Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Christian Stiven Lopez

Group 203058A_30

1114825670

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 03-04
 Introduction

In this work, the basic principles that define the way in which different surfaces reflect
electromagnetic signals and influence their propagation are discussed; in addition to
the application of snell's law.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency,
signal energy, and electromagnetic properties of different media. The modes of
propagation of electromagnetic waves are:
• Direct propagation: o The two-beam ground reflected model is a radio propagation
model that predicts path loss between a transmitting and receiving antenna when
they are in LOS (line of sight). Generally, the two antennas have different heights.

This mode of propagation is the most efficient, since there is no loss of energy by
reflection.
• Propagation by reflection in the ground plane: This propagation system is called
propagation by terrestrial reflection and is very common in radio frequency (RF)
applications.
• Propagation by atmospheric reflection: In this propagation mode the different layers
of the atmosphere, due to their different density and level of ionization, reflect as
conductive surfaces the signals in medium and high frequencies (MF-HF- VHF). Higher
frequency waves, such as UHF and above, are no longer reflected, so they do not
propagate by this type of reflection.

• Propagation by satellite retransmission: This mode of propagation consists of the

installation of multiple repeater systems in line of sight using satellite retransmission.
 2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?
The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is defined as the path described by the
vector component of the electric field in its propagation, so that it maintains the
orthogonality with respect to the vector component of the magnetic field.
There are the following types of polarization:
• Linear:

It occurs when both components have different amplitude but are in phase or in exact
counter phase, then an arithmetic addition or subtraction of the signals is generated
at each point in space, which leads to the resulting field always having the same
direction but not necessarily coinciding with the Yo Z axes.
• Circular: When both components have the same amplitude and are out of phase
with each other by 90º or 270º. In this case, a circularly polarized wave is generated,
the direction of rotation of the vector is defined by the phase difference of the signals.
  Elliptical polarization: It is generated when both components have different
amplitude and the phase angle between them is neither 0º nor 180º; in these
cases, an elliptical polarized wave is generated, the angle that forms the major
axis of the ellipse with the Z axis, as well as the direction of rotation of the
vector is defined by the phase difference of the signals.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

When the angle of incidence is greater than the limit angle there is no refracted
beam, so there is said to be total reflection. Total reflection is used in optical fibers
which are transparent media in which light is transmitted so that it strikes the surface
at angles greater than the limit angle, thus allowing the light not to scatter and
"travel within the fiber".
The limit angle can be calculated as follows:

The graph shows the case of total reflection. When beam 3, whose angle of incidence
is greater than the limit angle, is totally reflected and not refracted:

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

It is determined as total refraction. When the sum of the angles of incidence and
refraction is 90°, the Fresnel coefficient of reflection is cancelled in the TM mode (the
tangent tends to infinity), which means that the parallel electric field is not reflected,
but completely refracted.
The angle at which this condition occurs is called the Brewster angle.
The Brewster's angle can be obtained using the expression of the reflection coefficient
TM as a function of the refractive indices:

For this to happen, it is required that:

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Snell’s law describes the refraction of waves at the transition between two media with
different indices of refraction. In optics the dispersion relation of light is isotropic and
thus the relation between the incident and refracted angles is solely determined by
the ratio of the refractive indices.

Application exercises:
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected power P−¿
1 and the transmitted power P2 to the
¿ +¿¿

wall.
F=30 MHz
N2= 111 Ω

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

n1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω

n2 =111Ω

p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

1−reflection coefficient
n2−n1 111Ω−377 −266 Ω
Γ= = = =−0.545=0.545
n2 +n1 111Ω+ 377Ω 488 Ω
2−Reflectance
2 2
R=|Γ| =|0.545| =29,7 %
3−Transmittance
T =1−R=1−29,7 %=70,29 %
4−Reflected power=¿
¿
5−Transmitted power ¿
¿
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P1 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20 cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.
 Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.
f =30 Mhz
p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

n1 =120 π Ω perpendicular

Input impedance :
n2 + j n1 tan ( βx )
n¿ =n 1
n1 + j n2 tan ( βx )
Phase constant :
w n0
β= =w=2 πf
c0 n
n0 =120 π Ω

c 0=3∗10 m /s 8

n2 =111Ω

First wall
Reflection coefficient :
n¿ −naire
T 1=
n¿ + naire
T 1=1+T 1

Transmittance∧reflactance :
T 1=1−|Γ | 2
1

R1=1−T 1
Second wall
second wall reflection coefficient :
naire −n pared
T 2=
naire + n pared
Transmittance∧reflactance :
T 2=1−|Γ | 2
2

R2=1−T 2

transmitted power=T 1=T 1 T 2

w
β=w √ μ 0 ε 0 ε r= ε
c0 √ Γ

120 π 2 n 0
εΓ= ( 111
= ) ( )
n
=11,53

2 π∗30∗10 6
β= ∗√11,53=2,134 rad /m
3∗108
β=2,134 rad /m

120 π + j111 tan ( 2,134∗0,2 )

n¿ =111 Ω∗ [ 111+ j 120 tan ( 2,134∗0.2 ) ]
n¿ : ( 134,3825−157,08085i )Ω

reflection coefficient :
n ¿−n aire
Γ 1=
n¿ +n aire
Γ 1=−0,34731−0,41385 i=0,54 ←130°>¿

Transmition coefficient :
τ 1 =1+ Γ 1=0,34731−0,41385i

% power transmitted ¿ the wall:

 2
T 1=1−|Γ 1| =1−( 0,54 )2=70,81 %

Coefficient of the second side of the wall

n aire−n pared 120 π −111
Γ2= = =0,5451
naire +n pared 120 π +111
% Transmittance :
2
T 2=1−|Γ 2| =1−( 0.5451)2 =0,7029=70,29 %

en la segunda pared pasa el 70,29 %

Power transmitted ¿ the generator ¿ the receiver :

T T =0,7081∗0,7029=0,4977

Therefore , the power emitted by the emitter ,only 49.77 % reaches the receiver .

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC (101)mm thick and that
at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material
is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

n 1=1.31 Hielo
n 2=1.00029 Aire
n 3=?
n 4=1.5 (Vidrio)

For the ice and air layer we have:

θa =44,9 °

Width=111mm
To know the horizontal distance you can start from the vertical distance and the
angles of incidence and refraction.
You can approximate the horizontal distance as the sum of the distance traveled in air
and distance traveled in water:
d=d 1+ d 2+ d 3

Since the angle of incidence is known, the angle of refraction can be obtained:
n1
senθr = sen θ a
n2
1,31
senθr =
1.00029
 1,31
θr =sin−1
1.00029
θr =68,11 °

Having the angle of refraction, the value of h1 is calculated,

111 mm
cos 68,11 ° =
h1
111mm
h 1= =297,73 mm
cos 68,11 °
So,
d 1=297,73 mm∗tan 68,11 °
d 1=276,25 mm

In the case of the air layers and the unknown, proceed to perform the calculations.
To find the critical angle of incidence from which total reflection occurs, we start from
snell's law making the sine of the angle of refraction equal to unity.
sen θ2=1

When calculating the value of n3 we obtain,

n2
sen θc =
n3
n2
n3 =
sen θc
n3 =2,49

So, distance 2 is:

d 2=111 mm∗tan 21,89° =44,60 mm
Applying Snell's law to the last layer unknown material and Glass:
2,49∗sen 21,89 °=1,5 sen θd

( 2,49 ) sen(21,89 ° ) 0,25

sen θd = = =0,1666
1.5 1.5
θd =44,24 °

Substituting in the formula of d3 we obtain:

d 3=111 mm∗tan 44,24 ° =108,10 mm

The distance is:

d=d 1+d 2+d 3=276,25 mm+ 44,60 mm+108,10 mm

d=428,95 mm

Conclusions

Conclusion 1: The development of this task allowed me to identify the main

characteristics of electromagnetic waves, such as propagation modes, phenomena
such as reflection, total refraction, and also, to identify and apply Snalls law.

Conclusion 2: Identifying the medium through which electromagnetic waves pass,

allows us to carry out an exact analysis of its behavior. Likewise, calculate
coefficients, transmittance and different important variables.

Bibliography

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Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
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