National Textile University

BS. Textile Engineering

LAB REPORT
Course Title: Fiber Science
Semester: 4th
Section: Garments
Course code:TE-3112
Experiment No. 4
Title of the Experiment

To determine the linear density of Polyester fiber.

Name: MUHAMMAD HUSNAIN AKHTAR

Registration Number: 18-NTU-0110

Submitted to: Dr Madeha jabbar
Sumiton Date: 17/03/2020
Abstract:

The aim of this experiment was to determine linear density of fibres manually, here we don’t
use micro-naire tester. We take some fibers and measure their length with ruler. We also weigh
some amount of fibers to find the linear density of fibre in denier. Then we convert denier into
other units like Ne, Tex, Deci-Tex. We find linear density as we use it Factor of fineness. The
linear density we calculate was 2.25 Denier.

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Table of contents:

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………... i

Table of content……………………………………………………………………..ii

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………....1
1.1.Objective…………………………………………………………………….1
1.2.Theory……………………………………………………………………….1
2. Equipment…………………………………………………………………...2
3. Method………………………………………………………………………2
4. Calculation and observation ………………………………………………..3
5. Result ……………….……………………………………………………....3
6. Discussion…………………………………………………………………...3
7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..3
8. Safety precautions…………………………………………………………...3
9. References…………………………………………………………………...4

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1. Introduction:
1.1.Objective:

To find the linear density of polyester fibres manually by weighing them on balance.
1.2.Theory:

Linear density:

Linear density, yarn count, yarn number and yarn size are all expressions of the ‘fineness’ of a
yarn. A yarn or fibre’s fineness cannot be expressed in terms of diameter because its diameter
is not stable and uniform along its length, and its cross-sectional shape may not be circular.
Consequently, it is expressed either by measuring the mass of a known length of yarn or by
measuring the length of a known mass of yarn. These two basic methods for expression of
linear density of any textile strand are known as:
o the direct system (mass/length)
o the indirect system (length/mass)

Direct System:

 Denier (de)—the weight in grams of 9,000 m of fiber. It is often expressed as denier per
filament.
 Tex—the weight in grams of 1,000 m of fiber.
 Deci-tex—the weight in grams of 10,000 m of fiber.

Indirect System:

 English count (Ne)-the number of hanks in 1 pound 0f fiber.

Weighing Methods:

The linear density, a measure of the mass per unit length of a fiber, is used by fiber
manufacturers as a measure of fineness. There are three common systems used for measuring
the linear density although many more exist. The oldest of the systems, developed for use
with silk fibers, is that of denier. A fiber's linear density in the denier system is the weight, in
grams, of a 9000 m length. In the 1930s, another system, the grex system, was proposed; the
linear density, in the grex system, being the weight, in grams of a 10 000 m length of fiber. The
grex system, renamed decitex, is the approved SI unit for linear density. The third common
system is the tex system. A fiber's linear density, in tex, is the weight, in grams, of a 1000 m
length. The linear density of individual fibers often is not provided by the manufacturer. Rather

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the linear density of the entire yarn or tow and the number of fibers are provided; simple
division provides the average linear density of a filament and this number is often used.
It is more accurate, however, to find the linear density of individual fibers, and this can be done
by weighing. If dl is the linear density and w the weight of a fiber of known length l, then

𝑑𝑙 =

where S is a constant for each system. In Table there are constants for denier, decitex, and tex
systems.
System Constant ( S )
Denier 9000
Tex 1000
Grex 10000
Weighing methods generally give quite imprecise values for filament cross-sectional area for
several reasons. First, because fibers are generally very fine—generally in the 0.01–
0.001 mg/m range. They are difficult to handle, require the use of expensive balances for an
accurate weight, and require a high degree of accuracy in measuring short lengths. Second,
weighing will not take into account natural, local variations in fiber diameter. It has been shown
that area variability along the length of a fiber can range from a low of 1.3% to a high of 22.4%,
while fiber-to-fiber variability ranges from 5.9 to 38%.
The major feature of using linear density is that it is insensitive to the cross-sectional shape of
the fiber. The area is directly obtained from mass and linear density; fiber dimensions are not
necessary. This makes this technique especially attractive for irregular cross-sections.
2. Material and Equipment:
 Tweezer
 Steel ruler
 Black velvety sheet
 Weighing balance
 Polyester fibres
3. Method:

First 10 fibers were separated from bunch of fibers and length of each fibre was measured using
a metal ruler. Then 50-60 fibers were collected and weigh on the electronic balance. Then
reading was noted. Using formula, we find the linear density of fibers in denier and convert the
denier into other systems.

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4. Observation and Calculation:

Average length of fibre = 36.6 mm = 3.6 cm

Length of 55 fibers = 55×3.6 = 198 cm = 1.98 m

× × .
linear density in denier = = = 2.27 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟
.

× × .
Linear density in Tex = = = 0.252 𝑇𝑒𝑥
.

× × .
Linear density in grex = = = 2.52𝑇𝑒𝑥
.

Linear density in Ne = = 2341 𝑁𝑒

.

5. Result:

The weight of 55 fibre is 0.0005 grams and Linear density of Polyester fibre was 2.27 denier.

6. Discussion:

In this experiment we find the linear density of fibres as it is difficult to find exact diameter of
fibre because it variably changing throughout the surface. So, we find linear density of fibre it
tells us about the fineness of fibres. We use a number of fibres to determine the linear density
as we need accuracy and we have better accuracy if we use more length of fibres. The fibre we
observe was of 2.27 denier in comparison human hair is 20 denier so, we are extruding yarns
more finer than hair.

7. Conclusion:

The linear density of observed material was 2.27 denier and which is equal to 2341 Ne in
English count. The polyester fibre was very fine more than thin human hair.

8. Safety precautions:
 Don’t breathe on fibres.
 Hold tweezer firmly.
 Clean the black sheet before experiment.

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9. References:

Websites:

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/116/102/116102026/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement

Books:

Handbook of Textile Fibres by James Gordon Cook

Textile technology

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 Rubric For Conducting Laboratory Experiments
Course & course code: _______________________
Title: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________________ Registration No. _________________ Total Marks Obtained: _____________
Attributes Max. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Obtained
Marks Beginning or Developing Accomplished Exemplary Marks
incomplete
• Set-up of equipment is not • Set-up of equipment is • Set-up of equipment is • All equipment accurately placed
Set-up and accurate, help is required with generally workable with generally accurate with 1 or 2 • All necessary supplies on hand
several major details several details that need small details that need • Very neat and organized
Equipment 04 • Many necessary supplies must refinement refinement
Care found in mid-lab • Some necessary supplies • All necessary supplies on hand
must be searched out
• Lacks the appropriate • Demonstrates general • Demonstrates good knowledge • Demonstrates very good knowledge
knowledge of the lab knowledge of lab procedures of the lab procedures of the lab procedures
Following
procedures • Requires help from teacher • Will ask peers for help with • Gladly helps other students to
Procedure 04 • Often requires help from the with some steps in problems in lab procedures follow procedures
teacher to even complete procedures • Works to follow each step • Thoroughly and carefully follows
basic procedures before moving on to the next each step before moving on to next
step step
• Measurements are • Measurements are • Measurements are mostly • Measurements are both accurate
incomplete, inaccurate and somewhat inaccurate and accurate and precise
Data
imprecise very imprecise • Observations are generally • Observations are very thorough and
Collection • Observations are incomplete • Observations are incomplete complete may recognize possible errors in
04 or not included or recorded in a confusing • Work is organized data collection
• Symbols, units and significant way • Only 2 or 3 minor errors using • Work is neat and organized
figures are not included • There are 3 or more minor symbols, units and significant • Includes appropriate symbols, units,
errors. digits and significant digits
• Proper safety precautions are • Proper safety precautions • Proper safety precautions are • Proper safety precautions are
consistently missed are often missed generally used consistently used
Safety
• Needs to be reminded often • Needs to be reminded more • May need to be reminded once • Consistently thinks ahead to ensure
04 during the lab than once during the lab during the lab safety
• Will often help other students to
conduct labs safely
• Proper clean-up procedures • Needs to be reminded more • Proper clean-up procedures • Consistently uses proper clean-up
are seldom used than once during the lab to generally used procedures
Clean-up
• Often requires help to use proper clean-up • May need some help on • Often will help other students to
04 complete clean-up procedures occasion to complete tasks complete tasks properly
• 3 or more items left at station • 1 or 2 items left at station or • Station generally left clean • Station always left neat and clean
or station not cleaned not cleaned

PS: Make necessary conversion as per number of laboratory experiments. Total marks including conducting laboratory experiments and report writing are 70.
 RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING LAB REPORTS
Course & course code: _______________________
Title: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________________ Registration No. _________________ Total Marks Obtained: _____________
Attributes Max. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Obtained
Marks Beginning or incomplete Developing Accomplished Exemplary Marks
Abstract/ Several major aspects of the Abstract misses one or more Abstract references most of the The abstract contains reference to all
Summary experiment are missing, student major aspects of carrying out major aspects of the experiment, major aspects of carrying out the
04 displays a lack of understanding about the experiment or the results some minor details are missing experiment and the results, well-
how to write an abstract written
Introduction Very little background information Some introductory The introduction is nearly Introduction complete and well-
provided or information is incorrect information, but still missing complete, missing some minor written; provides all necessary
04 some major points points background principles for the
experiment
Experimental Missing several important Written in paragraph format, Written in paragraph format, Well-written in paragraph format, all
procedure experimental details or not written in still missing some important important experimental details experimental details are covered
04 paragraph format experimental details are covered, some minor details
missing
Results: Figures, graphs, tables contain errors Most figures, graphs, tables All figures, graphs, tables are All figures, graphs, tables are
data, figures, or are poorly constructed, have OK, some still missing some correctly drawn, but some have correctly drawn, are numbered and
08 missing titles, captions or numbers, important or required minor problems or could still be contain titles/captions.
graphs, tables,
etc. units missing or incorrect, etc. features improved
Discussion Very incomplete or incorrect Some of the results have Almost all of the results have All-important trends and data
interpretation of trends and been correctly interpreted been correctly interpreted and comparisons have been interpreted
08 comparison of data indicating a lack and discussed; partial but discussed, only minor correctly and discussed, a good
of understanding of results incomplete understanding of improvements are needed understanding of results is conveyed
results is still evident
Conclusions Conclusions missing or missing the Conclusions regarding major All-important conclusions have All-important conclusions have been
important points points are drawn, but many been drawn, could be better clearly made, the student shows good
04 are misstated, indicating a stated understanding
lack of understanding
Spelling, Frequent grammar and/or spelling Occasional grammar/spelling Less than 3 grammar/spelling All grammar/spelling correct and
grammar, errors, the writing style is rough and errors, generally readable errors, mature, readable style very well-written
04 immature with some rough spots in
sentence
structure writing style
Appearance Sections out of order, too much- Sections in order contain the All sections in order, formatting All sections in order, well-formatted,
and formatting handwritten copy, sloppy formatting minimum allowable amount generally good but could still be very readable
04 of handwritten copy, improved
formatting is rough but
readable
PS: Make necessary conversion as per the number of laboratory experiments. Total marks including conducting laboratory experiments and report writing are 70.