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2R
4R
V1 R V’1
− R
The OpAmp to the left is configured −
+
as an inverting amplifier. Therefore, 2R + +
V2 Vo
2R −
v10 = − v1 = −2v1
R
The OpAmp to the right is configured as an inverting summer. Thus,
4R 0 4R
vo = − v1 − v2 = −4v10 − 2v2 = −4(−2v1 ) − 2v2 = 8v1 − 2v2
R 2R
Problem 9. Consider the amplifier circuit below with vi = 0.5 cos(ωt). a) what is the
amplifier gain in dB? b) For what range of frequencies, does this amplifier behave as a linear
amplifier? (Assume a unity-gain bandwith of 106 Hz, ISC = 100 mA, S0 = 1 V/µs and
OpAmps are powered by ±15 V power supplies.)
5kΩ
fu 106
A0 f0 = fu = (1 + A)f → f= = = 1.66 × 105 = 166 kHz
1+A 6
Slew Rate:
KR
-
1) Voltage supply limit (Saturation):
106
A0 f0 = fu = (1 + A)f = 107 → (1 + K) × ≤ 107 → K ≤ 20π − 1 = 62
2π
Vo K
IL = ≤ ISC → ≤ 10 × 10−3 → K≤5
RL 500
4) Slew Rate:
dvo
= AVim ω ≤ S0 → K × 1 × 106 ≤ 4 × 106 → K≤4
dt
Vi
-5 V
dv −5 − 5
10
o
S0 = 1 V/µs = = = tr
dt tr tr
10 V
tr = = 10µs Ii
1 V/µs Vi
+ Vo
−
Part C:
tr 2tr 4R
< 0.1 → T >
T /2 0.1 R
1 0.05 0.05
f= < = = 5 kHz
T tr 10 × 10−6
Vi
The circuit is a non-inverting amplifier with a gain + Vo
Therefore, maximum output current limit will force the output signal to be clipped at 5 V.
This explains the shape of output signal.
R
20 dB = 20 log(A) → log(A) = 1 → A = 10 R
2
1
R2 R2
A= 1+ = 10 → =9
R1 R1
As the output impedance of a non-inverting amplifier is “zero,” we can choose R1 and R2
arbitrarily. A reasonable choice is:
R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 91 kΩ
Problem 14. Design an active wide-band filter with fl = 20 Hz, fu = 1 kHz, a gain of 4
and an input impedance larger than 5 kΩ.
C2
The prototype of this circuit is shown with:
R2
ωc1
= 20 × 10−3 1 R1 C1
ωc2 vi
− vo
1 1 +
ωu ≈ ωc2 = ωl ≈ ωc1 =
R2 C2 R1 C1
R2
K≈ Zi |min = R1
R1
Then, from design condition of Zi ≥ 5 kΩ, R1 > 5 kΩ. To make capacitors small (and also
to make input impedance large) choose R1 and R2 to be large with K = R2 /R1 = 4. A
reasonable set is R1 = 100 kΩ and R2 = 390 kΩ (commercial values). Then:
1
ωu ≈ 2π103 = → C2 = 4 × 10−10 F
R2 C2
1
ωl ≈ 2π20 = → C1 = 8 × 10−8 F
R1 C1
Commercial values are: C1 = 82 nF and C2 = 390 pF.
We need to consider the impact of the bandwidth of OpAmp chip. A × fc = fu = 106 leads
to fc = 106 /(‘ + 4) = 200 fu = 1 kHz. So the circuit should work properly.
K
H(jω) =
1 + jω/ωc
with K = −3 and ωc = 5000 rad/s. As |K| > 1, we need to use an active filter. The
prototype of the circuit is shown below with
C2
R2 /R1
H(jω) = − ωc = R 2 C 2 Vi R1 R2
1 + jω/ωc
− Vo
+
The input impedance of this filter is Zi |min = R1 .
Comparing the transfer function of this prototype
circuit with the desired one, we get:
R2
=3
R1
1
ωc = = 5, 000
R2 C2
Zi |min = R1 ≥ 50 kΩ
We need to consider the impact of the bandwidth of OpAmp chip. A × fc = fu = 106 leads
to fc = 106 /(1 + 3) = 250 fu = 5/(2π) = 0.8 kHz. So the circuit should work properly.
−5 −5
Because the input signal is symmetric (0 DC offset), we can consider only the half period
0 < t < T /2 = 0.5 ms. In this range, vi = 5 V and we want vo = +5 − 2 × 104 t (found from
vo (0) = +5 and vo (t = 0.5 ms) = −5 V). The output of the integrator is given by:
1 t
Z
vo (t) − vo (0) = − vi (t0 )dt0
R1 C2 0
1 t
Z
4
5 − 2 × 10 t − 5 = − 5dt0
R1 C2 0
1
−2 × 104 t = − t → R1 C2 = 2.5 × 10−4
R1 C2
Resistor R2 is needed to discharge the capacitor in long time scale (so that small DC input
does not add up and saturate the OpAmp). This capacitor also ensure that the output has
no DC off-set. Setting:
We have two equations in three unknowns R1 , R2 , and C2 and we can choose value of one
arbitrarily. One has to be careful as if we divide the two equations, we get:
R2 C2 R2 0.1
= = = 400
R1 C2 R1 2.5 × 10−4
Reasonable choices to keep resistors between 100 and 1 MΩ are R1 = 1 kΩ and R2 = 400 kΩ:
2.5 × 10−4
R1 C2 = 2.5 × 10−4 → C2 = = 2.5 × 10−7 = 250 nF
1000
Thus, reasonable commercial choices are R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 390 kΩ, and C2 = 0.24 µF.