-EDBK-1OO4!

3
1.3
OCTOBER
1987
SUPERSEDING
NAVFAC
DM-4.3
DECEMBER
1979

b
BIXLIl%RY
HM’MOOK

SWITCIWEAR
MD RELAYIWG

AMsc
rvA

J)
XSXRIWTION
STATEMENT
&. APPROVED
FORPU3LIC
RELEASE:
DISTRIBUTION
1S
TJNIJMITEI)

ARRA
FACR

I
 MIL-HDB&1004/3

ABST$AC’T

Thishandbook
contains
policy
andprocedures
pertainhg
toSwitchgear
and
Ithaabeen
I&laying. prepared ofbasic
astheresult design
guidance
developed
fromextensive
re-eva,luation
offacilities.
Itisintended
foruse
byexperienced
architects
andengineers.
Thecontents
cover
electric
switchgear
andrelaying
considerations,
such
assources
ofcriteria@
medium-,
Mgh-,andlow-voltage
stitchgear,
Mstribution
equipment,
andrelaying
aysteins.

.,
L
 MXL-HDBK-1O(VV3

t
ImEwoRD

Thismilitaryhandbookhss beendeveloped
fromamevaluationoffacilities in
theshoreeatablMiment, frommwveys oftheavailabilityofnewmaterials
smdconstructionmethod~t andfrom #election
ofthebestdesign ~racticesof
theNavalFacilities Emgineeriw Coamand other
(llAVFACE’NGCO15), Government
agemcie~,
andthepr$vate sector. Xhis
handbook
wasprepared using, tothe
msximumextent feasible, nationalprofessional
society,
association, and
imstitmestandards. Deviations fromthiscriter3a,
intheplannimg~
engineerfx,desigm, andconstruction ofNavalshorefacilities,cannot be
. madewithoutprior approval ofNAVFACENGCOM
Code04.
Designcannotremah static anymorethancanthefunctionsit serves orthe
., ituses.Accordhgxy, teconmen%ations forimprcwmerm
technologies are
encouraged
ad should befurnished toCoxaandimg
Officer,
.MavalFacilities
Engineering
Comand, Chesapeake Division,
Code406,Wamhington17avyYard,
Washingto?k,
DC20374; telephone (202)433-3314.
THISHANDBOOKWALLHOTBEUSED ASA REFERENCB
DOCUMENT
FORPROCUREMENT OF
FACILITIES
CtUWI’RUCTIOIV. M’ISTOBEIISED INTEEPURCHASEOFFACILITIES
ENGINEBRIMG
SI.’UX)IES
AZ3D DESIGM (FINALPLAt7S,
SPECIFICA$IOX!S,
ANDCOST
ESTIB?M%S).DOHOTllEFRREIWX XTXl?&lILITAR%
ORFEDERAL
SPECIFICATIONS OR
OIMRRPROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS.

v
 MIL-HDBK-1OO4I3

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIffG CRITERIA MANU ALs

Criteria
M~ B

DM-4 .1 Electrical Engineering Preliminary CSSESDIV

Design Considerations

DM-4 .2 Electrical Engineering Power Distribution PACDIV

Syatema

MIL-HDBK-loo4/3 Switchgear snd Eelsying CHESDIV

MIL-fiDBK-loo4/4 Electrical Utilization Systama CHESDIV

DM-4 .05 400-Ez Medium-Voltage Conversion and CHESDIV

Low-Voltage Utilization Syetems

DM-4 .6 Electrical Engineering Lightning CHESDIV

findCathodic Protection

DM-4 .07 Wire Communication snd Signal Syatema CHESDIV

DM-4 .9 Energy Monitoring end Control Systsms HDQTRS

MIL-HDBK-loo4/lo Cathodic Protection (Proposed) NCEL

NOTE : Design msnuals, when revised, will be converted to military handbooks

end lieted in the military hendbook section of NAVPAC P-34.

This handbook la issued to provide immediate guidance to the user.

However, it may or may not conform to format requirements of
MIL-HDBK-1006/3 snd will be corrected on the next update.

vi
 KxL-EDBK-loQ4/3

SWITCHGEUM?D
EELAYIRG
I
CoETEms

Section
1 SOURCESOFCR1’IRRXA
1.1 scope
........*.*..**.* ................................. 1
1.2 ........................................... 1
Cancellation
Section
2 MEDIUMANDHIGH-VOLTAGE SWI!JXHGRAR
2.1 Medim-d~@-Volta$e Classed........................ 2
2.2 C3rcuit-IrmermpthgD evlces. .......................... 3
2.2.1 Circuit Breaker&....................................... 4
Voltage
2.2.1.1 Rating*** . *m..... *..*** * * .** ..**.... 4
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.2.1.2InsulationLevel Eated ImpulseWithstandVoltage.. ..... 4

2*2.1.3Frequency+
.......m .....a............................... 4
2.2.1.4ContinuousCurrent ..................................... 4
2.2.3.sInterruptingDuty. *... *.***
. .**. *.** **** * .**.... 5
● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.2.1.6AltitudeCorrection .................................... 5
2.2.1.7AmbientTemperature .................................... 5
2.2.1.8Brealcer
Selection .......o.............................. 5
2.2.2 RecloserQ andSectional$zera. .......................... 6
2.2.2.1 * . .*.**
Appl&catton ..** ..*... . .*. . *.. . *.. .. 6
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.2.2.2RadialFeeder System ................................... 6

2.2.2.3TieFeeder .. ........ ............................ 7
SyMxm
2.2.3 Power Fuses............................................ 7
2.2.3.1RadialE7eederSystem ................................... 7
2.2.3.2TieFeeder System ...***. * **.* ....****.*.**..*.*..... 7● ● ●

2.2.4 Load-Break St?%tches.*,**..,.* ..,***..... .,. ....,.... 7 ● ● ●

2.2*4.1Duty.*..* * ..**..* *. .***.. .. ***.*.*.*. ....... 7

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.2.4.2 .*.* .*.. .*..*. ** .**.. ...... *. . .*.....* 7

Rating ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.2.4.3 .............................................. 7
Operation
2.2.4.4ArcInterruption...* . . * ...* **.......*.*...*.... *.. 7
● ● ● ● ●

2.2.4.5Mounting
...,.*.+* .e..* **. ***** .*.**...*..*.*. . 8
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.3 Circuit-Isolating Devicea.............................. 8

.................. ............................ 8
2.3.1 Locl!t$olls
2.3.1.1ServiceContinuity *......0...*** ..***. *. ***. ...* 8 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.3.1.2 ............... ............................ 8

Maintenance
2.3.2 Rating..... *... ... ...***.
● .+*****
● 0*....***. ....... . 8
● ● ●

2.3.3 mes .................................................. 8

2.3.4 Selection.........................................*... 8
2.4 ProtectionDev3cet$.................................... 8
2.4.1 SurgeStudy .*****. *****.*** *.. * ...***. *0*..* W*.* 8
● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2.4.1.1SystmConfiguration ................................... 8
2.4.1.2AmosphericConditions..., ............................. 8
2.4.1.3BasicImpwlseInsulationLevel. ........................ 9
2.4.1.4TypesofSystem Grounding .. .*.***.*****..**.*......... 9 ●

2.4.1.5StationSh3elding ... .. ..... 9

...............*. .. **...* ● ● ● ●

2.4.1.6SystemV
oltage.............. ............................9
2.4.1.7PastPerformance........................................9
 MIL-HDBK-1OO4I3

?3s3 ‘)
2.4.2 Traveling Wavea ........................................ 9
2.4.2.1 Surge Impedance ........................................ 9
2.4.2.2 Reflection and Refraction Constants .................... 9
2.4.2.3 Equipment Resistance ................................... 9
2.4.2.4 NaturalF requency. ............ ......................... 9
2.4.2.5 Lattice i?etwork........................................ 9
2.4.3 Equipment Selection .................................... 9
2.4.3.1 Arresters .............................................. 10
2.4.3.2 Gaps ................................................... 10
2.4.4 Coordination ........................................... 10

Section 3 LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR m DISTRIBUTION EQUIpMENT

3.1 Circuit-Interrupting Devices ........................... 11
3.1.1 Circuit Breakers ....................................... 11
3.1.1.1 Voltage Rating ......................................... 11
3.1.1.2 Frequency .............................................. 11
3.1.1.3 Continuous Current ..................................... 11
3.1.1.4 Interrupting Duty ...................................... 11
3.1.1.5 Breaker Selection ...................................... 11
3.1.2 Switches ............................................... 12
3.1.2.1 Encloaurea ............................................. 12
3.1.2.2 Switch Duty ............................................ 12
3.1.2.3 Rating ................................................. 12
3.1.2.4 Fusible Switches ....................................... 12
3.1.2.5 Selection .............................................. 13 )
3.1.2.6 Transfer Switches ...................................... 13
3.1.3 Poses .................................................. 13
3.1.3.1 Rating ................................................. 13
3.1.3.2 Coordination ........................................... 13
3.1.3.3 Selection .............................................. 13
3.1.4 Protection Devices ..................................... 13
3.1.4.1 Service-Entrance Protection.. .......................... 13
3.1.4.2 Network Protectors ..................................... 13
3.1.4.3 Low-Voltage Ground-Fault Protection .................... 14
3.1.4.4 Surge Protection ....................................... 14
3.2 Grouped Devices ........................................ 14
3.2.1 Switchboards ........................................... 14
3.2.1.1 Clearances ............................................. 14
3.2.1.2 Spare Capacity ......................................... 14
3.2.2 Power Distribution Panelboards ......................... 15
3.2.2.1 Mount ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2.2 Location .................. ............................. 15
3.2.2.3 Limitations ............................................ 17
3.2.2.4 Spare Capacity ......................................... 17
3.2.3 Branch-Circuit Penelboards ............................. 17
3.2.3.1 Location ............................................... 17
3.2.3.2 Main Circuit Bre*er ................................... 17
3.2.3.3 Limitations ............................................ 17
3.2.3.4 Spare Capacity ......................................... 17
.:)

viii
 MILdiDBK-loo4/3

3.3 Buswaya
................................................17
3.3.1 Rating......*...*.*.. .0* .**..*....*.*** ● ....... *.*.17
● ● ● ●

3.3.2 Duty.*,**** .** .*.*.. ,.****.*

● ● ● ● *.*** .* ....*.*
● ● .. 17 ● ● ● ● ●

3.3.3 VoXtage Drop............. .............................17

3.3.4 Selection..*.,** ..****** *. .**...**.. ...*** .0**. **17 ● ● ● ● ● ●

3.3.4.1FeederButw?ay ** **..***..
● .** .0.* *...*, .. ..m.*.. . 17
● ● ● ● ● ● ●

3.3.4.2Hi@-ImpedanceB usway ..... .............................H

3*3.4*3Plug-InBusWay . ..* **.....,** .**.* ..* **. *..*.. ..18
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

3.3.4.4llMgh-Freqmemy Busway ..................................18

3.3.4.5TrolleyDuct......***.*. .* ....*.** ..**....... .*. * .* 18
● ● ● ●

3.4 SystemCorrective J@uiment , . . . . * . * ., ... .* . .. ...

● 1$ ● ● ● ● ● ●

3.4.1 Volta&e Regmlaticm .....................................18

3.4.2 I?ower
Factcm ............... ............................ 18
. 3’.5 Current-ConvertiUE qui~mt...........................18
3.5.1 SiMcork-Controlled Rectifiers .........................1$
3.?5.2 Grid-Controlled (l?ercw’y-Arc) Rectifiers ............... 19
3.5.3 MetallicRcctifiers ........ ............................19
3.5.4 RotatingEquipment .....................................M
3.6 Metering.
.................. ............................19
I Sect&on
4 RRbAYING
4.1 Introduction
...........................................20
4.2 Fault
Study ......*. ... ..4 *.* *****.
● ....*
● .*.*........**.x!
4.3 Fault
Detection ........................................ 20
4.4 Selectivity,
................ ...........................20
4.4.1 Minimum Diaturlxsnce ofSystem ..****., .****.. .4.*. ...20 ● ● ●

4.4.2 RemoteBackup.............. ........................... 20

4.4.3 Diacrtiinatiom
.............. ...........................21
4.5 Owerlappkg ofProtective Zones ...................... ..21
4.6 Coordimtionwithutiliw Company. .................. **21 ●

4.7 Adaptab$l%tytol’utweEx panaion ......... ..: ........... 21

4,,8 Method ofTripping Circuit Breakers ...................21
4.9 ImtmentT rWfomers...,. ...........................21
4.9,1 Current Transformara ...................................21
4.9.2 Potential Transformers (FTs). .*** ..**..***............ 22 ●

4.10 Device numbers aXM!FUnCtiOnS ....o......................22

4.10.3 system.
..*..*. ........................................ 22 ●

4*1O.2 CommonlyUsed Relay Device Numbers ..................... 22

4.11 Relaying ofDistributiomLi nes...... ...................23
4.11.1 OvercwrrentRelayimg .............fi .....................23
4.11.1.1
~peaofRelay5 ...........................e ............23
MximgTi
4.11.1.2 meChamacteriatics. ...........................24
Settinge
4.X1.1*3 .......*...*** ******.***** **..* .**....*.*..... 24 ●

Usual
4.11.1.4 Conmectioms ......................................24
4.11.2 DirectionalOvercurrent RelayIns .......................24
Directional
4.11.2.1 Operation ..*.***..... * o...* .*. . ***26
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Ilirectioxm
4.11.2.2 lVoltage ...................................26
4.12 Protection ofPower Transfox’mera. ......................26
4.12.1 ?Jtilization
Vol.tage Transformer# .......................26
4.12.2 DistributionVoltage Transformer@ ......................26
(’
is
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

4.12.3 Protection of Transformer Internal Faults .............. 26

4.12.3.1 Fuses .................................................. 26
4.12.3.2 Temperature ............................................ 28
4.12.3.3 Pressure ............................................... 2a
4.12.3.4 Differential Protection ................................ 28
4.12.3.5 Instrwentation ........................................ 28
4.12.4 Requirements for Differential Relays ................... 28
4.12.4.1 Harmonic-Restraint Relays.. ............................ 30
4.12.4.2 Time–Overcurrenc Relays, .,............................. 30
4.12.5 Additional Requirements for Differential Relay ing. .,... 30
4.12.5.1 Grounding ................!............................. 30
4.12.5.2 Parallel Transformers .................................. 30
4.12.5.3 Three-Winding Transformers ............................. 30
4.12.5.4 Transformers with Load Tap Changing Features ........... 30
4.12.5.5 Current Transformers ...,..... .......................... 30
4.12.6 Miscellaneous Requirernants............................. 32
4.13 Protection of AC Machines .............................. 32
4.13.1 Generators ............................................. 32
4.13.2 Motors ................................................. 32
4.14 Protect ionof Switchgear. ...............................32
4.14.1 General Considerations in Bus Differential Relay ing .... 32
4.14.1.1 Ratios and Types ....................................... 34
4.14.1.2 Sectionalizing ......................................... 34
4.14.1.3 Installation ........................................... 34
4.14.1.4 Maintenance ............................................ 34
4.14.2 Forms of Bus Differential Relaying ..................... 34
4.14 .2.1 Circulating-Current Differential System Using a
High-Impedance Relay ................................. 34
4.14.2.2 Circulatirrg-Current Differential System using
Time-Overcurrent Relay s..., .......................... 34
4.14.2.3 Opposed-Voltage Differential System .................... 35
4.14.3 Ground Detectors Operating an Alarm .................... 38
4.14.4 Unacceptable Systenrs................................... 38
4.14.5 Cascading .............................................. 38
4.14.5.1 Application Limitations ................................ 38
4.14.5.2 Operating Characteristics .............................. 38
4.15 Relaying of Subtransmission Lines ...................... 38
4.1s.1 Types of Relsys ........................................ 38
4.1s.1.1 Directional Relays ..................................... 38
4.15.1,2 Pilot-Wire Relays ...................................... 39
4.15.2 Pilot-Wire System Requirements. ........................ 39
4.15.2.1 Characteristics ........................................ 39
4.15.2.2 Alternate Systems ...................................... 39

APPENDICES

Appendix A Fault Current Calculation by the Simplified

Graphic Method ...................................... 41
Appendix B ANSI Standard Device Function Numbers ................. 47
Appendix C Intemstional Systam of Unite (S1) Conversion Factors. . 49

x
 mL-mmK-loo4/3

I (
Fm.m$s
1 Ground-Fault
Low-Voltage Protection... *......*. *. . .. . 16
..** ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

2 l?ondirectional
OvercurrentRelaying .............................25
3 Directional
OvercurrentR
elayh.g ................................27
4 Transformer
Time-Overcurrent
Differential Relaying ..............31
5 Circulating-Current
IJifferemtial Relaying .......................36
6 Opposed-Voltage
DifferentialRelaying *.**.. .*.. . ....* **. **37 ● ● ● ● ● ●

7 Filet-WirelZelaying
.............................................40
A-1 Short-Circuit
lMagram...........................................41
1- A-2 Load
Center
Supplyiq480Yh77 Volta ............................44
A-3 Load
Center
Supplying
208Y/120 Volt@ .**.,* ..***.** * *.* .. 45
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
1 MI 480-Volt
Transformer
Supplying 208Y/120 Volta .......*..... . .. 46 ● ● ●
I
TABLES
1 Nomimal
Voltage
Clashes ......................................... 2
2 Maximum
Interrupting
Duty forPower Fuses .........***.*.*.*..... 3
3 Characteristics
ofCircuit Breakers ... e*.....* .... ...** . . 6
● ● ● ● ● ● ●

4 FuseS
election
........................... ......................14
5 Commonly
UsedRelays............................................23
6 Minimum
Instrumentation
forTransformers ........................29
7 Minimum
Instrumentation
forMedium-Voltage Generators ...*..*....33

*.. .s.*.* ...*. *...**.. .. ...***....**.. ***

BIBLIOGRAPHY ● ● ● ● ● ● *.* *.... . 53 ● ● ● ●

.. ..... *.....** . ...*. *.*.. ...*.*.......* ....*,.. .. * 55

REFERENCES ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
I
I MxL-EDBK-loo4/3

Section
1: SOU3CES
OFCRITERIA
1.1 w. ‘JM@
handbookpresents
dataandconsiderations
necessary
for
theproper of low,medium-
selection andhigh-voltage
switchgear,
distribution
eqmipmentfi
andrelay
systemsforcontrol
andprotection
ofelectric
power
d5atribwtion.
1.2 handbook
-latiou. This cancels
andsupersedes
MAVFAC
DM-4.3,
andRe- ,dated December
1979.

1
 MIL-HDBK-1004/3

Section 2: MEDIUFl ANO HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR

2.1 ~s. Table 1 indicates the pri~arY .)

distribution and transmission voltages comonly used.
Standard voltages shown
without parentheses are preferred.

Table 1
Nominal Voltage Classesl

Standard \A ssociated nonstandard

Range ~nominal s stem volts es
~ 2 kv and under (in kv)
(2.4) 2.2, 2.3
(4.16Y/2.4)
4.16 I 4.
(4.8) 4i6
(6.9) I
6,6, 7,2
15-kV class (in kV)
(8.32Y/4.8) 11, 11,5
12Y/6.93
12.47Y/7.2
13.2Y/7.62
Medium (13,8Y/7.970)
13.8 14.4
~
(20.78Y/12. )
(22.86Y/13.2) I
(23.)
24,94 Y/14,4 I
~
34,5Y/19.92
(34,5) I
33
~
(;:; 2)2
.562
115 110-120
138 132
High (161) 1<A
..-
230 I 220 I

lTZIiStable abstracted from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

Inc. (IEEE), IEEE 141, ~
~, ,
2&nerican National Standarda Institute (ANSI), ANSI C84.1, vOltaK~
for Electric Power Systems a d auiDment
(60 Hz>, identifies these voltages as
~ IEEE 141 identifies these voltages as
medium volta8e.

“:)
2
 MIL-HDBX-1004/
3

2.2 ,_ nt~~t~ Devic~.Power

Cu$t fusesincoxtjunctionwith
load-break
awitdhes
provide
aneconomicalmeans forcircuitandequipment
protection
andisolation.
Cwrremt-limiting
protectorsandpower-assisted
fuses
shallbeusedtoreducepeakfaultcurrent fo~olderelectrical
systems.
Circwit
breakersshall
beused whereincreasedflexibility
isrequiredfor
equipment
operation
andpromptrestoration
ofservice. lieelofwm
and
sectionalizes
provide
a meansofmaintainhg circuitreliability
aftera
fault
occurs.Forthisreason,they&hallbeused only whenthecircuit
requires
reliability.
Themaximuminterruptfn,g
ratingsadviaed
forpower
fuses
areindicated
imTable2.
Table2
Msximum
Interrupting
Duty forPower Fuses
Ratings
ofExpulsion-TypePowerFuses
—
Maximum Three-Phase
ColltixnlouaSymmetrical
Y3a.%imm Interrupting
Nominal
Rating Current Rating

7.2 100,
200,
300,
400 * 162
I 14.4 100,
200,
300,
400 406
785
23 100,
200,
300,
400
34.5 100,
200,
300,
400 1,174
46 100,
200,
300,
400 1,988
69 10Q,
200,
300,
400 2,350
(
‘,
. 115
138
100,
200,
100,
200,
3,110
2,980

Ratings
ofCurrent-bkithg
Power
Fuses
Fhximum
Three-phase
Continuous Symmetrical
Maximum Interrupting
I?ominal
Rating Current Rat
ing
v
(k) (h) A
(?IV)
2.4 100,200,450 155-210
2.4/4.16Y 450 360
4.8 100,200,300,400 310
7.2 100,200 620
14.4 50,100,175,200 780-2,950
23 50,300 750-1,74’0
 I

MIL-2iDBK-loo4/3

Table 2 (Continued)
Maximnm Intermpting Duty for Power Fuses )
Ratings of Solid-Material Boric-Acid Power Fuses

Maximum Three-Phase
Meximum Continuous Symmetrical Interrupting
ominal Rating Current Rating
~ kV A

2.4 200, 400, 720 155

4.16 200, 400, 720 27o
7.2 200, 400, 720 325
14.4 200, 400, 720 620
23 200, 300 750
34.5 100, 200, 300 2,000
46 100, 200, 300 2,000
69 100, 200, 300 2,000
115 100, 250 2,000
138 100. 250 2 .QOo

2.2.1 Circuit Breakers. In the selection of circuit breakers, ratings

conforming to ANSI C37.06, Preferred Ratings and Related Reauired Capabilities
~ etr Cal Current Basis. and
IEEE C37.04, &S%S ican National Standard Rat Structure for AC iizh-Volta~
~ etrical Current Basis, shall be implemented.
)
2.2.1.1 Voltaxe Rating. The voltage rating will be determined in term of
three-phase, line-to-line voltage:

S) Maximum nominal system voltage for which the breaker is

intended, and
b) Maximum operating voltage at which the breaker will be used,
taking into consideration line voltage regulation, machine overexcitation and
overspeed, and shunt capacitance.

2.2.1.2 Insulation Level Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage. Referring to IEEE

C37.04, the impulse strength of the bredcer must be coordinated with the surge
protection of the system as follows:

a) Across breaker contacts, and

b) Between breaker contacts and ground. No increase shall be
indicated in surge voltage as a result of voltage reflection.

2.2.1.3 Frequency. For a frequency of 60 Hz, compare the calculated ratings

with standard ratings. For other frequencies, check with the manufacturer(s).

2.2.1.4 Continuous Current. Calculate the maximum current flow through the
breaker by computing the current flow under normal and contingency conditions,
Provide for future load growth, if required.
 MXL-HDBK-1004/3

2.2.1.5 ~terrw Dutv , Toselect theproper interruptingduty using

IEEEC37.010, ucati on Guide forAC- -Voltafle CircUitBreakers Ratedon
a svmme
tricaX wrrent as~ itisnecessary toperform a completefault
analysistodetermine ther~quired interrupting duty ofthecircuit breaker
undernormal andconti~ency conditions. Usethecr~teria inWestinghouse,
tr%cal
$Iec lka~d Di,s~atiom Refwe BOo1$ #andthefollowi~:
a) Provide fora futwre system design that might materiallyaffect
theinterrupting duty ofthecircuit breaker.. Circuit breakersarerated ona
symmetrical
. applicationbasis rather than o nanasymmetrical (total current)basis, and
shall follow requirementsofXEllE C37.010, andIEEE C37.011~
cation Guide forZra v v -Volta
fieCircuit
Rated
Jlreakers ona~-1 ‘?=~uah .
b) Iftheoperating voltageofthecircuit differs fromtherated
voltageofthecircuit breaker, correctthefinal values tocorrespond with
therated values ~iven inthemanufacturer’s aircwit breaker ratingtables;
c) Determine theasymmetrical requirements based onthebreaker
contactparting time; and
d) Determine theactual operatingduty andinterruption time ofthe
breakerfrom therelay setting calculations(refer toSection 4).
2.2.1.6 b~titwde CorrectiO?J. Correctionforvoltage andcurrent ratingsare
requiredforaltitudes above 3,300ft(19000 m).UseIEEE C37.20,Swicchaear
~sed BuQ,andI$ational ElectricalWmufactu,rers
Association(IWMA), mm SG-4, ~e’nt HiEh-Voltaste
Power Circuit
M ealter
g,forcorrection factora.
2.2.1.7 emtT~ ● Circuit
breakers inenvironments with ambient
temperatures
higher than +104° F (40°C)orlower than -22” F (-30°C)shall
bederated inconformance with IEEEC37.030.
2.2.1.8 ~. Breakerselection will beconducted using the
followingcriteria:
a) ~j. Theevaluation ofthevoltage rating,
irisulation
withstand voltage rating,frequemcyr continuous current,and
interrupting
duty provides therequired rating ofthecircuit breaker. For
thefinal selection, select circuitbreakersthat meet therequired ratingat
thelowest original andmaintenance cost andatthelowest firehazard cost.
b) ~. RefertoTable 3 forcircuit breaker
characteristics.

I
s
 MIL-IiDBK-loo4/3

Table 3
Characteristics of Circuit Breakers
)

Voltage range Application

1.5 through 15.O-kV up to 1,000-MVA interrupting

duty . Vacuum circuit breakers shall be used.
Provide suitable enclosure. Consider use of
overhead/outdoor/open style sublswitch station.
Consider use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF,5)and
mineral oil circuit breakers.
Medium
(1.5 kV to 34.5 kV) 15.0 through 34.5-kV up to 2,500-MVA interrupting
duty. Allow use of vacuum circuit breakers where
they provide adequate interrupting duty. Permit
use of air blast (compressed-air type), sulphur
hexsfluoride (SF6), and mineral oil or oil circuit
breskers as a contractor’s option. Use oil
circuit breskers where adverse atmospheric
~
use oil circuit breakers, grounded metal-tsnk tYPe
Medium and high with pneumatic operating mechanisms. For voltages
(above 34.5 kV) of 115 kV and above, permit use of sulphur
hcxafluoride (SF6) or mineral oil-operated types
~
)

2.2.2 Reclosers and Sectionalizes

2.2.2.1 ADlrlicatiOn. Automatic reclosing shall be used for aystsm

configurations such as overhead lines serving residential or commercial loads.
With other system configurations, reclosing may cause problems. Select the
location where these reclosers are to be installed, giving due consideration to
the line to be protected. The location shall be limited to a value where the
current, for a fault at the remote end of the line to be protected, is equal to
at least 1-1/2 times the minimum trip of the recloaer. The minimum trip value
of a recloser is usually about twice the coil rating (refer to Standard
H~ ers, Donald G. Fink end E. Wayne Beaty. Uee
subsection entitled OverCurrent Protection). Coordinate the reeloser with the
existing protection equipment by comparing the recloser times with the current
time curves of the sxisting equipment. Select the automatic recloaer to be
used by following essentially the ssme procedure outlined for e circuit bresker.

2.2.2.2 ~.
i+ Determine whether the relay protection at the
substation will operate for faults at the rsmote ends of the feeder. Check
whether successful reclosure 1s probable in the event of a tripout. On bare
overhead lines, the probability of a reclosure is good; on underground or
aerial cable, the probability is not as good. Investigate the problsms that
may occur with existing protection (fuses, relays, and medinm-voltage taps).

6
 mL-HDBR-loo4/3

2.2.2.3 ~. Fortiefeeder systems,apply thesame factors

asdescribed fortheradial feeder system (refer topara. 2.2.3.1). Determine
whetheritwould bedesirable toinsert reclomers %mthemainrunbetween
substationswhenthetotal circuit load canbemppl%ed from either
substation. Thecircwits from each substation mathavethesame ~ae
rotation. Thecircuit breakers feeding from each mbatathri mat coordinate
withtherecloaer.‘
2.2.3 ~ower- Power fuses shallbeuwlw herethesystem
configuration(referLOparaa. 2.2.3.1 and2.2.3.2) &tdicatesthat itwould he
advantageous. Donotusepower fuses forc~rcuita reqmiringreclosd.mg.
2.2.3.1 FeederSvstERJ
. Determine whether relayprotection isneeded,
in additiontofuses, toprovide forfaulto both atthesubstation andatthe
remoteends ofthefeeder. Ifrelay protection Isprovided, itwill be
necessarytousecircuit breakers. Check thetype ofload cmthefeeder to
determineifisolation resulti~ frum a blown fuse wouldcause damage to
utilizationequipment,Buch asoingle phasing ofthethree-phase equipment Qr
relativelylong outagetime.Ifitisdetermined thattheuseoffuses would
resultindamage toutilization equipmemt, useeither circuit breakers or
fusesincombination with phase-loss protection ontheequ~pmant toprovide
protectionforthat equipment. Investigate theprobkma that my occur with
existingprotection.
2.2.3.2 He Feeder Smt~. Donotinstall fuses Amthemain mm offeeders
interconnectingtwosubstations. Fuses maybeimstalled onspurs oftie
* feeders. Where theinstallation offuses isdeairablet thefuse location,
I
t rating,andcoordination need tobedetermined (referto ardHan dbook fog
~, ,, Donald G.Fink andl?. Wayme Beaty). Specify a fuse of
therequired ratiwandselect a fuse from these basfctypes: opem-fusible
link,expulsion, boricacid, andcurrant limiting. Selectivity orcoordination
shallbeconsidered indetermining fuse select$on.
2.2.4 &oad-Brc~S wit- Factors necessary totheselection of
Ioad-breskswitchesareduty,”rati.ng andoperation.
2.2.4.1 -. Types ofcurrent tobeinterrupted are,for=@!Mple,
capacitive,magnetizing,andload (resistive ant$inductive).
2.2.4.2 l??m. Switch rating with respect tovoltage, continuous current,
frequency.andinsulation level asoutlined forclrc~i~ b=@=~ in
par~.2.2~1 ofthis section.
2.2.4.3 ~. E~ectr~~al versus manual.
2.2.4.4 ~. Load-bre~ orinterrupter switches areavailable
inmanF different mechanicaldesigns toprovide arc-breakingcapacity.
Oesigmsinclude the“amp-open” type with a small measureofinterrupthg
ability,the“puffer” or“de-ion” andtheoil-insulated types forgreater
$nterruptiw ability,andthe“SP~” or“vacuum” typesforInterruption of
high-voltagecircuits. Cautionmust beexercised inselectin$ oilswitches to
ensurethat theshort-circuit duty Isadequate.
I
 MIL-EDBK-loo4/3
I
2.2.4.5 ~ounting. Select load-brake evitches from types suitable for pole
mounting, ground mounting, or those provided in a switchgear lineup. Except
“)
where oil is more suitable, use only nonoil type. Transmission SYS tem
volteges may require the use of bus end switch structure-mounted types.

2.3 ~ D vices. The location of circuit-isolating

devices depends on the eyatem configuration.

2.3.1 Locations. Factors to be considered with respect to advantageous

locations stated in paras. 2.3.1.1 and 2.3.1.2.

2.3.1.1 s~ . Provide for isolation of faulted sections of a

feeder so that service may be restored to the unfaulted sections of the feeder.

2.3.1.2 m~ . Provide for isolation of equipment from the rest of

the system so that periodic maintenance on this equipment may be Derformed
safely with as little associated equipment out of service aa possible.

2.3.2 RatiM. The isolating devices are not intended to break load;
however, their rating must be determined with respect to voltage, insulation
level, frequency, cent inuous current, and fault current.

2.3.3 m. The type of isolating device to be used may be disconnect

switches or disconnecting links.

2.3.4 ~n. Select the actual switch or fuse link to be used by

reviewing the appropriate manufacturers’ catalogs and choosing a unit that
meets the required rating.
‘)
2.4 Protection Devices. The extent of surge study and traveling wave
data required will depend on the complexity and size of the system. tiormally,
this data is only required for systems of 20-Megavolt Amperes (MV,4)or
larger, A computer study may be necessary for systems of that magnitude or
for those with two or more sources of power and complex interconnecting
lines. Short extensions to existing systems shall usually be based on data
already compiled.

2.4.1 Surge Study. The selection of protective devices shall be made

after investigating the determining factors affected by lightning end switching
.wrgea. Use criteria in ANSI C62.2, Guide for the ADD lication of Valve-Tvne
~s; IEEE 399, R~ed Practice for
~; and Westinghouse, Electrical
r~ . Factors that must be considered
are described in paras. 2.4.1.1 through 2.4.1.7.

2.4.1.1 Svstem Configuration. Include the effect of multiple transfomners,

lines, and circuit breakers and the effect of electrostatic and electromagnetic
coupling between circuits where available and economically feasible.

2.4.1.2 Atmospheric Conditions. Temperature, pressure, and humidity ehall

be considered in choosing the type of protective device to be used.

I
 MIL-HDBK-3o04/3

2.4.1.3 ~lse Uulat@tLev~ Determine

● thebasic impulse
insulation levelofsystem equipment aswell asthat oftheprotective
equipment inuse.
~*4*~.4 ~. System groundingincludes theisolated,
neutral, andeffectivelygrounded types (refertoNaval Facilities Engineering
Command,MAVFAC ~.
lM1-4.01, Pre-arv ResiE n
~ons~erations De~ual ,andIEEE 142, Becomdeti Practice forGroundiu
d Co-al Pom w Smtm% forsyt+tems groumding criteria).
2.4.1.5 ~. Station shielding5.s
determined bythenumber of
growndwires, ground matorcounterpoise details,tower footing resistance,
locationofsurge arresters andaaaociated protectiveequipment (referto
IREI?
80,Suide forSafetv inSubstq&.$on Grow ,andIEEE 81,@idefm
k$ea~r@f@4x&h ~e~ a otenc alsof
~) ●

2.4.1.6 m-em volt- Some ofthefactors affecting theselection of

protective devicesinclu~~normal volta~e, ratedvoltage forcontinuous
operation, andJMximumvoltage that thesystem insulationmust withstand.
2.4.1.7 ~. Ascertain theperformance elsetihereofthis type
ofsystem againstIightnfngandswitching Surge@*
2.4.2 Xrave- WaveQ. Determine themagnitudes andshapes oftravellng
wavesthat may occur onthesystem asa resuXt ofa 8urge impulse. The
procedures aredescribedinparaa. 2.4.2.1 thro~h 2.4.2.5 ofthis section.
2.4.z.1 ~g Compute thevalues ofsurge impedance atstrategic
locations onthesystem.
I 2.4.2.2 Ctioll action Constanta. Calculate thereflection and
refraction constantsatthejunctions ofe~uipmenthaving different surge
impedance values.
2.4.2.3 ~ Resist&l&g. Determine theattenuation oftheequipment
xesiatamce ona travelingwave.
2.4.2.4 l!@tura~
~rea~en=. Determine thenatural frequency atwhich the
traveling wavewill propagate.
2.4.2.5 batticeRetWork
. With theaforementioned information, construct
a
latticenetwork andcompute thevalues ofvoltage atthevarious surgeimpulse.
poixkta
onthesystem. Anexample ofa lattice network %sgiven inthe
Westinghouse,
2.4.3 ~ Select%-. Select equipmentwith respect tothe
advantages andlimitationsofthedifferent typesthat maybeusedtoprotect
I theoystem fromsurges. Thecharacteristics oftheselected equipmentmustbe
relatedtoprotective level,tolerances, oneratinglife, andeffects onsystem
relaying andfuses.

.—
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

2.4.3.1 Arresters. Arresters are the preferred method of surge protection.

(Refer to NAVFAC DM-4.02, ~,
Electrical En i eerin
for characteristics and applications of arresters. )

2.4.3.2 GiZrE. Characteristics of rod and sphere types of protective gaps

are that they:

a) not be capable of interrupting power flow current,

b) are relatively large,
c) are affected by surrounding bodies and weather, and
d) have large tolerance in withstand-time curve.

2.4.4 Coordination. The insulation level of the protective equipment must

be coordinated with the insulation level of the system equipment. Refer to
IEEE 142 and perform the following:

a) ~. Establish a protective voltage level

to correlate with the system voltage level at which protective equipment (such
as surge arresters) is expected to operate.

b) Level of Insulation of Svstem. Determine the level of

insulation of the system equipment.

c) ~.
Atm s he Check the effect of atmospheric
conditions on the flashover characteristics of the equipment insulation.

d) Arrester Separation. Determine the effect of arrester

separation from the equipment to be protected. This separation shall be kept )
to a minimum.

e) Volt-Time Withstand Characteristics. Compare volt-time

withstand characteristics of the system equipment insulation with the
volt-time withstand characteristics of the protective equipment.

f) Marain Between Levels. Determine the margin between the

Protective Voltage levels and equipment withstand voltage.

“)
10
 Mm-HDBK-loo4/3

Section
3: LOW-VOLTAGE
SWITCEGEAB EQUXPMERT
MD DISTBXNJTIOR
3.1 vic~.Specffy
erruDt*lle low-voltaae
equipment
tomeet
atmospheric orclimatic
conditions requirements.
3.1.1 -it Breake~. Circuit
breakers
arepreferred
Sfrtce
they
cannot
single
phase,
donotrequire
fusereplacements
andaremore
difficult
to
modify
forcarrying
currents
greater
thanoriginally
%ntended.
Circuit
breakers
rather
thanfusible
switches
shall
beused forcircuit
protection,
except
forspecial
applications,
suchascritical
technical
loadpanelboards
(refer
toNAVPACDM-4.01).
Intheselection
ofcircuitbreakers,
refer
to
I . paras.
3.1.1.1
through
3.1.1.5.
3.1.1.1 Eatb. Determine
Voltane themaximum
operating
voltage
atwhich
I
thebreaker
will
beused.
3.1.1.2 ~eaue~. Determine thebreaker rating atthefrequency towhich
itwill beapplied. Standard frequency IS60Hz.When used forother
frequencies,suchas50or400Hz., themanufacturer shall beconsultedfora
deratingfactor. Most manufacturers donotderate whenfrequencies areat
50Hz.
3.1.1.3 JTontinuous
Current
● Compute themaximum continuous currentflow
throughthebreaker fornormal andcontingency conditions. Alsoconsider
provisionsforfuture load growth, where required.
3*~.~*4 ~. A complete fault analysis maybenecessary to
selecttheproper circuit breaker interrupting duty under normaland
contingencyconditions. Usecriteria inIEEE 242, ended Practice
fox
Qf~d Co~ w
PoerSmtW ,and
IEEE341.Incases where there isleas than 25-percemtmotor load,fault
currentcalculationsbythesimplified graphic method (refer toAppendixA)
aresufficientlyaccurate. Determine ifprovisions forfuture system
design
willaffect theinterrupting duty ofthecircuit breaker. Cascadingisnot
permitted,exceptascovered inSection 4 ofthis handbook. MAVPACcomputer
Pro#Wms availableforcalculating fault currents include Computer-Assisted
PowerSystem Engineering(cAPSE) andVICTOB.
3.1.1.5 BreakerSelection. Ofthebreakers described ina)through e),
specifybreakersoftherequired rating with dueconsideration ofinitial
cost,maintenance,andsimilar items (refer toNAVFAC N&4.02):
a) Welded-Ca= circui~~r-~eu Molded-case
● circuitbreakers
shallbeusedfornormal duty only.This type ofcircuit breakerisgenerally
equippedwith noninterchangeable-thermalandadjustable-magnetic or
solid-statetripelements. Interchangeable trig elements areavailablefor
c%rcuitbreaRem ofmore than 225A.frame size.Current-limithg breakersare
availableinmosr sizes. Molded-case circuit breakers aresuitable for
mountingInpanelboards andswitchboards. Derate thermal trippingsetting~
dependingonambient temperature (refer toNEMA A&l,Molded CaseC~SGUit
ker~
Brea ~andNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA), llFPA-70, ona~
lectricalCod?,)*

11
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

b) h te~rallv Fused Mold cd-Case CirCuir.Br eaker. Integrally fused,

.?
molded-case circuit breskers shall be used to protect small loads connected to
systems with high available short-circuit currents. Various current-limiting
fuses are available.

c) ,Fower Circuit Breekers. Power circuit breakers shall be used in

accordance with IEEE 242. For low-voltage AC pover circuit breakers used in
enclosures, refer to the application guide in IEEE C37. 13, Low-Voltaze AC
power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures.

d) Current-Limitin~ Circuit Breakers. Current-limiting CirCuit

breckera are used in lieu of current-limiting fuses only where economically
feasible. Current-limiting circuit breakers are defined in Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. (UL) , UL 489, Molded-Case Circuit Breakera and Circuit
Breaker Enclosures.

e) hsulated-Case Circuit Breakers. Insulated-case circuit

breakers shall be used to the maximum sxtent feasible in lieu of more
expensive open-type air circuit breakers. Insulated-case circuit breakers
shall conform to 2?AVYACENGCOM Guide Specification (NFGS) NFGS-16335,
Transformers. Substations and Switchzear. Exter io r ; NFGS-16462, Pad-PIounted
~ kVA to kVAl ; NFGS-16465, Inter~; or
NFGS-16475 , ~ Low-Voltai!e, as applicable.

3.1.2 Switches. Generally, use switches only where necessary for

isolation purposes. Switches for Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC) aystams must be installed in conformance with NFPA-70. )
3.1.2.1 Enclosures. Select enclosures of electrical equipment according to
NEMA-type designation to ensure safe snd reliable operation for the applicable
axtemal conditions (refer to NEMA ICS6 Series, E
~ ndustrial
Controle and Systems).

3.1.2.2 s~ Duty . Switch equipment duty is defined by NEMA KS–1,

Enclo9ed Switches. Use general-duty equipment for nonessential applications
and where equipment ia subject to infrequent operation. General duty
equipment is intended for use on circuits of 24o V or leas; therefore,
heavy-duty equipment is required for higher voltagea. Use heavy-duty
equipment for industrial application where reliability and continuity of
service are prime factors and where equipment is subject to frequent
operation. It is intended for use on circuits of 600 V or less and where
available fault currents of more than 10,000 cmperes are likely to be
encountered.

3.1.2.3 S&Eing. To determine ratings, follow the basic procedure outlined

for circuit breakers in para. 3.1.1. Motor disconnect switches shall have an
amPere rati~ of at least 115 percent of the full-load current rating of the
motor to meet the requirements of NFFA-70; however, 125-percent capacity is
not considered axcessive.

3.1.2.4 J’usible Switches. Fusible switches combine isolation with

protection of a particular component of the circuit.

12
 I MxL-EDBK-loo4/3
I
, ( 3.1.2.5
(refer
SE@.?AW
toHFPA-70
Spec3fy
andNEMAK
a switchoftheappropriate
S-1)and@elect from
rating
thefollowing:
andenclosure

a] Safety (disconnect) switches

canbefused ornon,fuaedunits
operableupto600volts and1,200 amperes
ofmaximum continuouscurrentand
arenormally wed formotor isolationorprotection.
b} Other switches such asheavy-dutyswitches operableupto600
voltsand1,200 amperes ofcontinuous currentandload-break pressureswitches
operableupto600volts and5,000 ofcontinuous
amperes currentshallonlybe
usedforapplication where circuit breakers
arenotappropriate.
3.1.2.6 Swi&cheQ
● Automatictransfer(and bypass/isolation)
switchesshall conform toNFGS-16262,tic~r (and ~Is olation)
&t@@i*
3.1.3 ~EuS.Generally fuse@ willbeused onlywhen requiredtoprovide
adequateinterrupting duty forshort-circuitconditions.
3.1.3.1 w. Determine therathgoffuses based onwoltase,
current-car~ing capacity? andinterruptingrequirements. Takeinto
considerationmotor-starting andother formsof%nrush current.
3.1.3.2 Goordin@jzn . Fuses shallbecoordinatedwithallother circuit
protectiveequipment that operatea inserieswiththem inthesystem. Usethe
I time-currentcurves ofdevices.
)
(’ 3.1.3.3 selection. Specify a setoffuses ofthecalcu~ated rating;
select
fusesfrom Table 4. The10,00Munpere interruptingcapacity shallonlybe
usedforcritical technical-load panelboards
where circmit breakersarenot
permitted. Higher interrupting capacities
arewsually used inconjunction
withcircuit breakero.
3.1.4 protection . Protection devices
sha~l beselectively coordinated
to
providemaximum system reliabiMty.
3.1.4.1 service-~ceProtectiQ . Service-entranceprotectionshall
consistofa nonautomatic load interrupter
with a current limiterforservices
I
withMg,h available short-circuit currents.
3.1.4.2 &?tworRFratectalx?. Usenetwork protectors toprevent damagein
networktransformers. Specf,fy reverse-current
associated relayswhichare
suffkiemtly sensitive totrip themmin breakerupon.loss oftransformer
magmeti’zhgcurrent (refer toMEMA SG3~Low-VoltaffePower CircUit13re
akers,
andSection 4 ofthis handbook),

(
13
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

Table 4
Fuse Selection )

Meximum
Type continuous current Interrupting capacity
Smperes smperes
Single element ......... 600 10,000
Dual element:
Low interrupt ing
capacity ............ 600 10,000
High interrupting
capacity ............ 600 100,000
Current limiting. ...... 600 200,000
Current limiting. ....... 6.OO0 200.000

3.1.4.3 Low-Voltage Ground-Fault Protection. NFPA-70 requires ground-fault

protection at the service disconnecting means for circuits rated 1,000 smperes
or more and for circuits having a voltage-to-ground in excess of 150 volts.
Where such protection is required, current transformers connected in residual
or a zero sequence current transformer shall be applied as shown in Figure 1.
The use of a single current transformer on the grounding electrode conductor
is not acceptable because grounding of the service transformer provides a
second point of ground-fault current which is not sensed when this system is
I used.
)
3.1.4.4 Suree Protection. Provide arresters snd metal-oxide varistors ss
required by the equipment being protected (refer to NAVPAC DM-4 .02 snd
MIL-HDBK-419, Grounding. BondinR. snd Shieldiru? fOr Electronic EaUiDMentS snd
Facilities) .

3.2 GrouDed Devices. Switchboards, power distribution psnelboards, and

branch-circuit panelboards are included snd shall be provided spare capacity
for normal load growth.

3.2.1 ~. Place switchboards as close as possible to the center

of the load to be served. Select utility areas end avoid locations near
heat-dissipating equipment.

3.2.1.1 Clearances. Follow the procedure outlined for indoor unit

subs tations in NAVFAC DM-4. 02 and NFPA-70.

3.2.1.2 Spare Capacity. Provide 25-percent additional spare smpty

compartments for future circuit-interrupting devices , only where the nature of
the project indicates the necessity, and 25-percent spare bus capacity.

I
,“)
I 14
 MIL-mBK-loo4/3

3.2.2 @ we~~ist~i~~tion
Pa?alMM@SIngeneral,
panelboards
serving
I (. three-phase
motorsandpowereqwipment
~hall
beofthecircuit
breaker
type.
3.2.2.1.
&tOUIL~. Usewall-mounted
panelboards
wherepossible;
otherwise,
adopt
a freestanding
type.
3.2.2.2~ocati
on.Placethepower
anddi~tr$bution
panelboard
asnearas
possible
tothecenteroftheload,

15

—
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

It+fmtaw SERVICE —GT?UIJ4D1NG ELECTRODE

CONWCTOR - A SINGLE
CT IS NOT FiCCCPTRBLE
AT THIS LDCATION
I ,, II 1
h B c N
(b . OPahw]w 6WS
.J

_NEUTAAL
DIsCCVWECTINO
L1tu
J

{; {; ‘— LOCATION OPTIONAL
fIT EITHER PDINT
ONE CT FOR EACH
PHRSE RNO NEUTRfIL
IRESIOUAL 5ENSINCI MAIN SERVICE
OR 52 0121~ECTINC
S1 NCLE CT RROUNO
ALL 3-PHFISES ANO
NEUTRFIL
( ZERO SEOUENCE --——_ _____ ____ _-
\
SENSING) \ .’: ‘A
--- —-- —.- ____ ____ __/

NSUTRAL BUS
lb

? I ? 1

TO SU1LOIN6 LOAOS

Figure 1
LowVoltage Ground-Fault prCItection
)

16
 I mL-HDBK-loo4/3

( 3.2.2.3
maxfmum
L.bLW&m.Inestablishing
height
panelboard,
of theupper
themaximum
breaker,
capacity
design
themaximum
ofthelugs,
limitations,
number
consider
ofbreakers
andthemaximum
the
inone
capacity ofthe
mains. Hormally, panelboards with more than two lugsperphase shall notbe
used.Where morethan 1,200-ampere mains areused, switchboardconstruction
shallbeprovided.
3.2.2.4 spare CaDacity. A spare buscapacity of25-percent shall be
provided,20-percent spare circuit breakers, andS-percent spare emptyspaces
asaminimum.
3.2.3 #ran”h~ircait p-boa- ● Branch protectivedevices in
. panelboardsshall becircuit bre~ero unless fuses arerequired because of
availablefault currents orlimitations oncritical loadoutage times.
Considerthedifficulty ofstocking fuses atremote installations.
3.2.3.1 Location Panelboards shall be located asnear aspossible tothe
I centeroftheload:Forpanelboards
ofaccessibility whenlarge-scale
serving
economy
onetype
of branch
ofload,
circuits
sacrifice
ispossible.
ease
However,donotprovide aninstallation which would necessitatea
recormaisancemission tolocate thepanelboard.
3.2.3.2 E!inGircui~ ,. Maim
Bre~er circuit breakersshall beused for
isolationp&roesandforshort-circuit protection (referto lQFPA-70). Main
I circuitbreakers must beILlisted asswitable forservice-entrance use.
( 9.2.3.3 kh&WiQW= Limitations shall bethesame asthose forpower
distributionpanelboards.
~ g.z.~.~ WUQWUUYO Xhespare capacity shall bethesame asthat for
powerdistribution panelboards.
3’.3 ~. Busways shall beused tocarry largecurrent loadsthrough
minimumphysical epace andforsystem flexibility (refertoMEMA BU-lS
I ~us~av~,andUL@57, ~C EU Swws )*

3.3.1 -. Theratings ofbwaways shall beused onmaxlmum current

undernormal ardcontingency conditions.
3.3.2 &J&Y.Deteminem ~ima~etrical short-circuit current available
attheconnecti~ point ofthe busduct.SRec2fy bracingtowithstand
mechanical.
stresses produced bywtmh current.
3.3.3 Volteme Drm. Voltage drops shaUnotexceed thelimits imposedby
MPPA-70
.

3.3.4.1
Fee way.Feeder
derBus busways
shall
beuaecl
tosupply
heavy
loads
topanelboards,
withminimum
losses
andVolt@$e Specify
drops. low-impedance
buswaya.
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

3.3.4.2 High-ImDedance Buswav. High-impedance busways can be used to reduce

short-circuit duty of switchboard equipment connected at the busway load end,
but such use is not recommended because of energy losses; current-limiting
)
fuses or circuit breakers with higher interrupting duties shall be used
instead.

3.3.4.3 Plux-In Busway. Plug-in busways shall be used for multiple tapping
and for system flexibility.

3.3.4.4 Hij?h-Freauency Busway. High-frequency busways shall be used where

the system frequency is 180 Hz and above.

3.3.4.5 Trolley Duct. Trolley ducts shall be used for supply of overhead
cranes, hoists, and moving loads in general and for industrial lighting.

3.4 ~.
S ste System corrective equipment includes
voltage regulators and capacitors. This equipment shall comply with the
criteria in paras. 3.4.1 and 3.4.20,

3.4.1 VOltaCe~. Voltsge regulators shall be used to maintain a

constant load voltage from the available source or a constsnt utilization
voltage with a variable load on a weak source of supply (refer to ANSI C57
Series, Transformers) . The regulator kVA can be calculated by multiplying the
line current by the rsted range of regulation in kilovolts or by multiplying
the line current times the line kilovolts times the per unit regulation
(percent regulation in decimsl equivalent). When using .Ingle-phase
regulators to serve three-phese loads, provide regulators connected in a
grounded wye, ungrounded delta , or ungrounded open-delta configuration.

3.4.2 Power Factor. Capacitors shall be used to correct the 10V power
factor in accordance with DOD 4270. l-M, Cons truction Criteria Manual. An
overall load power factor of not less than 90 percent shall be achieved. When
power factor correction capacitors have been installed and the calculated
power factor exceeds 95 percent, switched capacitor banks shall be used to
prevent overvoltage during off-pesk hours. Capacitors on inductive loads
shall be provided as near to the loads as is practical. Capacitor for large
inductive loads shall be switches that are simultaneous with the load.
Install capacitors close to the loads to reduce reactive current through
feeders, improve voltage regulation , and reduce losses (refer to Standar4
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty,
subsection entitled Power Capacitors and subsection entitled Application
.- of
Capacitor) .

3.5 Current-Convertin~ EauiDment. If rectifiers are to be used,

determine the rectifier duty and select from the types described in
paras. 3.5.1 through 3.5.4.

3.5.1 ~ d Rectifiers. Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRS)

or thyristors, shall be used where high efficiency and accurate voltage :ontrol
are required. This type is suitable for practically all load r.sngea.

)
18

I
 d

IZKL-EDBK-1OO4J3

( 3.5.2 Grid
control
-Co~ercw=-A@
Isrequired,
grid-controlled
llect~ . Where
rectifiers
shall
accurate
beused that
voltage
arecapable
ofcarryingmediumtoheavy loads.
3.5.3’ l!leta~ . Metallic
$ecti&i&r& rectifiers
@hallbeusedforsmall
loads,batterycharging,
andsimilarpurposes.
3.5.4 ~otat~ Ea~. Eotating
equipment
it!theleasteffic$emt
I methodofrectifying.!fheuseoflargeflywheels
onrotatingequipment
to
I
supplygreateramoumta
ofenergy forthortpertoda
oftime isnotpermitted.
I 3.6 ~ete-. Allbuilding service-entrance
equipment,
auChasmain
distribution ormaim
switchboards diatr~bution
panelboards,
shall
beequipped
1“ witha voltmeter,
ammeter,&Wmeter~kVAEorpowerfactor
meter,andWh meter
withpetlk
demandregisterandpulsegenerator
forfutureconnection
toenergy
monitoring
andcontrolsystems.

,—, -— .
 MIL-RDBK-loo4/3

Sect ion 4: RELAYING

4.1 ~. The purpose of relaying is to remove faulted circuits

from a system as quickly as possible by operating circuit breakers.
Considerations as to appropriate operation must tske into account system
stability, possible apparatus damage, continuity of supply to other portions
of the system, and rapid reestablishment of service. Time for relay operation
would ideally be instantaneous; however , since coordination with other
protective zones is required, such selectivity requires some sacrifice of
speed. Protective relaying schemes shall be aa simple as is compatible with
satisfactory operation of equipment. Unless otherwise indicated, protective
relaying is to be provided only for high- or medium-voltage systems. For
further details, consult Westinghouse, ADD1 ied Protective Relaving; The Art
~. , C. Russell Mason; and IEEE 242.

Requirements for relaying systems shall be as described in paras. 4.2

through 4.9.

4.2 Fa ult Studv. The extent of short-circuit computations will depend

upon the complexity of the system. Radial distribution from a single power
source usually requires coordination based on maximum short-circuit duties
which will be approximately that of the supplying substation bus. A more
Complsx system, such as one with two or more sourcee of power and
interconnecting lines, may require a computer study. Among the data produced
shall be phase end ground-fault currents for both source and end-of-line
faults under all operating conditions. A Prosrsm known as CAPSE ia available
from the utilities brsnch of each NAVFACENGCOM division. This progrsm can be
used for determining faulta under steady-state load flows. A suitable
)
substitute may be found smong commercially available software and
documentation.

4.3 Fault Detection. Relaying systems shall be able to detect faults in

circuits or apparatus under all normal operating arrangements and for all
types of faults. Complete protection may not always be possible because of
coordination or selectivity requirements. Also, complete selectivity or
coordination may not be possible either. The optimum protective device system
is based on both protection and coordination requirements. An example is the
coordination of circuit breakers and fuses. In some cases, the inherent
reliability of the equipment does not justify the costs of extra protection.

4.4 Selectivity. In the design of a selective protective relaying

system, the conditions in paras. 4.4.1 through 4.4.3 must be met.

4.4.1 ~. Only the faulted circuit or

apparatus shall be disconnected, with a minimum disruption of the system.

4.4.2 Remote BaCkUD. Line relays shall be coordinated with relays of

adjoining zones, which are set to clear a fault in the next zone, only if the
primary relays at the next substation have failed to clear the fault. Msny
relaying installations have an inherent backup feature and do not require
separate backup protection, for example, time overcurrent and certain forms of
differential relaying. In gome situations, such as pilot-wire relaying, local
backup relays may be required.
)

20

L.. –
 mL-HDBK-loo4/
3

4.4*3 ~. Relaya
mustdistinguish
between
faults
andnormal
( loadconditions
transformer
(forexamplet
inrush).
cold
Thenormal
load
load
pickup,
motor-starting
condition
mayexceed
current,
and
thecontinuous
load
ofthecircuit,
butthisiaanticipated.
Theprotective
relaying
canbe
coordinated
topreventnuisance
trippi~.
4.5 ~* Current
transformers
shallprovide
overlapping
ofprotective
zones
ateach circuit
breaker.
4.6 ~oorcl~tion~~llwtmtY co- . Wherever
therelaying
system
involves
a utility
companynetwork,
theprotective
relayi~scheme
shallbe
coordinated
withtheutility
company.
4.7 ~. Adwtab~lfty ofthere~aYiu
scheme tofuture expansion ofthesystem mustbeprovided. Relaya shall beof
the“drawout” type, with therelay mechanismina cradle foreasy removal.
Shorting bars must beprovided toshort anycurrent transformercircuits when
thecradle iaremoved. Induction disc relayearegenerally preferred. During
a fault, the reset action ofaminduction discrelay followsthethermal reset
action oftheload (for example, conductors,transformers,andmotors) and
i provides incremental operation oftherelay until trippingoccurs. When
relays arespecified, aninvestigation shallbemade todetermine that the
relay type being specified isnotscheduled forobsolescence. Solid-state
relays maybeconsidered duetotheindustry trend towardsmanufacture of
solid-state re~ays. However, caut$on 8hallbeexercised asuseof
fast-resetting solid-etate relays will notprovide reliablecircuit protection.
4.8 ~. Batteriea~~~~be~sed for
closing and.tripp$ng circuit breakers. Standardizeon125Vdcdirect current
formostcentral station installations. Uae48Vdcdirect current only where
necessary. Batteries areinherently reliabledevices, andjustification is
necessary ifmoretham onebattery system isprovided atanylocation.
Remoteness ofamarea isnotconsidered just~ficationforinstalling a backup
battery system; atremote Iocationar failureusualxy resultsfrom inadequate
maintenance. Most uninterruptible power ayatemsoperateononly onebattery
system. Closing shall bebya stored energymechanism. For extremely small
installationswhere battery cost isnotjustified, alternating current maybe
used forcloaimg andtripping. Ifadequate current isalways available during
fault conditions, current transformers ora protected cfrcuitprov$de a
reliable source. Capacitor tripping mayalso beuttlized. Relay contacts
shall notbreak theshunt-trip cwremt; breakingshall bedone byauxiliary
switches. Provide a redpilot indicating lighttosupervise theshunt-trip
circuit. Usehad-reset lockout relays formultiple trippingarr~ements.
4.9 ~t ‘h~. Burdensandaccuracy classes shall be
adequate for themetering andrelay devicessupplied. Xxcessivesecondary
lead length shall beavoided. Ratio errormayhaveaneffect ondifferential
relayiq.
4.9.1 (JJ * Theuseofmultiratio currenttransformersis
encouraged.

21
!

h.
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

4.9.2 Potential
~1 . Resistive-type PTs are generally used
for single-function burdens of less than 36 VA. For multiDle-burden )
aPPlicatf Ons and burdens above 36 VA, uee capacitive coupling-type PTs.

4.10 Device Numbers and Functions

4.10.1 -. The devices used in switching equipment are referred to by

numbers, with appropriate suffix lettera when necessary, according to the
functions they perform. Use numbers for devices based on the system adopted
as standard for switchgear by IEEE. A list of standard device function
numbers is provided in Appendix B. For detailed descriptions, refer to
IEEE C37 .2, Standard Electrical Power Svstem Device Function Numbers. This
system is used in switchgear connection diagrsms, in relay instruction books,
and in specifications.

4.10.2 Commonly Used Relav Device Numbers. Commonly used relays are
described in Table 5 along with their general applications.

22
 ?YIL-3DBK-1004/3

Table5
Comixmly
UsedRelays

G~
levice Function Load
PhaseGrown&Bu8 Trams-Generu-
Ho. ;faultfault fomer toror ahed-
motor
21 Distance .......... x x ‘
25 ~Synchronizing or
sync
Check ....... x
27 UnderVoltage.. .... x
32 Directional power. x
49 ,Machine ortrana-
~ formerthermal
relay
............ x x
50 Instantaneous
.... x
overcurrent.. x x x x
5’1 ACtime over-
.......... x x
current x x x
63 Liquid orgas
pressure,level i
orflow.......... x
67 ACdirectional
overcurrent,
..... x x
81 IFrequency......... x x
85 Carrier orpilot
wirereceiver.... x x
87 DXerential.. .... x x x x x
4.11 ibuti~ Distribution
● Mneshave
voltages
of
IWandbelow.
34.5 They
aregenerally
runforrelatively
short
distances,
3 to10miles(Sto 15 km)atNaval facilities.
4.11.1Overcu~tRelas@lg . Useovercurrent relaysofthenondirectional
type(51/50,
51N/50N)forradial circuits wherepowercanflow inonly one
direction
(the suffixletterWM~*daotes deviceconnectedinneutralline(see
Figure
2).
4.11.1.1esofRelavQ * Instantaneous (50,50H) andti.me-overcurrent
(51,
51N)relays
withvarious timecharacteristicsareavailable. Ti.me-overcurr=t
relays
shallalwaysbespecified with theinstantaneousattachment~
whether
usedornot,toprovide forfuture load orsystem _eS. Thetypes of
relays
tobeused areasfallowa:
a.)Instantaneousovercurrent(50,50M)relays~ usingphZILger-tYPe
relays,
shallbeused only inconjunction withtime-overcurrent
relaying.
relays
Instantaneous must beadjusted so theywtll notoperateonfaultsinan
adjoining
protectivezone.

23
 MIL-BDBK-loo4/3

b) Inverse time (51, 51h’)relays have a relatively flat

time-current characteristic. They are more difficult to coordinate with other )
relays than are the very-inverse type. The universe time relays shall
generally be limited to locstions where there are no coordination requirements
with other relays. They are mainly used for motor protection.

c) Very-inverse time (51, 5117) relays give a shorter tripping time

thsn the inverse time relsys. For low-level faults, however, the tripping is
longer. The very-inverse time characteristic is generally used more than any
other to relay distribution and subtrsnsmission lines.

d) Extremely inverse time (51, 51N) relays shall be used only in

special circumstances, such as where close coordination with the much steeper
time-current characteristics of the medium-voltage fuses is required or where
energizing a circuit may cause a heavy inrush current.

4.11.1.2 M~ . In general, mixing relays of different

time characteristics shall be avoided because selectivity is thereby
impaired. To ensure proper selectivity, the time interval (coordinating time)
between the oDeration of an overcurrent relav and the next relav UD the line
shall be approximately 0.2 to 0.3 seconds. &is margin is dete-mi;ed at the
value of current sensed by each device for a single fault.

4.11.1.3 Settin.ss. Relay settings shall be based on a relay coordination

study .

4.11.1.4 Usual Connections. Overcurrent phase relaying shall always include

relaying of ground-fault current by interposing a neutral relay in the )
residual connection of current transformers in addition to the phase relays,
aS shown in Figure 2.

4.11.2 Directional Overcurrent Relaving. Use overcurrent relays of the

directional type (67, 67N) for loop feeders where power normally flows in
either direction and where power can flow back from other power sources such
as large synchronous motors. Consider provision of s current polarizing
option if the available voltage source ia unreliable as a polarizing source.

)
24
 mL-HDBK-loo4/3

w-
1-

1
I I

CT
1-

Figure
2
Nondirectional
Overcurr=t
Relay-

25
 MIL-HDBK-1OO’V3

4.11.2.1 ~, Directional relays have three principal

components: a directional unit, an induction disk overcurrent unit, and an )
instantaneous unit. The latter shall be of the CUP or cylinder type because a
better line coverage ia provided for instantaneous tripping. As long as the
directional unit contacts are open, the overcurrent units can develop no
torque. The directional unit contacts must close in the tripping direction
before either the instmtaneous overcurrent units or the time-delay
overcurrent units can operate (see Figure 3).

4.11.2.2 Directional VoltaS... The directional unit contacts are correctly

operated by voltage taken from double secondary bus potential transformers, as
shown in Figure 3. Delta polarization voltage for the phase relays comes from
the 66-volt tap of wye-connected secondaries. If only one secondary winding
is available, three auxiliary transformers shall be connected wye-broken delta
for zero sequence potential.

4.12 ~. Protection considerations are

dependent upon whether the transformer supplies utilization or distribution
voltages.

4.12.1 U~B . Most transformers will be of the

secondary-unit substation type and usually 1,000 kVA or less in size. These
will normally be protected with fuses. However; where primary circuit
breakers (medium voltage) sre warranted, then the requirements for
distribution voltage transformers shall apply.

4.12.2 D~ . The necessary circuit switching

and protection for transformers with high- or medium-voltage primaries and )
medium-voltage secondaries can be accomplished either by a circuit breaker or
by a switch and fuse combination. The switch and fuse combination is the most
economical, but fuse current capabilities may be less than those for the more
expensive circuit breaker. Therefore, in those cases where the continuous
current rating necessary is greater than that available for fuses or where the
interrupting duty required is more than that advised for power fuses in
Table 2, the circuit breakers must be provided. Even when fuse protection is
adequate, the use of circuit breakers shall be considered for primary
protection of transformers of 5,000 and 7,500 kVA capacity. Circuit breakers
are required for transformers of 10,OOO kVA and larger in size. Circuit
breakers may also be necessary where there are such requirements as the need
for automatic switching or for installation in a network system. Judge each
installation on its own and take into consideration local practice, importance
of the load, and balancing costs againat the added reliability of the system.
When using circuit breakers for remote or automatic switching, provide a local
lockout switch.

4.12.3 Protec
~ nternal aults . Protection can be
accomplished by use of one or more of the following methods described in
paras. 4.12.3.1 through 4.12.3.5.

4.12,3.1 &!s.ea. Power fuses on the primary side.

26
 .

MIL-HDBK-1004/3

1’ T 7

L
LJ-bkr”
Pl PT m

I
Ill

l[J—

CT
3--

Figure
3
OvercurrentRelaying
Directional

27
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

4.12.3.2 TemDera ture. Winding-top oil-temperature (49) relays are used

either to sound an alarm in attended stations or to disconnect the primary and
secondary circuit breaker (or where there is no primary circuit breaker to
disconnect the secondary circuit breaker) in unattended stations. These
devices shall not be provided for transformers of 2,500 kVA and smaller
transformers protected by power fuses, unless forced-air cooling is provided.
For larger transformers without forced-air cooling, use shall be justified by
other protective devices available and operating conditions, such as loading
and smbient temperature.

4.12.3.3 Pressure. Fault- (sudden) pressure (63) relays for hermetically

sealed transformers are used to provide either sn alarm or tripping device as
described in para. 4.4.3.2. TheY shall be provided for transformers of 10,000
kVA snd larger snd where justification may be provided for trs.nsformers of
5,000 and 7,500 kVA capacity. An advantage in providing sensitive
fault-pressure relays is that other relaying, such as differential protection,
need not be nearly as sensitive and that undesired tripping on
magnetizing-circuit inrush is minimized. False tripping is sometimes a
problsm with these relays, so facilities which cannot afford to be shut down
and are unattended shall have remote alarms at an attended point. The
Buchholz type of gas accumulator fault detection consists of two float devices
to trap evolved gas. One float chsmber collects gas bubbles given off
gradually and sounds an alarm; the other operates by a rush of oil through
piping which closes the contacts and disconnects the transformer. This
device, used primarily in Europe, has been used little in the United States
because of claims that this device is for the sole protection of
transformers. The diaphragm and float device contains a float chsmber to
sound sn alarm on the accumulation of gases. The device has had moderate
application in the United States and C-ada. However, adequate detection use
was made in Csnada by four major transformer users, and thus dsmage was
prevented beyond the incipient stage, Objections to this relay have been the
special construction requirsmenta , maintenance, snd the expense of untanking
and inspecting after a relay indication. (These have not proven to be true.)
Sometimes, a chemical analysis is made snd accumulated gas is tested for
combustibility. Also, considerable weight is given to the length of time
between alarms. The United States is believed to have undereat lmated the use
of gas accumulation relays. These relays are not limited to conservation-type
transformers, but it is hoped that this principle will be applied to other
types of transformers.

4.12.3.4 Differential Protection. Differential protection requires that each

transformer winding be provided with a circuit breaker, and the operation
trips all circuit breakers. In general, it shall be provided for transformers
of 5,OOO kVA and larger.

4.12.3.5 Instrumentation. Minimum instrumentation for transformers dependent

on voltage level end size is given in Table 6.

4.12.4 ~~ . Differential relaying shall

be provided where it is warranted by transformer size or for other reasons.

,)
28
I
mI#-mmK-loo4/3

Table
6
Minimum
Instrumentation
forTransformers

‘(

1 Fortransformers
2,000kVAandabove,
provide asshown
instrumentation for
medium-voltage
secondaries.
2 Relays
apply
onlywhenc$rcuit
breakers
areprovided.
3 l’twmbers
inparentheses
areAXWII
device
numbers.
4 Refer
topara. Reclosers
2.2.2, andSectionalizes,
ofthis
handbook.

29
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

4.12.4.1 Harmonic-Restraint Relavs. High-speed harmonic-restraint

differential (87) relays provide the best protection possible, but they are
complicated devices and require frequent maintenance and testing.
:)
4.12.4.2 ~. Very-inverse time-overcurrent (51) relays
can also provide differential protection, as shown in Figure 4, and csn
provide sdequate protection for most locstions. For overcurrent relays,
approximate settings shall be with the overcurrent element set to about
40 percent of rated current , with a time dial set at 0.5 to 1.0 and
instantaneous trip set at 2-1/2 to 3 times rated current. Installation checks
must be made to ensure nonoperation on inrush. This is done by energizing
with the secondary open for about 10 times in succession, visually observing
relay action, and readjusting the settings when necessary. However, plain
overcurrent relays sre very poor differential relays, and it takes much
engineering time to determine s setting which will not operate for through
faults.

4.12.5 Additional Requirements for Differential Relaying

4.12.5.1 Grounding. Differential relaying circuits shall be grounded at one

point only.

4.12.5.2 Parallel Transformers. Where a differentially protected transformer

is operated in parallel with other transfomners, differential relaying shall
be provided for all transformers.

4.12.5.3 Three-Winding Transformers. Apply the same rules as for two-winding

transformers.

4.12.5.4 Transformers with Load Tap ChanEin~ Features. Additional

requirements apply as follows:

a) Differential relay operation shall cover the maximum range of

taps .

b) Current transformer ratios shall be chosen for the maximum

emergency current rating of the transformer; that is, the lowest voltage tap
when carrying NEMA overload voltage.

4.12.5.5 Current Transformers. Current transformers used in differential

protection schemes shall not be used for any other purpose than for
differential relaying. Special care shall be exercised in the determination
of the correct current transformer connection to prevent unbalanced currents
from flowing in the differential relaying circuits.
I
a) Characteristic s. Phase error, ratio error, and saturation

1 characteristics of current transformers for differential relaying shall be

matched as far as practicable.

b) Corrective Autotransformer and Relav TaPs. When adequate

balance cannot be obtained with standard current transformers, correcting
autotransformers and relay taps is necessary even though such a systsm reduces
the sensitivity of the achame.

I 30

I
 MIL-EDBK-loo4/3

I (

,,
.
CT
llt-

—
—“k L%
.
52
[

‘1, CURREMT
BRMNCINC
TRANSFORMERS

[
s? I I

C“r

WTG01N6
sEcumAlw

Figure
4
Transformer
Time-Overcurrent
Differential
Relaylng

31
 MIL-EDBK-loo4/3

I c) Gw rent Transformer Ratios. Current transformer ratios shall be

based on the kVA rating of the largest winding and on the voltage rating of )
each winding.

d) ~S. Current transformers for

delta-connected transformer windings shall be wye connected. Current
transformers for wye-connected transformer windings shall be delta connected.

4.12.6 ~.
B All transformers shall meet the
installation requirements of NFPA-70, and in addition, oil-immersed units
shall be separated from buildings and provided with fire exposure protection
as covered in MIL-EDBK-1OO8, Fire Protection for Facilities EnRineerinfi
~. Transformers provided with forced-air cooling shall
have necessary interlocks and alarm contacts so that all transformer
auxiliaries (fsns, PUMPS, and similsr items) start and shut down correctly and
send a trouble signal to a designated location.

4.13 ~ of AC Ma-. Relay protection of rotating machines,

such as motors or generators, is generally provided only for medium-voltage
units (refer to Criteria Msnuala on Mechanical Engineering).

4.13.1 Generators. The minimum instrumentation provided for generators

shall not be less than that indicated in Table 7. Where load shedding is
required, frequency (81) relays shall be provided with on-off selector
switches to permit choice of feeders dropped, which is dependent upon
operating conditions. The relays operate on drop of system speed, which
follows loss of generation, to save the system from collapse. This is not the
ssme as load dropping, which is done to limit loads. Undervoltage (27) )
relays, which might be appropriate for load dropping, cannot be used for load
shedding because generator regulators will hold the voltage up.

4.13.2 Motors
— . Protection of medium-voltage motors will depend upon the
use, size, and type of motor and whether the motor is in an attended or
unattended location. The manufacturers’ recommendations shall alao be taken
into account. Standard relaying is available, and the value of additional
protection must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

4.14 Protection of SwitchRear. Protection of switchgear and open

substation busing shall use an opposed-voltage differential or a circulating
current differential system, but only when the system servea loada large
enough to be considered of sufficient importance to justify this extra
protection. IEEE surveys indicate a very low failure rate for bus, with
inadequate maintenance providing the greatest contribution to failures. There
is also a danger that more problems will result from false tripping of relays
than from bus failures, especially if the relays are inadequately maintained.
Because of system cost and complexities, differential relaying shall be used
only to protect extremely important buses where the short–circuit duty is
excessive.

4.14.1 General Considerations in Bus Differential Relaving. Current

transformers used in differential protection schemes shall not be used for any
other purpose.

32
 MIL-EDBK-loo4/3

Table7
I Minimum
Instrumentation
forMedlum4Joltage
Generators

II
Device backup
51V,
Devices
Iw.sys
owrcurrent relay,
voltage
Cenerator Size

up
(WA)
upto 501to 12,500
500212*
500and

restraint,
orvvltaga-controlled
type
IWtice
SIG,
backupground
tima-overcurrent
relay
I,Jxm7icc32, revereepowerrelay,
antimotoring protect9.on
‘bevtce
40,reverseVU relay, lose offield
protection
Ihmice87 instantaneousovercu.rrent
relay$
providing
self-ba~rme-type
differentialprotection
Device$7,differential
relays, ftiedorveriabl.e-
percentage type,
either standardspeed
orWgh
Spead,
orthe
eel.f-balence+ype
Whenever
applicable
Device40,txspedance
relay,
affset-mho
typeforleas
offield protection,
single-element
type
I
Device46,neative- ham-sequence
87, Mf!
,Device
percentqe
ferent
type
alrelaya,
overcurrent
hi@-speed
relay
var$abler
Dewice$7G, Grouoddifferential
relay,
directional
producttype
Device40,impedancerelay,
offset-mho
typefoxloss
of fieldprotection%
Cw-elsment
typeIsrecommended
Device49,temperaturerelay
comu.itor
stator
winding
Device64F,generatorfield
sround
relay,
applicable
onlyonmachinee hmln&field slip
supply r%~s
I
Device6(I,voltagebelawe
IM anmetervltb
nwltcb
relay
lfeceriag
1
DCammeter
(field) 1
ACVolmaetar
with stitch. 1
DCvoltmeter
(field) 1
Frequency~ter 1
Wtaeeter 1
Vaneeter 1
Watt-bOur
meter 1
Power
factor
meter 1
14

Addltionel
protection
that
shall
beconsidered
for
multiple
machines
onaa
isolatedsyetaa.
Porgenerators havingexcitation syatema
thatdonot havetheabilftyto
awtain tbeshoti-circuit current,
eventb basic minimumrecommendations
W1.11
notapply. Theserucbimes willtypically
besingle isolated
units
havinsvery small kVAratinas.
h thilarger mectinerati~s, madespecially
thoee operations
inparallel
witha ut%lity companysupply, thisaddittouel
relay isrecommended.
A synchroscopepaneliarequired whenever
theSeneratortillbe~nually
synchronizedtoanother source. Also,
● symchroscopestitch
mustbeprovided
foraach generator.

33
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

4.14.1.1 Ratios and lWDes. All current trsnsformera for bus differential
relaying shall be of the scme ratio range and type. Multi ratio current
)
transfo%ers must be operated on their full windings. Tap connections cannot
be used.

4.14.1.2 ~g . Buses shall be sectionalized to prevent dropping all

load upon a bus failure. At least two sections shall be provided. Sections
normally have about four to six feeders supplied from one differential zone.
Bus tie breakers are used for sectionalizing, with protective zones at the
current transformers provided on each side of the breaker, so overlapping of
bus differential zones can be established.

4.14.1.3 Installation. Bus differential current transformers shall be

installed on the line side of all circuit breakers, except those for the bus
tie.

4.14. 1.4 Maintenance. Special arrangement shall be made for frequent

maintenance and testing of the installation with the bus in service. The risk
of accidental tripping increases in direct proportion to poor maintenance;
where accidental tripping happens often, operating personnel usually disconnect
or reset relays so that the bus differential system has been essentially
eliminated.

4.14.2 Forms of Bus Differential Relaving.

4.14.2.1 ClrculatlnE-Current Differential SYstem UsinK a High-Imuedance Relav.

The circulating-current differential system using a high-impedance relay shown )
in Figure S is the type of relay used is a high-impedance relay designed to
provide instantaneous bus differential protection. This relay consists of an
instantaneous overvoltage cylinder unit, a voltage-limiting suppressor, an
adjustable tuned circuit, and an instantaneous current unit. Considerable care
is needed in investigating the current transformers and circuits in order to
determine the correct settings of the trip elements. Properly applied, these
relays are largely immune from the effects of current transformer saturation.

4.14.2.2 Circulating-Current Differential Svstem UsinE Time-Overcurrent

~. The application of the circulating-current differential system using
time-overcurrent relays is limited to substations where both short-circuit
currents and X/R ratio are low. This system does not provide high-speed
relaying; however, it can be used economically by avoiding saturation in the
current transformers. The circuitry is the scme as shown in Figure 5, except a
time-overcurrent relay is substituted for the voltage relay.

34
 MIL-EDBK-1004/3

4.14.2.3Chosed-Voltafie ,, Swstq Theopposed-voltage

ll~eremtial
differential
system requires
theuseofair-c~re current
transformer called
“Linear
Couplers(LC).!’TheseLCSaremutual reactors
woundonnonmagnetic
toroidal
coreswhich produce
a small
voltage andareusedinsteadoftheusual
curremt
transformers. Allsecondary
windingsshall
beconnectedinseriesso
that,whennofault isonthebus,,theresultantvoltKge
will bezero.Xb.e
riskofoperationduetomtuation ofcurrent transformer
coreswIIZ be
ellmhatedby thisscheme(seeFigure6).LCSamdLCrelays offera simple
andreliable
form ofbusprotection. LCQareBormallyusedamlyforowtdoor
open-bus
differentialprotection
becamae oftheirsize.Itfanot
economically
feasible touseLGswith iuwitchgear,
andtheyarenotwidely
sunwfactwr
ed.
I

t
I

35

!% —
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

Figure 5
Circulating-Current Differential Relaying

36
 i
I

MIL-131)BK-1004/3

1’
(

* !. w
PROTECTED
Bus

\
S2
I 52
1, 52
-

z J- %r
‘r RELAYIW
SYSTEM
w? tx4E
?HRsESHaw.
SIMILARFOR
OT14ZR
PHASES

ToLom
u TO LOW TOLOM

Figure6
Opposed-Voltage
Differential
Relaying

37
 MIL-HDBK-1OO4I3

4.14.3 Ground Detectors Ouerating an Alarm. Ground detectors that trigger )

an alarm shall be provided on ungrounded delta systems. Wye systems are
protected by the use of ground relays.

4.14.4 Unacceptable Svatems. Some forms of switchgear protection are

considered to be too complicated for use in new installations. Where
extensiona or modifications to existing systsms occur, the following
protective systems shall be carefully evaluated before incorporating them into
the changes:

a) Circulating-current percentage differential system,

b) Frame leakage ground-fault relaying, and
c) Directional comparison systsm of bus protection.

4.14.5 Cascading. Cascading is not recommended and shall be applied only

as a temporary measure when all other efforts to limit fault currents have
been exhausted. Cascading shall be used only when approved by NAVFACENGCOM
Headquarters and under the following conditions:

4.14.5.1 ~. Cascading of circuit breakers is allowable

only for existing installations where breakers are no longer able to interrupt
the increased short-circuit currents or where it is permissible to interrupt
service to a number of loads when a fsult occurs on but one of a group.

4.14.5.2 Ouerating Characteristics. The switchaear must be capable of

withstanding, both mechanically and thermally, the largest available fault
currents. Each breaker’s operating characteristics must be so coordinated
that no breaker will open against a fault in sxcess of its rating.

4.15 Relsvirus of Subtransmission Lines. Relaying of srrbtrsnsmission

lines will generally be the same as for distribution lines, except for the
need for directional control.

4.15.1 -D es of Relavq.

4.15.1.1 Directional Relsvs. Very-inverse directional (67) relays must be

used where appreciable fault current can flow in either direction. Relays
with cylinder-type instantaneous attachment may provide instantaneous fsult
clearing for about 75 percent of the line length when maximum fault duty is
imposed on the bus. Nondirectional relays (51/50, 51N/50N) with instantaneous
attachments can be used where backfeed to the bus 1s less than 25 percent of
the minimum fault current at the fsr end of the protected line section.
Plunger-type instantaneous attachments can provide instantaneous tripping for
about 60 percent of the line. In either case, the reach (length of line
covered) of the instantaneous trip will be reduced if the short-circuit duty
at the bus is decreased by a reduction in generating capacity.

38

I
 HIL-HDBX-1004/3

4.15.1.2 M-wirel?- . Pilot-wire (85)relaya

shal~ beavoidedunless
there
isnosatisfactory alternative
(seeFigure7).These systemsarevery
expensive,
requiresomeformofbackup,aredifficulttomaintain, and
introduce
additionaloperational
problems. Themajormaintenanceproblemis
often
thepilot wireitself. Eventseacha~Xightning,
high winds~cable
failures,
aswell asincorrectInstallation,
cause
most ofcheproblems. Load
ismata criterionfor@electing
a pilot-wireprotection
system. Pilot-wire
areusedIntheabsence
relays ofothermeans tog,et
therequired high-speed
clear&mg
andselectivity;suchre~.aya
maybeneceaearyinthefollowing types
oflines:
a) Toreduce thenumberoftime atepainsome sectionsofa 100P
. circuit.
b) TOprotect underground
cables,because
thelowSmpedance of
short
cable rwnsdoes motprovide
discrtiination
infault currentlevels
between
sourceandload ends.Such dlscrlmbat%on
ianecemw’y tomake
time-overcurrent
relayseffective.However,overcurmrkt
relays(usually
directional
type)areneededaabackup forpilot-wire
relaya eventhoughtheir
performance
ielees thanthatdesired.
c) Toprotect shortsectionsof69kVor115kVaerial lineswhich
supply
naval facilities.Suchlines(5to10miles [8to16km]] areusually
owned
bythelocal utilitycompany,
whichprovides
thenecessary protection.

1 “( 4.15.2.1 . Pilot-wire
CMracteristicg
oftheopposed-voltage
systems
arebasically
orcirculatiu-current
dffferemt
type.Special
schemes
characteristics
areasfollows:
a) A relay
isprovided
ateach
endoftheline;
usually,
only
two
pilot
wires
areused.
b) Pilot
wires to the actual
arenotconnected
normally pilot-wire
relaya transformers
buttoinsulatlm.g that summate
thethree-phase
current.
c) Themaximline
length
protected
inthismanner@hall
not
exceed
20miles(32km);
backup
protection
isnecessary
Wherepilot-wire
protection
isused.
d) Careshall
beexercised
intheselection
ofpilot-wire
surge
Some
protection. pilot-wire
systems
maynotprovidereliable asa
performance
result
oftheprotective
measures
applied
tothecircaits
toprevent
damage
to
therelays
from
voltage
spikes
andsimilar
hazards.
4.15.2.2
~lte~teSYEM-* Thecostofproviding wires
pilot ishigh.
Modifications
ofthescheme
mayinclude
theuseofrented
telephone
company
lines,
actual
powerconductors current)$
(carrier orfiberoptics.

39
 KIL-EDBK-loo4/3

,“)
DIRECTIWAL SERVICE

II

CT CT

lww.RTING
TRANSFORMER

)
I
I I I
I
Ill
lNWIA1lNE

L
TRANSFORMER

&

CT

DIRECT 10NRL SERVICE

rlgure t
Pilot-Wire Relaying

)
40
 r4.xL-xDBK-loo4/3

(
,’
FAULT
CUREENX
ARPendix
CALCtKdEJXONS
A
BYTHESIMPLIFIED
GRAPHIC
METHOD
Section
1: SCOPE
U*1 ~. Zodetermine
theinterrupting
requirements
of
Iow-voltage
circuit
brcakera,
itisnecessarytoestabl$sh
thefault
current
available
atthepoint thecircuit
where breakeristobelocated.
A
short-circutt.
dhgram
(seeFigure
A-1)@hovsthefactors
considered
In
formulating
thefault
current.

I ,
\
TRANSFORMER

AVAILABLE
-i
FROM
PRIMESOURCE
v
\
b
‘r
SECONDARY
SWITCHBOARD
BUS

CIRCUIT
CONDUCTORS

FigureA-1
Short-Circuit
Diagram

AI*2 fr~ .Thisistheavailablefault

energy
whichcanbedelivered bytheprime
source
totheprimary side
ofthe
transformer.
Where anactualvalue
isnotavailable,
assumetheprime
source
tobeinfinite.
U.3 erkvA Rat@g Transformer
● kVAratingsandpercent
impedance
voltagehave aneffectontheavailable
fault energy.
I
A1.4 rvoltQ.Low-voltage distribution
systemof480Y/277
volts
or208Y1120
volts iagenerallyused.
A1,5 Motor Com@&&,@B. Motor contributions
dohave ameffect,
butfor
mostcases,
short-circuitcontributio-
from
anymotor areconsidered
tobe
offset
bytheimpedance ofcircuit
breakers,
feeder
connection,
andothersuch
contributions
which arerarelyincluded
incalculations
unless
themotorload
&agreater
than 2SpercentofthetotaXload.
I

41 ‘,
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

A1.6 Feeder Condu~, The conductor size will also determine the
short-circuit contribution at the fault point, depending upon its per-unit .)
reactance.

Al.? L%!2EZM. A simplified graphic method has been developed to determine

the fault currents available for common applications at various distances from
the transformers. It is sufficiently accurate for most conditions.
Figures A-2 through A-4 are based on stamdard transformer kVA ratings and
impedance values and on conductor sizes most commonly Used. TWO charts are
used: one to determine reaccance and one to determine fault current.

42
 MIL-EDBK-1004/3

section
2: HOWYOUSECHAXTS

Tousethecharts
shown
inFigures
A-2through
J&4,
perform
thefollowing
steps:
SWLL ~bt~intiefollowi~data:inparaa. throush
A2.1.1 M .1.3.
INAratin&,
a) Transformer percentimpedance,
andprimary
and
tsecond?my
voltages.
feederlengthandsize.
switchboard
b) Secondary
c) Circuit feeder
conductor len@handsize.
~teD NQ. COmpUte thetotal per-=it feeder reaCt~CefrOm the
transformer tothefeeder breaker
byaddingper-unit reactanceforitems in
steps l.bandc,which areobtainedfromthe reactamce determination
chart.
I
Per-unitreactance areobtainedbyentering thechart alongthebottom
I
scale. Thedistance ofthe applicablefeederismeasured infeet (meters).
Draw a verticallineupthechart tothepoint where itintersectsthe
applicable feedercurve;fromthispoint,draw a horizontallinetotheleft
toward thescale alo~theleft aide ofthechart. Thevalue obtainedfrom
theleft-hand verticalscaleistheper-umitreactance ofthefeeder.
~te~ - . Enter thefault currentdeterminationChartalong the
bottom scalewith thetotalper-unitfeeder
reactance fromthetransformer to
thefault point. Drawa vertical
line upthechart tothepoint where it
intersects theapplicabletransformer
curve;
from this point,drawa
horizontal linetotheleft towardthescalealong theleft sideofthechart.
iiwLEQu* Thevalue obtainedfrom theleft-hand verticalscale is
thefault current (inthousands
ofamperes)available atthefaultpoint.

I 43
 MIL-EDBK-loo4/ 3

-)

2s

20

1s

10

0
.001 .002 .005 .01
PER-uNIT
.02 .05 .1.2.5125
FEEDER REFICTRNCE
)
TRANSFORMER TO FAuLT
FAULT CURRENT OETERMINAT ION CHART 1
1 bJITHOLIT MOTOR CONTRI BUT ION

z
●4

● 1
●z/o
500A BUS GIJCT
+
v
u BOOA BUS DUCT
w
K
! ,350 BuS OUCT
+
2 .000A BuS DuC1

[O ISTANCE IN FEET [METERS I

REACTANCE OETERM1 NATION CHART

Figure A-2
Load Center Supplying 480Y1277 Volts
)

44
 MIL-5DBK-loo4/3

e
.

(n
LJ
a
g

I -..
.001.002 .W *Q1 ==.05.1.2.5 ”125
FEEDERReluctance
PER-UNIT
TIWNSFORMER10 FIWLT
F81ATCURRENT DETERMINAT1~CW?T1
1h41TkMlUT
MOTOR C(W!TRIWTION
-S00 KCH
-SOOR
MS LRJt3
=1.3sQR
BusOUCT
WM)oonWsmm

.3.61.S3 6 9530 300

IN FEET {METERS)
fOISTANCE
REACTANCE
OETERWNATIONCHART

A-3
Figure
LoadCenter
Supplying
208Y/120
Volts

45
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

50

40

30

Z
20

10

0
.001.002 ,005 .01 .02 .05 .1 .2 ,s 1 2 5
PER-UNIT FEEOER RERCTANCE
TRANSFORMER TO FAuLT
FAuLT CURRENT IJETERM I NAT 10N CHART 1
1 NI’fHOUT 140TOR CONTRIBLIT30N

500 KCM

. E 8008

1.350A

1.200A
BuS OUCT

BuS

BUS OUCT
OUCT

.3 .6 1.s 3 6 15 30 300
ID ISTANCE IN FEET (METERS I
REACTANCE OETERMINFITION CHflRT

Figure A-4
I 480-Volt Transformer Supplying 208Y/120 Volts
:)

46
I

I
I
—. - _
 PIIL-mBK”loo4/3

Appendix
B
ANSI
S’MXiDARD
DEVICE
FUNCTION
RUMBERS

Device Device
Number
RrnCtion MumberFunction
1 Masterelement 38 Bearing
protective device
2 Time-delaystartim8 or W Mechanical
condition monitor
closhg relay 40 Fieldrelay
3 Checkingorinter~ocking relay 41 Fieldcircuitbreaker
4 Mastercontactor 42 Runningcircuitbreaker
5 Stoppingdevice 43 Manualtransferorselector
6 Startingcircuit breaker device
7 Anodecircuit breaker 44 Unitsequencestarting relay
.
8 Controlpower disconnecting45 Atmospheric
condition monitor
dev%ce 46 Reserve-phase
orphase-
9 Reversingdevice bahnce currentrelay
10 Unitsequence witch 47 Fhase-sequence
voltage relay
11 Reversedforfuture appMcation 48 Incomplete
sequence relay
12 Overspeeddevice 49 ?Yachixze
ortransformer
13 Synchronous-speed device thermalrelay
14 Umderspeeddevice 50 Instantaneous
overcurrent
1s Speedorfrequency matchixw orrate-of-ricerelay
device 51 ACtime-overcurrentrelaY
16 Reservedforfuture application 52 ACcircuitbreaker
37 Shuntingordischarge switch 53 ExciterofDCgenerator relay
18 Accelerating ordecelerating54 Reservedforfuture
device application
19 Start@5-to-runnirU3 transition 55 Powerfactor relay
contactor S6 Fieldapplication relay
20, Electrically operatedvalve 57 Short-circuitixMor
21 Distancerelay groundingdev%ce
22 Equalizer circuit breaker 58 Rectificationfailurerelay
23 Temperature control device S9 Overvoltagerelay
24 Ileservedforfuture application60 Voltageor current balance
25 Synchronizing orsynchronism- relay
checkdevice 61 Reservedforfuture
26 Apparatus thermal device application
27 Ukdervoltage relay 62 Time-delaystopping or
28 Flamedetector openingrelay
29 Isolating contactor 63 pressureswitch
30 Annunciator relay 64 Croumddetector re~ay
31 Separateexcitation dev~ce 6s Governor
32 Directional power relay 66 Notchingorjogging device
33 Positionswitch 67 ACdirectional overcurrent
I 3’4 Mastersequence device relay
35 Bnsh-operating orslip-ring 68 Blockingrelay
1’ short-circuiting device 69 Pemmiss2ve
control device
36. Polarityorpolarizing 70 Rheostat
wolm~e device 71 LevelSwitch
37 Undercurrent ormderpower relay

I
47
 MIL-fiDBK-1004/3

Device Device
Number Function Number Function )
72 DC circuit breeker 85 Carrier or pilot-wire
receiver relay 86 Locking-out relay
73 Load-realator contactor 87 Differential protective relay
74 Alarm relay 88 Auxiliary motor or motor
75 Position chenging ❑bchsnimm 89 Line switch
generator 90 Regulating device
76 DC overcurrent relay 91 Voltage directional relay
77 Pulse transmitter 92 Voltage end power
78 phase-angle measuring or directional relay
out-of-step protective relay 93 Field-chenging contactor
79 AC reclosing relay 94 Tripping or trip-free relay
80 F1OW switch 95 Used only for specific
81 Frequency relay 96 functions in individual cases
.s2 DC reclosing relay 97 where none of the assigned
83 Automatic selective control or 98 numbered functions from 1
transfer relay 99 to 94 are suitable.
84 Operating mechanism

“’)

.)

48
I

.
‘L -
 .
mL-BDBK-loo4/3

Appendix
C
IIJTERKA!fIOllAL
SYSTEMOI’UHXTS
(S1)COHVBRSION
FACTORS

INTBRNATIOHAL APPROXIMATE
Sxl~ OH
@NVBRSI
Lmm5 foot(ft) meter(m) lft = 0.3048m
foot(ft) millimeter lft = 304.8 mm
Jmh(in) udllimeter(mm) lin = 25.4mm
squareyard(yd2) square meter(m2) 1yd2 = 0.836127m2
squarefoot(ftz) square meter(m2) 1 ftz = 0.092903mz
squareinch(in2) square 1 in2 = 645.16
millimeter(mm2) mmz
cubicyard(yd3)cubic mete.r(m3) 1 yd3 = 0.764555m3
Cwbicfoot(ftg)cubic meter(m3) 1 fta = 0.028317OP
cubicinch(ing)cubic 1 in~ = 16,387.1m3
millimeter(mm3)
CAPAC~ gallom(gal) liter(L) 1 gal = 3.78541L
fluidounce(fl02)milliliter lfloz= 29.5735mL
footpersecond meter 1 ft/B =
persecond(mis) 0.3048U1/S
(ftlsor f.p.~.)
adleperhour kilometer perhour 1mile/h= 1.609344kmh
(mile/horm.p.h.)(km/h)
I
&if-
C ELERA
footper second
squared(ft/s2)
meter persecond
squared(m/s2)
1 Wtla= 0.3048U1/S2

shorttom(20001b]metric ton(t) 1 ton = 0.907185t

(1000 I@
pound(lb) kilogram llb =. 0.453592kg
Ounce(oz) gram(g) 10Z ‘= 28.3495g
tompercubic metrictonpercubic = 1.18655tfms
1 ton/yd3
yard(ton/yd3]meter(t/m3)
pound
percubic kilogram
percubic = 16.0185
1 lb/ft3 kg/m3
foot[lb!ftg) meter(kg/m3)
ton-force(tomf)
kilonewton(kH) 1 tonf = 8.89644kN
kip(1000
lbf) kilonewton(kll) 1kfp = 4.44822Hi
pound-force(lbf)
newton(lT) 1 lbf = 4.44822 ??
ton-force
foot kilonewton 1 tonf.ft
= 2.71164kN.m
(tomf.ft) meter(kl?.m}
pound-force newtonmeter(N.m) 1 lbf.in= 0.112
985N.m
inch(lbf.i.n)
 MIL-EoBK-loo4/3

Us. IIVTERNATIOfiAL APPROXIfWTE

1
QUANTITY CUSTOMARY UNIT (S1) UNIT co
~
!

PRESSURE, ton-force per megapascal(MPa) 1 tOnf/in2 =

13.7895 MPa
m square inch
(tOnf/in2)
ton-force per kilopascal(kPa) 1 tOnf/ft2 =
95.7605 kPa
square foot
(tOnf/ft2)
poured-force per kilopascal(kPa) 1 lbf/in2 =
6.894 76 k~a
square inch
(lbf/in2)
pound-force per pascal(Pa) 1 lbf/ft2 =
47.8803 Pa
square foot
(lbf/ft2)

kilowatthour(kwh) megaj Oule(MJ) lkwh = 3.6 MJ

British thermal kilojoule 1 Btu = 1.055 06 kJ
unit(Btu)
foot-pound-f orce joule(J) 1 ft.lbf = 1.355 82 J
(ft.lbf)

horsepower kilowatt lhp = 0.745 700 kw

British thermal watt(w) 1 Btu/h = 0.293 071 W
unit per hour
(Btu/h)
foot pound-force watt (W) 1 ft.lbf/s = 1.355 82 W
per second
(ft.lbf/s)

QEEILE Btu per square watt per square 1 Btu/ = 5.678 26 WI

m foot hour meter kelvin ft2.h.OF m2.K
OF HBAT degree
TRANSFRR Fahrenheit (Btu/ (W/m2 .K)
(U-valuel ft2 hr.OF)

THSRMAL Btu per foot hour watt per meter 1 Btu/ - 1.730 73 WI
QQNL?l& degree Fahrenheit kelvin (W/m.K) ft.h.OF - m.K
= (Btu/ft.hr.oF)
<K-value>

.)
50
 I

MIL-mBK-loo4/3

( AMEWCAM
WIRE
GAGB
(AWG)
CONVERSION.

AUCJ kCM
I .- —.-
20**.*..... *..* * .. *.*
● ● ● .. *.
● *1.02
● ● O..O.****
**********O 0.517
*****O*.*** .*
1$ ***....***
● ..*.*..*.*
● .*..***. 1.62....0..0...**..*****..**O...***** 0.823
16..,,*...*.. ..*.***...
● ....*..* 2.s8 .**.***.**.,.,0.0-.... .**..*.**. 1.31 ●

14 ...*..*..*
● ........... ...9*.* 4.11 *******.****
● .*****.***** ****.*** 2.08 ●
12 *...*.****
● .*****.**.**.*.**.. 6.53**..**..****.*.*****.* ********=* 3.31 ●

. 10 ..*.*..***
● .****..***
● **..*** 10.4 ...................... *.....**.. 5.26 ●

[ 8 *****.****.*.***..*.***..* **.1 6.5 ******.*... ***.**.***.

● *.******
● 8.37 ●

6 .......***
● .**.*...*..........26.2...**.**.** ...**.*..*....0..00.
● 133 ●

. 4 .*.*.****
● ..*.**.*...........41.7 .***...**. *.4.**.*.*
● O.*******
● 21.2 ●

2 ..............+..0...0 *.**** 66.4..O.**.****

● .*.***.***.......... 33.6
●

1 ..*.*.**.....0..0....0..**..* 83.6...0.0..0.. ..0...0...0 **.****** 42.4 ●

1/0*..*..*.*** ********.*
● ***** 105.6 ..***...*** .***...**.,****o●*o** 53.5
2/0..........0 .*.*...****.,..* 133.1 ..*.***.***......00.0..**...*.** 67.4
3/0.........*...*...*.** O.*.** 167.8● ............**..,..**...........8s.0
4/0.**.*..**. ..*....**....*.** 211.6 *..***..*.*...***.*
● ***..**.*. .107●o

51
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

BIBLIOGRAPHY
(
nNatisu@ St~ute AHSI Standards,
1430
Broadway,NewYork$ NT10018.
C-12 Series Meters andMetering
G39Series Instrumentation
lndu~ttil
PO= svmu&$Wdbook ~Beema.n,Donald,McGraw-HillBook
Company,
Inc.: 1955, NewYork,NT10036.
&
~tJtureof~al and~~ ).Inc.IEEE
345East
Publications, 47thStreet,IWwl?ork,NY10017.
.
21 General RequirementsandTest Procedures
for
OutdoorApparatus BuShings
24 Standard ElectricalDimensionalandRelated
Requ$rememts forOutdoor Apparatus
Bushings
443 Recamsended PracticeforDesign ofReliable
Industrial andCommercial PowerSystems
519 Gtdde forHarmonic Control andReactive
, Compensation ofStatic powerConverters
C2-81 National ElectricSafety Code
ctur~ s NRMA Standards,
21QI
L Street,
NW., Waahi~ton, DC20037.
201 PrimaryUnit Substations

210 Secondary
Unit
Substations
W-2 High-Voltage
Puses
SG-5 Power
Switcbgear
Assemblies
SG13 Autimatic
Circuit12ecloaers
andAutomatic
Lirie
Sect30nallzers
andOil-Pilled
Capacitor
Switches
forAlternating
Current
Systems
Bational
Electric
Safety ,C2,available
Cod? fromIEE$/AMSI
Publications,
ofElectrical
Institute andElectronics
Rn@neers,Inc.,3AMEast47th
Street,
newYork,
NY10017.

$3
 MIL-HDBK-1004/3

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Post Office 1693, Baltimore, MD 21203.

Distribution Systems Reference Book, 777 Penn Center Boulevard,

)
Pittsburgh, PA 15235

Relay Applications, Coral Springs, PL 33o65

54
 Pm-HDBK-mo4/3

AMSIStandard~can Natioual
St@!Wrtitutt!. ~, 1430 Broadway,
HewYork,
NY10018.
C37.06 Preferred
RatingsandRelatedRequired
Capabilities
forACHigh-VoltageCircuit
Breakers
Ratedoma Symmetrical
Current
Basis
I
C57Series Tr&TiSf0~er8
4
C62.2 Guide ofValve-Type
fortheApplication
Lightning
Arresters
forACSystems
.
C%4
.1 Voltage
RatingsforBlectricPower
Systemand
EquiMent
(60HZ)
ve Re-
TheArtandSeiseofProtecti ,GeneralElectric En@neerhg
Practice
Series, Mason,
C.Russell JobnWiley & Sons,
Inc., HewYork,
NY30036.
ComtrmtikmCriWiai?am, DOD4270.I-M, Department
ofDefense, TheOffice
oftheDeputyAssistant
SecretaryofDefense (Installations),
ThePentagons
Washington,
DC.
( WEEPUb~icati-s
345East47th
~nst~~ute
Street,
ofElectrical
NewYork,NY10017.
andElectro~ s nc,

80 Guide forSafety inSubstationGround$ng

81 Guide forMeasuringEarthResistivity,
Ground
Impedance,andEarth SurfacePotentials
ofa
Ground System
141 RecommendedPract2ceforElectricPower
DistributionforIndustrialPlants
142 RecommendedPracticeforGroundingIndustrial
antiCoaxnerc%al
PowerSystems
242 RecommendedPracticeforProtectionand
CoordinationofIndustrialandComercial Power
systems
399 Recommended
Practice
forIndustrial
and
Commercial
Power
System
Analysis

5s
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

Underwriters LaboratoN (UL]

UL 489 Molded-Case Breakers snd Circuit Breaker )

Enclosures

DEE
~L ANSI Pu licatio s
~, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017,

C37 .010 Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit

Breskers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis

C37.011 Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage

for AC High-Voltage Curcuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis

C37.04 American National Standard Rating Structure for

AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis

C37.13 Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in

Enclosures

C37.2 Standard Electrical Power System Device Function

Nnmbers

C37.20 Switchgear Assemblies Including Metal-Enclosed

Bus

Military Handbooks. Copies of military handbooks may be obtained from the

Commanding Officer, Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue,
Philadelphia, PA 19120, TWX: 710-670-1685, TELEX: 834295, AUTOVON telephone
number 442-3321.

MIL-HDBK-419 Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic

Equipments and Facilities

MIL-HDBK-1OO8 Fire Protection for Facilities Engineering,

Design, and Construction

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA>, Batterymarch Park, Quincy,

MA 02269.

NFPA-70 National Electrical Code

NAVFACENGCOM Copies of design manuals (DM) and Naval Facilities Guide

Specifications (NFGS) may be obtained from the Commanding Officer, Naval
Publications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120,
TWX: 710-670-1685, TELEX: 834295, AUTOVON telephone number 442-3321.

Criteria Manuals on Mechanical Engineering

DM-4 .01 Electrical Engineering: Preliminary Design

Considerations
)

56
 Fm-liDBK-loo4/
3
I
I
( I)M-4
.02 Electrical Power
Er@neerim$: Distribution
I systems
NFGS-16262 Automatic
Transfer
(andBypass/Isolation)
switches
NFGS-16335 Transformers,
Substations
andSwitchgearJ
I Exterior
1 NFGS-16462 Pad-Mounted
Transformers
(75kVAto500kVA)
I > NFGS-16465 Interior
Substations
I NPGS-16475 Switch&ear
Interior andSwitchboards,
Low-Voltage
.
and
!li$lIi$lectial ,,
Maturers OQ,2101
A~soc2ati L Street,
m.,l?ash%ngton,
DC.
I A&l Molded
Case
Circuit
Bre@ers
I w-l Busways
I
SCS6 Enclosures
forIndustrial
Controls
andSystems
KS-1 Enclosed
Switches.
[ SC-3 Low-Voltage
Power Breakers.
Circuit
SC-4 Alternating-Current
High-Voltage
PowerCircuit
Breaker&.
Standarddbook
Ran forElectrical
~ ,12thEdition,
DonaldG.Fink
and
) H.Wayne
Beaty,
McGraw-Hill
Book
ComRany,
Inc.,
NewYork,
NY10036.
~nderwriters
Laboratories
m, 333Pfingsten
Road,Horthbrook,
IL60062.
I 489 Molded-case
Circuit
Breakers
andCircuit
Breaker
I
Enclosures.
~ 857 Electric
$usways
andAssociated
Fittings.

I
[

57
 MIL-HDBK-loo4/3

Westinghouse Electric Corporation:

-)
.,-
Applied Protective Relaying; Relay and Telecommunications Instrument
Division, Coral Springs, FL 33065.

Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, 777 Penn

Center Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15235.

CUSTODIAN: PREPARIl?G ACTIVITY

NAVY - YD X?AVY-YD

PROJECT NO.
FACR-0194

,.)

58
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DEPAWFMEMT
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BUSINESS
FIWT RERYMAIL
CLASS ?ERM)T?40,1Z503
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