MODELLING OF DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.OVERVIEW
Modern day power systems are complicated networks with hundreds of generating
stations and load centres being interconnected through power transmission lines. The
major problem faced by electricity consumers is associated with the power quality
issues. The deterioration of electric power quality boosted awareness among users.
Generally any power system consists of three rudimentary segments, i.e. generating
station, Transmission system and distribution system. The electric power generated at
any power station has to be transmitted over long distance to load centres that are
usually cities or towns. Thus, there is an inordinate requirement for requisite power
generation by the generation unit as per the demand of the customers for having a
reliable power system. Also, these transmission systems are required to transmit the
bulk power hindering the stability of the system or overloading it to send the signals
over long distances with ease. Electrical power is delivered via the distribution system
must to each customer’s premises. Different classes of sensitive loads ,customers
devices and their increased complexity in the distribution system hinders the proper
monitoring, operation and reliability of power system.

Even a few years back, the main concern of consumers of electricity was the
reliability of supply. Even though the power generation in most advanced countries is
fairly reliable , the distribution is not always so. The transmission systems
compounded the problem further as they are exposed to the unpredictability of nature.
These days, in addition to the reliability , quality too is very important to them. For
example, a consumer that is connected to the same bus that supplies a large motor
load may have to face severe dip in supply voltage every time the motor load is
switched on. This may be quite unacceptable to most customers. There are also very
sensitive loads such as hospitals, processing plants, air traffic control, financial
institutions and numerous other data processing and service providers that require
clean and uninterrupted power. Such customers are very wary of voltage dips or rise
and voltage fluctuations since each such interruption cost them a substantial amount

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of money. Thus in this changed scenario in which the customers increasingly demand
quality power, the term power quality (PQ) attains increased significance.

With the advancement in semiconductor technology and devices, a new branch of

power system is emerging providing versatile controlling strategies. The use of power
electronic devices is a viable solution in present era. The affiliation of these devices
near the distribution end of system helps in raising the power quality so that loads can
work in synchronism with the power source.

1.2.MOTIVATION

 Static power converters such as single phase and three phase rectifiers,
thyristors converters and a large number of low –power electronic based
appliances, are nonlinear loads that generate considerable disturbance in the
AC mains. Current harmonics, which may also be asymmetric, cause voltage
drops accross the supply network impedence as well as other undesirable
problems(e.g. shunt and series resonance, flicker) resulting in distorted supply
voltages, and hence a reduction in the supply voltage quality.
 The presence of harmonics in the power lines result in greater power losses in
distribution, can cause noise problems in communication systems and
sometimes cause failure of operation of electronic equipments, which have
higher sensitivity because of the inclusion of microelectronic control systems
and these systems are low powered devices and thus a little noise can be
significant. These are the reasons which make the power quality issue one of
the most concerned issues as far the end user is concerned.

International standards concerning electrical energy consumption impose that

electrical equipment should not produce harmonic contents greater than specified
values. Meanwhile it is must to solve the harmonic problems caused by those
devices which have already been installed. Use of passive filter is one of the
classic solutions to solve harmonic current problems, but they present several
disadvantages , namely: they only filter the frequencies they were previously
tuned for, their operation cannot be limited to a certain load, resonance can occur
because of the interaction between passive filter and other loads, with
unpredictable results. Modern device such as active power filter is now a days

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used for harmonic mitigation but its use is confined to a small scope. Under these
conditions it has been proved that the most effective solution are Distribution
Static synchronous compensators (D-STATCOMS) that not only compensate
harmonics but also can be used for reactive power compensation and controlling
voltage levels .Thus this report studies Distribution STATCOM , a shunt
connected device that relies on a voltage source converter.

1.3.POWER QUALITY
Power quality is the set of limits of electrical properties that allows electrical systems
to function in their intended manner without significant loss of performance or life.
The term is used to describe electric power that drives an electrical load and the load's
ability to function properly. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load)
may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all.

As per IEEE , power quality is defined as “ the concept of powering and grounding
sensitive equipments in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment”.
Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the
prescribed range, steady a.c. frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage
curve waveform (resembles a sine wave). In general, it is useful to consider power
quality as the compatibility between what comes out of an electric outlet and the load
that is plugged into it. 

1.3.1. IMPACTS OF POWER QUALITY ON END USERS

The causes of power quality problems are generally complex and difficult to detect.
Technically speaking, the ideal ac line supply by the utility system should be a pure
sine wave of fundamental frequency (50 Hz). In addition, the peak of the voltage
should be of rated value. Unfortunately the actual ac line supply that we receive
everyday departs from the ideal specifications . Table 1.1 lists power quality problem
and their possible causes. There are many ways in which the lack of powerquality
affects customers.

 Impulsive transients can give rise to an oscillatory transients that can lead to
transient overvoltage and consequent damage to power line insulators.

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 Voltage sags can cause loss of reduction in automated process since it can trip
a motor or cause controller to malfunction. Further, a voltage swell can put
stress on home appliance, thereby shortning their lives.
 Voltage imbalance can cause temperature rise in motors and even cause large
motors to trip. Harmonics also causes losses and heating in transformers ,
electromagnetic interference and interference with the communication system.
It produces acoustic noise in power equipment.
 Voltage flickers are frequent variation in voltage that can cause light intensity
from incandescent lamps to vary. Such flicker causes strain on the eyes
resulting in headaches or migraines. The voltage flicker can also reduce the
life span of electronic equipments, lamps etc.

Broad categories Specific categories Typical causes

Transients Impulsive Lightning strike, transformer energization,

capacitor switching
Oscillatory Line or capacitor or load switching
Short duration Sag Ferroresonant transformers, Single line-to-
voltage variation ground faults
Swell Ferroresonant transformers, Single line-to-
ground faults
Interruption Temporary (self-clearing) faults
Long duration Undervoltage Switching on loads, capacitor deenergization
voltage variation Overvoltage Switching on loads, capacitor energization
Sustained Faults
interruptions
Voltage imbalance Single-phase loads, Single phasing condition
Waveform Harmonics Adjustable speed drives and other nonlinear
distortion loads
Notching Power electronic converters
DC offset Halfwave rectification, Geo-magnetic
disturbance
Voltage flicker Arc furnace, arc lamps

1.4.FACTS DEVICES

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A Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of

static equipments used for the ac transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is
generally a power electronics based system.

FACTS is defined by the IEEE as ” a power electronic based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability”.

FACTS, got in the recent years a well known term for higher controllability in power
systems by means of power electronic devices. Several FACTS devices have been
introduced for various applications worldwide. FACTS devices have utilization in
transmission levels which are used to modulate the power flow, i.e. the high voltage
side of any network is controlled by FACTS. The FACTS controllers used in the
distribution system to improve PQ is known as Custom Power Devices (CPD) .
Corresponding to FACTS devices, a CPD comprehends the usage of higher power
electronic controller at distribution level in industrial commercial and residential
supply ends. Custom power devices have their applications in distribution systems
which allow them to concentrate on the quality of power flow and reliability of the
system. Custom power devices illustrate that addition of more features to basic power
will provide feasibility to their consumers. Distribution system is located on the end
connected directly to consumer side of power system . This is the reason why we need
good power quality at distribution end of power system.

1.5. CLASSIFICATION OF CUSTOM POWER

DEVICES
Custom power provides an integrated solution to the present problems that are faced
by utilities and power distributors. Through this technology the reliability of the
delivered power can be improved in terms of reduced interruptions and reduced
voltage variations. Due to increasingly concern of power quality in distribution
system, certain devices were introduced that basically focus for mitigating problems
in distribution system. Thereafter, custom power devices were introduced. The
classification of CPDs is done as shown in the chart below-

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CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

NETWORK RECONFIGURING COMPENSATING TYPE

TYPE

SOLID STATE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

LIMITER (SSCL) STATCOM

SOLID STATE CIRCUIT DYNAMIC VOLTAGE

BREAKER (SSCB) RESTORER

SOLID STATE TRANSFER UNIFIED POWER

SWITCH (SSTS) QUALITY
CONDITIONER

1.3.1. NETWORK RECONFIGURING TYPE:

The network reconfiguring instrument can be GTO based or Thyristor based .They
are usually used for fast current limiting and current breaking during faults. They can
also prompt a fast load transfer to an alternate feeder to protect a load from voltage
sag/swell or fault in supplying feeder. The following devices are members of the
family of network reconfiguring device.

1.3.1.1. STATIC CURRENT LIMITER

it is a GTO based device applied for high fault current limiting. It insert a limiting
inductor in the fault circuit .when the fault is cleared, removes the inductor from
circuit

1.3.1.2. STATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

Static Transform Switch (STS) is used to protect sensitive load voltage sag or swell.
It is composed of two parallel connected Thyristor or GTO blocks. It can perform a
subcycle transfer of sensitive load from a supplying feeder to an alternate feeder
when a voltage sag/swell is detected in supplying feeder. An SSTC can also be
connected as a bus coupler between two incoming feeders.

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1.3.1.3. SOLID STATE BREAKER

The solid state breaker is based on the GTO or thyristor switching technology. It is a
highspeed switching device, applied to reduces the electrical fault and protect from
large current in distribution system. It can be used in a single switch, static transfer
switch, hybrid switch or a low level fault interrupter. The voltage and current rating of
the breaker describes the requirement of no. of switching devices, cost and the losses
of the breaker. It perform auto-reclosing function .

1.3.2. COMPENSATING POWER DEVICES

The compensating custom power devices are used for active filtering, load balancing,
power factor improvement voltage regulating (sag/ swell) . These devices are mainly
three types: static shunt compensator, series and hybrid compensator. These are also
called as DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC respectively.

1.3.2.1. DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (DSTATCOM)

DSTATCOM is a Voltage source inverter (VSI) based static compensator device

(STATCOM, FACTS controller ) applied to maintain bus voltage sags at the required
level by supplying or receiving of reactive power in the distribution system . It is
connected in shunt with distribution feeder with the help of coupling transformer.

1.3.2.2. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)

It is a high-speed switching power electronic controlling device. DVR is a series

connected custom power device, designed to inject a dynamically controlled voltage
in magnitude and phase in to distribution line via coupling transformer to correct load
voltage. It consists of a energy storage device, a boost converter (dc to dc), voltage
source inverter, ac filter and coupling transformer, connected in series. The boost
converter regulates the voltage across the dc link capacitor that uses as a common
voltage source for the inverters. The inverter generates a compensating voltage, which
is inserted into distribution system through series matching transformer. In the case of
voltage irreregulation, the DVR controllers generate a reference voltage, and compare
it with source voltage and injects synchronized voltage to maintain the load voltage
constant.

1.3.2.3. Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC)

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It is the combination of back to back connected shunt and series compensators

through a common dc bus voltage. In this dc link storage capacitor is connected
between two voltage source inverters for operating as combination of shunt and series
compensator. It is a most flexible device, can suppress current in shunt and voltage in
series simultaneously. It can balance the terminal voltage and eliminate negative
sequence current components at the same time.

1.6. HARMONIC DISTORTION

The presence of harmonics in the power lines results in greater power losses in
distribution, and cause problem by interfering in communication systems and
sometimes cause operation failures of electronic equipment, which are more and more
critical because it consists of microelectronic control systems, which work under very
low energy levels. Because of these problems, the power quality issues delivered to
the end consumers are of great concern.

1.6.1. HARMONICS

A Harmonics is a voltage or current at a multiple of the fundamental frequency of the

system, produced by the action of non-linear loads such as rectifiers, discharge
lighting, or saturated magnetic devices. Harmonic frequencies in the power grid are a
frequent cause of power quality problems. Harmonics in power systems result in
increased heating in the equipment and conductors, misfiring in variable speed drives,
and torque pulsations in motors. A voltage or current that is purely sinusoidal has no
harmonic distortion because it is a signal consisting of a single frequency. A voltage
or current that is periodic but not purely sinusoidal will have higher frequency
components in it contributing to the harmonic distortion of the signal. In general, the
less that a periodic signal looks like a sine wave, the stronger the harmonic
components are and the more harmonic distortion it will have. So, a purely sinusoidal
signal has no distortion while a square wave, which is periodic but does not look
sinusoidal at all, will have lots of harmonic distortion.

1.6.2. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD)

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The total harmonic distortion  is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present in

a signal . and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic
components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Distortion factor, a closely
related term, is sometimes used as a synonym. In power systems, lower THD implies
lower peak currents, less heating, lower electromagnetic emissions, and less core loss
in motors.

Voltage THD:

It represents the total Harmonic Distortion of the voltage waveform.It is the ratio of
the root sum square value of the harmonic content of the voltage to the root mean
square value of the fundamental current.

ITHD= I22+I32+I42+…/I *100%

Current THD :

It represents the total Harmonic Distortion of the current waveform. It is the ratio of
the root sum square value of the harmonic content of the current to the root mean
square value of the fundamental voltage.

ITHD= I22+I32+I42+…/I *100%

IEEE Std 519 was first introduced in 1981 to provide direction on dealing with
harmonics introduced by static power converters and other non linear loads so that
power quality problems could be averted. The IEEE Std 519 limits specified for
current and voltage harmonics are specified in table .

Special General system Dedicated system

Applications
Notch Depth 10% 20 50
THD(voltage) 5 5 10
Notch area 16400 22800 36500
IEEE Std 519 specified THD (Voltage ) limit

1.7. DISTRIBUTION STATCOM (DSTATCOM)

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Distribution STATCOM (D-STATCOM) is utilized to compensate power quality

problems and also it can quickly regulate its susceptance to provide dynamic reactive
compensation and regulate the bus voltages in the power system.
The D-STATCOM is a shunt-connected, solid-state switching power converter that
provides flexible voltage control at the point of connection to the utility distribution
feeder for power quality (PQ) improvements such as unbalanced load, voltage sag,
voltage fluctuation and voltage unbalance and also exchanges both active and reactive
power (current) with the distribution system by varying the amplitude and phase
angle of the converter.
Voltage source converters (VSC)
A voltage-source converter is a power electronic device, which can generate a
sinusoidal voltage with any required magnitude, frequency and phase angle. Voltage
source converters are widely used in adjustable-speed drives, but can also be used to
mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is used to either completely replace the voltage or to
inject the ‘missing voltage’. The ‘missing voltage’ is the difference between the
nominal voltage and the actual. The converter is normally based on some kind of
energy storage, which will supply the converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state
electronics in the converter is then switched to get the desired output voltage.
Normally the VSC is not only used for voltage dip mitigation, but also for other
power quality issues, e.g. flicker and harmonics. Voltage source converters are of two
type’s viz. series voltage controller and shunt voltage controller. However D-
STATCOM belongs to the shunt voltage controller. In this project, the D-STATCOM
is used to regulate voltage at the connecting bus.

STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

General structure of D-STATCOM is similar to STATCOM, which is schematically shown in
fig.1, consists of energy storage device, voltage source converter, a coupling transformer
connected in shunt to the distribution network through a coupling transformer.

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Using a converter, the devices appear as fully synchronous sources which are capable
of absorbing and injecting reactive power on an electricity system at distribution
voltages.

In this model, D-STATCOM is capable of injecting active power in addition to

reactive power. Since this device is utilized in steady-state condition for long term,
because of limited capacity of energy storage system, it cannot inject active power to
the system for long term for voltage regulation purpose.
Therefore, for the steady-state application, D-STATCOM consists of a small DC
capacitor and a voltage source converter and the steady-state power exchange
between D-STATCOM and the ac system is reactive power.
But, there are several factors that must be considered when designing the D-
STATCOM and associated control circuits. In relation to the power circuit the
following issues are of major importance:

• DC link capacitor size

• Coupling transformer reactance and transformation ratio

• Output filters equipment

The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides a multifunctional topology
which can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes:
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power;
2. Correction of power factor; and
3. Elimination of current harmonics.

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Principle of Operation D-STATCOM is to suppress voltage variation and control

reactive power in phase with system voltage. It can compensate for inductive and
capacitive currents linearly and continuously.
The VSC converts the dc voltage across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac
output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system through
the reactance of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phase and
magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows effective control of active and
reactive power exchanges between the D-STATCOM and the ac system. Such
configuration allows the device to absorb or generate controllable active and reactive
power.
The controller of the D-STATCOM is used to operate the inverter in such a way that
the phase angle between the inverter voltage and the line voltage is dynamically
adjusted so that the D-STATCOM generates or absorbs the desired VAR at the point
of connection. By varying the amplitude of D-STATCOM output voltage can control
the reactive power exchange between the inverter and the AC system. If the amplitude
of the output voltage is increased above that of AC system voltage, the inverter
generates reactive power for the AC system. If the amplitude of the output voltage is
decreased below that of the AC system, the inverter absorbs the reactive power. If the
output voltage is equal to the AC system voltage, the reactive power exchange is zero,
but actually they have a little phase difference to compensate the loss of transformer
winding and inverter switching, so absorbs some real power from system.
The real power exchanges between the inverter and the AC system can be controlled
by altering the phase angles between the inverter output and the AC system voltages.
The inverter supplies real power to the AC system if the inverter output voltage is
made to lead the corresponding AC system voltage. Conversely, the inverter absorbs
real power from the AC system, if the inverter output voltage is made to lag the AC
system voltage.
There are two techniques for controlling the STATCOM. The first technique, referred
to as phase control, is to control the phase shift to control the STATCOM output
voltage magnitude. The other technique referred to as Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) on the other hand allow for independent control of output voltage magnitude
and phase shift (phase angle of the output voltage); in this case, the DC voltage is
controlled separately from the AC output voltage.

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The name is an indication that STATCOM has a characteristic similar to the

synchronous condenser, but as an electronic device it has no inertia and is superior to
the synchronous condenser in several ways, such as better dynamics, a lower
investment cost and lower operating and maintenance costs.
With the advent of D-STATCOM, better performance can be reached in areas such as:
• Dynamic voltage control in distribution systems;
• Power oscillation damping;
• Transient stability improvement;
• Ability to control not only reactive power but, if needed, also active power (with a
DC energy source available).
Such device is employed to provide continuous voltage regulation using controlled
converter. The advantage of this type of compensator has over conventional SVC’s is
the improved speed of response. This speed of response means that such a device is
ideally suited to application with a rapidly varying load.

ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
This thesis is organized into the following five chapters (including this chapter). Each
of the following chapters is different from each other and is described here along with
sufficient theory to comphrend it.
Chapter 1
Chapter 2 deals with
Chapter 3
Chapter 4 shows the simulation results and the design parameters calculated in the last
chapter and presents a discussion based on the harmonic compensation results
obtained.
Chapter 5 concludes the work carried out so far. It even proposes some future
research work that can be carried out to bring out improvements along the lines of this
work.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A large amount of research is carried out in the field of custom power. A brief
literature review related to DSTATCOM is presented as follows:

Bhim Singh, et al. [1] focuses on power quality development of power electronic
technology which rises to aspects like power-factor correction, voltage regulation and
load balancing of linear load. Dstatcom is realized using a three leg IGBT static and
dynamic performance. A hysteresis low voltage FACTS device discus which can help
to improve power rule based carrier-less PWM current controller is used to derive
quality problems in distribution system. Gating pulses for the IGBT switches. It is
observed that DSTATCOM improves power quality in electric distribution systems. It
is effective in compensating reactive power and improving the numbers of
compensators for power factor power quality of the distribution system.

H. Nasiraghdam, et al. [2] introduces a new control method for balanced and
unbalanced voltage sag mitigation using DSTATCOM. The control system has two
loops in order to regulate compensator current and load voltage. Delayed signal
cancellation has been used for sequence separation. The compensator should protect
sensitive loads against different types of voltage sag. Performance of the proposed
method is investigated under different types of voltage sags for linear and nonlinear
loads.

J. Sun, et al. [3] explain Voltage flicker, a phenomenon of annoying light intensity
fluctuation, which is caused by large rapid industrial load changes, it has been a major
concern for both power companies and customers in the area of power quality.
Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) has fast response which makes it the
efficient solution for improving power quality in distribution systems. A voltage
flicker phenomena in a distribution system is modeled and simulated and Voltage

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flicker mitigation studies with a current controlled PWM-based DSTATCOM are

discussed

Sung-Min Woo, et al. [4] discusses the concept of Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission Systems (FACTs) and Custom Power is widely studied by the
researcher. FACTs use Power electronic devices and methods to control the high-
voltage side of the network for improving the power flow. Custom Power is for low-
voltage distribution, and improving the poor power quality and reliability of supply
affecting factories, offices and homes. Custom 3 Power Devices is classified into
three categories by their structures such as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
Distribution STATCOM (DSTATC0M) and Unified Power Quality Compensator
(UPQC).

G. Molina, et al. [5] investigates the dynamic performance of a distribution static

compensator coupled with energy source system (ESS) for improving the power
quality of distribution systems. Also presented integrated DSTATCOM/ESS
compensator is analyzed as a voltage controller, a power factor controller and an
active power controller. Modeling and control approaches are proposed, including a
detailed modeling of the DSTATCOM/ESS

Pierre Giroux, et al. [6] presents a study of the modeling of a STATCOM (Static
Synchronous Compensator) used for reactive power compensation in a distribution
network. The power circuits of D-STATCOM, Static and dynamic performance of a
E3 Mvar D-STATCOM on a 25-Kv network is evaluated. An “average modeling”
approach is proposed to simplify the PWM inverter operation and to accelerate the
simulation for control parameters adjusting purpose. Simulation performance obtained
with both modeling approaches are presented and compared.

Afshin lashkar ara, et al. [7] presents the power electronic devices and technical
review in various power engineering levels. Flexible AC Transmission System are
effective equipments on power control in energy transmission systems. In addition,
the power electronicsbased equipment, which are called power conditioners are use to
solve power quality problems. The topologies of these equipments are similar to those
used in FACTS equipment, power conditioners are also called Distribution FACTS
(DFACTS). Also the principal operating modes and application of STATCOM,
SSSC, UPFC, DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC are discussed and compared.

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Ben-Sheng Chen, et al. [8] presents an analytical approach to harmonic analysis of a

static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) based on Bessel functions of the first
kind is described and a novel STATCOM controller with a fixed modulation index
reference to minimize voltage and current harmonics. Harmonic analysis of the
STATCOM using the proposed analytical approach reveals that the total harmonic
distortion of the STATCOM output voltage is minimal as the modulation index is
fixed at unity at steady state

S.V Ravi Kumar, et al. [9] tells about the power quality problems and describe the
techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed
system. At 4 present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on
newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power
applications. Among these, the distribution static compensator and the dynamic
voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of them based on the VSC principle.
A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM injects
a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption.

Wei-Neng Chang, et al. [10] proposes a distribution level static synchronous

compensator (DSTATCOM) for fast load compensation of unbalanced loads in
electric power distribution systems. For fast response requirement, a new feed
forward compensation scheme is derived and employed. Compensation scheme of the
DSTATCOM is derived with the symmetrical components method. Computer
simulation with the program Matlab/Simulink software is use to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed DSTATCOM.

Arindam Ghosh, et al. [11] presents load compensation using a distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM). It is assumed that the DSTATCOM is associated with a
load that is remote from the supply. It is shown that the operation of a DSTATCOM
assuming that it is connected to a stiff source in such situations will result in
distortions in source current and voltage at the point of common coupling. To avoid
this, the DSTATCOM is connected in parallel with a filter capacitor that allows the
high frequency component of the current to pass. This however generates control
issues in tracking, as standard controls such as a hysteresis control are not suitable in
these circumstances. This paper proposes a new switching control scheme and
demonstrates its suitability for this problem. It also proposes a scheme in which the

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fundamental sequence components of a three-phase signal can be computed from its

samples. The overall performance of the proposed scheme is verified using digital
computer simulation studies.

Dinesh Kumar, et al. [13] describes the modeling and analysis of distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM), which is capable of balancing the source currents in
spite of 5 unbalanced and non-linear load currents. In addition to balance the supply
current, the power factor can be set to a desired value. The theory of instantaneous
symmetrical components is used here to extract the three-phase reference currents.
These reference currents are then tracked using voltage source inverter (VSI),
operated in a hysteresis band control technique. The detailed simulation results are
presented to support the concept. The two-level and three-level inverter topologies are
used to realize the compensator. It is demonstrated that three level inverter gives less
total harmonic distortion (THD) in source currents as compare to two level inverter.

Walmir Freitas, et al. [14] presents a dynamic study about the influences of ac
generators (induction and synchronous machines) and distribution static synchronous
compensator (DSTATCOM) devices on the dynamic behavior of distribution
networks. The performance of a DSTATCOM as a voltage controller or a power
factor controller is analyzed. The impacts of these controllers on the stability and
protection system of distribution networks with distributed generators are determined.
Computer simulation results show that a DSTATCOM voltage controller can improve
the stability performance of induction generators significantly. On the other hand, a
DSTATCOM power factor controller may adversely affect the stability performance
of synchronous generators. It has also been observed that a DSTATCOM has no
influence on short-circuit currents provided by ac generators during faults.

Bhim Singh, et al. [15] discuss DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) for
load balancing, neutral current elimination, power factor correction and voltage
regulation in threephase, four-wire distribution system feeding commercial and
domestic consumers. A four leg voltage source inverter (VSI) configuration with a dc
bus capacitor is employed as DSTATCOM. The modified instantaneous reactive
power theory (IRPT) is used in the control of DSTATCOM.

M. G. Molina, et al. [16] describes the dynamic modeling and the control design of a
distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) coupled with ultra-capacitor energy

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 MODELLING OF DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

storage (UCES) for improving the power quality of power systems. Three modes of
operation are considered, i.e. voltage control for voltage fluctuations ride-through,
current/voltage harmonics mitigation and dynamic active power control. New models
and control schemes are proposed. Zhang Dongliang, et al. [17] analyzed the circuit of
DSTATCOM. The dynamic model of DSTATCOM based on three-level voltage
inverter is established by way of lead-in switch function. Control method of
DSTATCOM is focal point of this research. The dissertation determines the detection
means based on instantaneous reactive power. PWM control by tracking 6 the current
technology achieve to direct control. The simulating results prove the DSTATCOM
put forward in the dissertation can realize dynamic var compensation effectively.

Dr. Ibrahim Oumarou, et al. [18] deals with the optimal location and parameters of
Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) in electrical power systems. The UPFC is
one of the most promising FACTS devices in terms of its ability to control power
system quantities. Shunt FACTS devices are used for controlling transmission
voltage, power flow, reducing reactive losses, and damping of power system
oscillations for high power transfer levels. In this paper the optimal location of a shunt
FACT device is investigated for an actual line model of a transmission line having
series compensation at the center. As one of the most promising FACTS devices in
terms of its ability to control power system quantities, UPFC Effect of change in
degree of series compensation on the optimal placement of the shunt FACTS device
to get the highest possible benefit is studied. The results obtained shown that optimal
placement of the shunt FACTS device varies with the change in the level of series
compensation.

Rajesh Gupta, et al. [19] analyzed the performance of voltage-source converter-

based shunt and series compensators used for load voltage control in electrical power
distribution systems, when a nonlinear load is connected across the load bus. The
comparison has been made based on the closed-loop frequency response
characteristics of the compensated distribution system. A distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) as a shunt device and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
as a series device are considered in the voltage-control mode for the comparison. The
power-quality problems which these compensator address include voltage sags/swells,
load voltage harmonic distortions, and unbalancing. The effect of various system
parameters on the control performance of the compensator can be studied using the

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 MODELLING OF DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

proposed analysis. In particular, the performances of the two compensators are

compared with the strong ac supply (stiff source) and weak ac-supply (non-stiff
source) distribution system.

João Afonso, et al. [20] describes the development of a low cost shunt active power
filter with digital control, which allows dynamic power factor correction and both
harmonics and zero-sequence current compensation. The active filter controller is
based on the instantaneous power theory (p-q theory) and was implemented using a
standard 16 bits microcontroller. The pq theory is introduced followed by the
presentation of some active power filters topologies. Then a brief description of the
implemented solution is made, including references to software tools 7 used for
simulation and system development. Experimental results are also presented, showing
the good performance of the developed active filter.

P. M. Meshram, et al. [21] presents that proliferations of the non-linear devices

cannot be restricted at transmission and distribution level because of their
compactness and power handling capacity but they also draw non-linear current and
hence degrade the power quality. The different non-linear loads at the distribution
side are adjustable speed drives, fluorescent lighting and personal computers (PC’s),
television sets, refrigerators etc. Authors propose the controller at the distribution
side, i.e., between the utility and the customer for the improvement of the quality of
supply and therefore it is called DFACTS device. The concept is for different types of
loads i.e. linear balanced; linear unbalanced; non-linear balanced and non-linear
unbalanced.

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 MODELLING OF DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

3.1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE

 Modelling of D-STATCOM
 To reduce harmonic distortion due to nonlinear load
 To reduce harmonic distortion due to unbalanced load

PRINCIPLE OF LOAD COMPENSATION BY DSTATCOM

The schematic diagram for load compensation using DSTATCOM is shown in Figure 1. A current
controlled voltage source converter is assumed at the heart of the DSTATCOM. Hence for an ideal
case, the
DSTATCOM is replaced by an ideal current source ic. Further, as is generally the case, the load is
assumed to
be reactive, nonlinear and unbalanced. First, assume the load L-1 is without a compensator. Hence, i s
flowing
through the feeder is also unbalanced & distorted and consequently, voltage at PCC bus will also be
unbalanced & distorted.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Load Compensation.
Ideally, the utility would like to see a load drawing unity power factor with fundamental and
positive sequence current. Without the compensator, is will be same as il i.e. reactive, unbalanced and
distorted. To mitigate the problem, the compensator must inject current such that is becomes
fundamental,
positive sequence and in-phase with the PCC voltage. Applying KCL to PCC,
is + ic = il
hence is = il – ic (1)
Thus, the compensator must generate a current ic such that it cancels the reactive, harmonic and the
unbalance
components of the load current.

CHAPTER 4

TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS

4.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST SYSTEM

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 MODELLING OF DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

In this project, a Power system has been modelled in MATLAB Simulink software,
implementing DSTATCOM in the distribution system in order to mitigate problems
related to harmonics due to presence of non linear loads. Since, DSTATCOM is a
multifunctional device , therefore along with the harmonic mitigation, reactive power
flow to the load is also controlled.

For the simulation study, a three phase source is treated as the primary distribution
substation and the distribution line is considered as a lumped inductance in series with
the resistance. Let us consider that a fixed lagging load is connected to the
distribution line and a non linear diode rectifier based load is connected to study the
performance of DSTATCOM for harmonics in the source current. The DSTATCOM
is connected in shunt with the distribution system nearer to the load at PCC.

4.1.1 MAIN POWER SYSTEM NETWORK

Fig. shows the test system used for the performance analysis of DSTATCOM. The
test system comprises a 400 V, 50 Hz 3-phase substation feeding a distribution
network where there is a DSTATCOM connected in shunt with the system through a
circuit breaker. The compensation capacity of the DSTATCOM is +- 16 VAR and the
DC capacitor can charge to a voltage level of about 1000 V.

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