IPE 443 Advanced manufacturing system

Questions
1. Write down CAD & CAM history.
The concept of CAD and CAM is relatively new. The usage is linked with the development computers.
The actual application of CAD/CAM in industry, academia and government is only approximately 30 years
old. Formal courses in CAD and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) were introduced in 1970's. The major
application thrust of CAD came in 1980's, with the availability of PCs and workstations. In its early stage
of usage, very few engineering companies could afford the expense of mainframe computers; however,
PCs and workstations have evolved into allowable and adequate platform to support comprehensive CAD
packages that initially were designed to run on the mainframe platform. A brief history of the evolution of
CAD/CAM, according to the decade and the major CAD/CAM developments, is outlined below.
1960s:
 Development in Interactive computer graphics research
 Sketchpad system developed by Ivan Sutherland in 1962
 CAD term coined
 First major commercial CAD/CAM software available: CADAM by Lockheed, in 1965
 Bell Telephone’s - Graphics l remote display system developed.
1970's
 Application of CAM in government, industry and academia
 National organization formed
 Beginning of usage of computer graphics
 Turnkey system available lord drafting
 Wireframe and surface modeling software became available
 Mass property calculation and FEA software became available
 NC tape generating, verification, and integrated circuit software became available.
1980’s
 CAD/CAM used for engineering research and development
 New CAD/CAM theories and algorithms developed
 Integration of CAD/CAM
 Solid modeling software became available
 Use of PCs and workstation began.
1990's
 Concept of concurrent engineering developed
 Increased use of CAD/CAM on PCs and workstations
 Improvements in hardware and software.
2. What are the components of CAD? Discuss them.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the geometrical modeling system used to produce 2D & 3D modeling
drawings in a computer. In general, a CAD package has three components:
1. Design
2. Analysis Prepared by Samim Reza Sumon
3. Visualization
As shown in the sketch. A brief description of these components follows.
1. Design: Design refers to geometric modeling i.e. 2D & 3D modeling, including drafting, part creation,
creation of drawings with various views of the part, assemblies by the parts etc.
2. Analysis: Analysis refers to finite element analysis, optimization, and other number crunching
engineering analysis. In general, a geometric model is first created and then the model is analyzed
for loads, stresses, moment of inertia and volume etc.
3. Visualization: Visualization refers to computer graphics, which includes: rendering a model, creation
of pie charts, contour plots, shading a model, sizing, animation etc.
ign
De
 ation
Visualiz
3. What is visualization? Write down the importance of visualization in CAD.

ysis
Anal
Visualization: Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to
communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to
communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity.
The importance of visualization in CAD
1. Improving understanding
2. Enhancing curb appeal
3. Cost saving
4. Improving operational efficiency
5. Identifying structure or relationship closely
6. Identifying patterns and trends accurately
4. Write down different types of CAD software andThe
CAD different
language.
types CAD language
The different types of CAD software 1. Fortran
1. Autodesk AutoCAD 2. C language
2. Sketchup 3. 16-bit word
3. Design spark
4. Solid work 5.

6. What are the benefits of CAD?

Figure 2ab

Figure 3 bc
7. Write down the application of CAD.
8. Name 4 different software packages use in analysis and write down application.
The different types of CAD software
1. Autodesk AutoCAD
2. Sketchup
3. Design spark
4. Solid work
9. What is concurrent engineering?
10. What is CAM? What are the components of CAM?

11. What are the advantages of CAM?

12. What are the advantages of CAD over CAM.

13. Show product cycle in a conventional manufacturing system.

14. Discuss computerized manufacturing environment.

15. Differentiate Auto-CAD with 3D-Studio Max.

16. Definition of CIM. Write down the potential benefits of CIM.
Manufacturing is defined as the collection of physical and intellectual activities associated with designing
and making tangible, movable items of value, either by hand or through the use of machinery.
Computer-integrated manufacturing (ClM) is a management philosophy in which the functions of
design and manufacturing are rationalized and coordinated using computer, communication, and
information technologies. Computer-integrated manufacturing is the total integration of product design
and engineering, process planning, and manufacturing by means of complex computer systems.
Potential benefits of ClM:
1. Improved customer service
2. Improved quality
3. Shorter time to market with new products
4. Shorter flow time
5. Shorter vendor lead times
6. Reduced inventory levels
7. Improved schedule performance
8. Greater flexibility and responsiveness
9. Improved competitiveness
10. Lower total cost
11. Greater long-term profitability
12. Shorter customer lead limes
13. Increase in manufacturing productivity
17. What is the influence of CIM in manufacturing industries?

18. Using figure, show major elements of a manufacturing business & elements.

19. Classify network. Discuss star, bus & ring network with suitable figures.
20. What are the fundamental reasons for implementing a CAD system?
There are several the fundamental reasons for implementing a CAD system.
1. To increase the productivity of the designer.
2. To improve the quality of design.
3. To improve communications.
4. To create a data base for manufacturing.
5. provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawings, better documentation
of the design, fewer drawing errors, and greater legibility
6. permits a more thorough engineering analysis and a larger number of design alternatives can be
investigated.
7. Helping the designer to visualize the product and its component subassemblies and parts.

Recognition of need

Problem Definition

Synthesis

Analysis and optimization

Evaluation

Presentation

Figure 1: The General Design Process

21. Explain general design process with figure.
The general design processes
Before examining the several facets of computer aided design, let us first consider by the general design
process. The process of designing something is characterized Shigley as an iterative procedure, which
consists of six identifiable steps or phases:
1. Recognition of need
2. Definition of problem
3. Synthesis
4. Analysis and optimization
5. Evaluation
6. Presentation
Recognition of need involves the realization by someone that a problem exists for which some
corrective action should be taken. This might be the identification of some defect in a current machine
design by an engineer or the perception of a new product marketing opportunity by a salesperson.
Definition of the problem involves a thorough specification of the item to be designed. This specification
includes physical and functional characteristics, cost, quality, and operating performance.
Synthesis and Analysis are closely related and highly iterative in the design process. A certain
component or subsystem of the overall system is conceptualized the designer, subjected to analysis,
improved through this analysis procedure and redesigned. The process is repeated until the design has
been optimized within the constraints imposed on the designer. The components and subsystems are
synthesized into the final overall system in a similar iterative manner.
Evaluation is concerned with measuring the design against the specifications established in the problem
definition phase. This evaluation often requires the fabrication and testing of a prototype model to assess
operating performance, quality, reliability, and other criteria.
Presentation is the final phase in the design process. This includes documentation of the design by
means of drawings, material specifications, assembly lists, and so on. Essentially, the documentation
requires that a design data base be created. Figure 1 - illustrates the basic steps in the design process,
indicating its iterative nature.
Engineering design has traditionally been accomplished on drawing boards, with the design being
documented in the form of a detailed engineering drawing. Mechanical includes the drawing of the
complete product as well as its.
22. What are the four design related tasks to be performed by a modern CAD system?
The various design-related tasks which are performed by a modem computer-aided design system can
be grouped into four functional arears:
1. Geometric modeling
2. Engineering analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting
23. Using figures, show the application of computers to the design process.
The Application of Computers for Design
The various design-related tasks which are performed by a modem computer-aided design system can
be grouped into four functional arears:
1. Geometric modeling
2. Engineering analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting

The Design Process Computer aided design

Recognition of need

Problem Definition

Geometric modelling
Synthesis evaluation Automated drafting

Analysis and optimization Engineering analysis

Evaluation Design review and evaluation

Presentation Automated drafting

Figure 4: Application of computers to the design process

These four areas correspond to the final four phases in Shigley's general design process, illustrated in
Figure 2. Geometric modeling corresponds to the synthesis phase in which the physical design project
takes form on the ICG system. Engineering analysis comesponds to phase 4, dealing with analysis and
optimization. Design review and evaluation is the fifth step in the general design procedure. Automated
drafting involves a procedure for converting the design image data residing in computer memory into hard
copy document. It represents an important method presentation (phase 6) of the design. The following
sections explore each of these four CAD functions.
24. Differentiate CAD & CAM.
CAD CAM
Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAD is used for designing the components in 2D, CAM is used to machine the components designed
3D, assembling them and then analysis. in CAD by generating codes (G codes and M
codes) and machined by machine.
CAD basically refers to drawing. CAM refers to manufacturing.
Computer assists where a designer converts his Uses computer to plan, manage and control the
or her ideas and knowledge into a model or operations of a manufacture plant.
graphical model.
Maintenance cost is low Maintenance cost is relatively high.
Can design customize products. Produced designed part wish high accuracy.
Uses computer to assist in creation, modification, Manufacturing support applications: process
analysis and optimization of a design. planning, scheduling, work study, quality control.
Implementation cost is low. Moderate
Software used: AutoCAD, CREO, CATIA. Software used: Nx-CAM
25. Differentiate among CAD, CAM & CIM.
CAD CAM CIM
Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Manufacturing Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
Computer assists where a Uses computer to plan, manage CIM is the approach of using
designer converts his or her and control the operations of a computers to control the entire
ideas and knowledge into a manufacture plant. production process.
model or graphical model.
Maintenance cost is low Maintenance cost is relatively high. Maintenance cost is very high.
Can design customize products. Produced designed part wish high Maintained/improved schedule
accuracy. performance
Uses computer to assist in Manufacturing support applications: CAD+CAM=CIM
creation, modification, analysis process planning, scheduling, work
and optimization of a design. study, quality control.
Implementation cost is low. Moderate Highly expansive
26. Show flow diagram of CAD, CAM & CIM.
27. Why CAD is important in design?
28. Why engineers need to have CAD knowledge?
29. How CAD technology can help engineer?
30. Discuss concurrent engineering concept in CAM.
31. Why networking is important in CAM system?
32. Show in diagram the influence of computer used in manufacturing environment.