2.

A continuous random variable X has cumulative distribution function

(a) Find P(X < 0).

(b) Find the probability density function f(x) of X.
(c) Write down the name of the distribution of X.
(d) Find the mean and the variance of X.
(e) Write down the value of P(X = 1).

4. The continuous random variable X has probability density function f(x) given by

where k is a constant.
(a) Show that k = 1/ 9

(b) Find the cumulative distribution function F(x).

(c) Find the mean of X. and Var (x)
(d) Show that the median of X lies between x = 2.6 and x = 2.7

7. The random variable Y has probability density function f(y) given by

where k and a are positive constants.

Given that E(Y) = 1.75

(b) show that a = 4 and write down the value of k. For these values of a and k,
(c) sketch the probability density function,
(d) write down the mode of Y.

7. The queuing time in minutes, X, of a customer at a post office is modelled by the

probability density function
Using integration, find
(b) the mean queuing time of a customer,
(c) the probability that a customer will queue for more than 5 minutes.
Three independent customers shop at the post office.
(d) Find the probability that at least 2 of the customers queue for more than 5 minutes.

7. The continuous random variable X has probability density function given by

(a) Sketch f (x) showing clearly the points where it meets the x-axis.
(b) Write down the value of the mean, , of X.
(c) Show that E(X 2) = 9.8
(d) Find the standard deviation,, of X.
The cumulative distribution function of X is given by

where a is a constant.
(e) Find the value of a.
(f) Show that the lower quartile of X, q1 , lies between 2.29 and 2.31
(g) Hence find the upper quartile of X, giving your answer to 1 decimal place.
(h) Find, to 2 decimal places, the value of k so that

5. The continuous random variable X has a cumulative distribution function

where a and b are constants.

(a) Find the value of a and the value of b.
(c) Use integration to find E(X).
(d) Show that the lower quartile of X lies between 1.425 and 1.435

5. A manufacturer produces large quantities of drilling Valves. It is known from previous

records that 6% of the production will be below required standard.
A random sample of 10 mugs was taken from the production line.
(a) Define a suitable distribution to model the distribution.
(b) Find the probability that there were exactly 3 below required standard in the sample.
A random sample of 125 mugs was taken.
(c) Find the probability that there were between 10 and 13 (inclusive) in this sample, using
(i) a Poisson approximation, (ii) a Normal approximation.

2. The probability of a bolt being faulty is 0.3. Find the probability that in a random sample
of 20 bolts there are
(a) exactly 2 faulty bolts,
(b) more than 3 faulty bolts.
These bolts are sold in bags of 20. John buys 10 bags.
(c) Find the probability that exactly 6 of these bags contain more than 3 faulty bolts.

7. A set of scaffolding poles come in two sizes, long and short. The length L of a long pole
has the normal distribution N(19.7, 0.52). The length S of a short pole has the normal
distribution N (4.9, 0.22). The random variables L and S are independent. A long pole and a
short pole are selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that the length of the long pole is more than 4 times the length of the
short pole. Four short poles are selected at random and placed end to end in a row. The
random variable T represents the length of the row.
(b) Find the distribution of T.
(c) Find P( |L −T |< 0.1).

QUESTION: A quality control manager regularly samples 20 items from a production line
and records the number of defective items x. The results of 100 such samples are given in
Table 1 below.
 Table 1
(a) Estimate the proportion of defective items from the production line. The manager claimed
that the number of defective items in a sample of 20 can be modelled by a binomial
distribution. He used the answer in part (a) to calculate the expected frequencies given in
Table 2.

Table 2
(b) Find the value of r and the value of s giving your answers to 1 decimal place.
(c) Stating your hypotheses clearly, use a 5% level of significance to test the manager’s
claim.
(d) Explain what the analysis in part (c) tells the manager about the occurrence of defective
items from this production line.

Question: As an example of the application of the randomized block design, consider a tire
company that developed a new tire. The company conducted tread-wear tests on the tire to
determine whether there is a significant difference in tread wear if the average speed with
which the automobile is driven varies. The company set up an experiment in which the
independent variable was speed of automobile. There were three treatment levels: slow speed
(car is driven 20 miles per hour), medium speed (car is driven 40 miles per hour), and high
speed (car is driven 60 miles per hour). Company researchers realized that several possible
variables could confound the study. One of these variables was supplier. The company uses
five suppliers to provide a major component of the rubber from which the tires are made. To
control for this variable experimentally, the researchers used supplier as a blocking variable.
Fifteen tires were randomly selected for the study, three from each supplier.
Each of the three was assigned to be tested under a different speed condition. The data are
given here, along with treatment and block totals. These figures represent tire wear in units of
10,000 miles.
Because the observed value of F for treatment (97.45) is greater than this critical F value, the
null hypothesis is rejected. At least one of the population means of the treatment levels is not
the same as the others; that is, there is a significant difference in tread wear for cars driven at
different speeds. If this problem had been set up as a completely randomized design, the SSR
would have been a part of the SSE. The degrees of freedom for the blocking effects would
have been combined with degrees of freedom of error. Thus, the value of
SSE would have been 1.549 + .143 = 1.692, and dfE would have been 4 + 8 = 12. These
would then have been used to recompute MSE = 1.692/12 = .141. The value of F for
treatments would have been

Thus, the F value for treatment with the blocking was 97.45 and without the blocking was
12.35. By using the random block design, a much larger observed F value was obtained.
QUESTION: A metal-manufacturing firm wants to test the tensile strength of a given metal
under varying conditions of temperature. Suppose that in the design phase, the metal is
processed under five different temperature conditions and that random samples of size five
are taken under each temperature condition. The data follow.
Tensile Strength of Metal Produced Under Five
Different Temperature Settings

A one-way ANOVA is performed on these data by using Minitab, with the resulting analysis shown
here.
Note from the ANOVA table that the F value of 43.70 is statistically significant at
= .01. There is an overall difference in the population means of metal produced
under the five temperature settings. Use the data to compute a Tukey’s HSD to determine
which of the five groups are significantly different from the others.

QUESTION: Is there more variation in the output of one shift in a manufacturing plant than
in another shift? In an effort to study this question, plant managers gathered productivity
reports from the 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. shift for eight days. The reports indicated that the
following numbers of units were produced on each day for this shift.
5528, 4779, 5112, 5380, 4918, 4763, 5055, 5106.
Productivity information was also gathered from seven days for the 4 P.M. to midnight shift,
resulting in the following data. 4325, 4016, 4872, 4559, 3982, 4754, 4116.
Use these data and @ = 0.01 to test to determine whether the variances of productivity for the
two shifts are the same. Assume productivity is normally distributed in the population.

QUESTION: A manufacturer uses two machines to drill holes in pieces of sheet metal used
in engine construction. The workers who attach the sheet metal to the engine become
inspectors in that they reject sheets so poorly drilled that they cannot be attached. The
production manager is interested in knowing whether one machine produces more defective
drillings than the other machine. As an experiment, employees mark the sheets so that the
manager can determine which machine was used to drill the holes. A random sample of 191
sheets of metal drilled by machine 1 is taken, and 38 of the sheets are defective. A random
sample of 202 sheets of metal drilled by machine 2 is taken, and 21 of the sheets are defective
.Use @= 0.05 to determine whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of
sheets drilled with defective holes between machine 1 and machine 2.

QUESTION: In manufacturing, does worker productivity drop on Friday? In an effort to

determine whether it does, a company’s personnel analyst randomly selects from a
manufacturing plant five workers who make the same part. He measures their output on
Wednesday and again on Friday and obtains the following results.

The analyst uses @ =0.05 and assumes the difference in productivity is normally
distributed. Do the samples provide enough evidence to show that productivity drops on
Friday?

QUESTION: Suppose the data shown here are the results of a survey to investigate gasoline
prices. Ten service stations were selected randomly in each of two cities and the figures
represent the prices of a gallon of unleaded regular gasoline on a given day.
Use the F test to determine whether there is a significant difference in the variances of the
prices of unleaded regular gasoline between these two cities. Let @ = 0.01. Assume gasoline
prices are normally distributed.

QUESTION: Suppose a machine produces metal sheets that are specified to be 22

millimeters thick. Because of the machine, the operator, the raw material, the manufacturing
environment, and other factors, there is variability in the thickness. Two machines produce
these sheets. Operators are concerned about the consistency of the two machines. To test
consistency, they randomly sample 10 sheets produced by machine 1 and 12 sheets produced
by machine 2. The thickness measurements of sheets from each machine are given in the
table on the following page. Assume sheet thickness is normally distributed in the population.
How can we test to determine whether the variance from each sample comes from the same
population variance (population variances are equal) or from different population variances
(population variances are not equal)?
SOLUTION: HYPOTHESIZE:
STEP 1. Determine the null and alternative hypotheses. In this case, we are conducting a two-
tailed test (variances are the same or not), and the following hypotheses are used.

TEST:
STEP 2. The appropriate statistical test is
STEP 3. Let @ = .05.

STEP 4. Because we are conducting a two-tailed test,@/2 = .025. Because n1 = 10 and

n2 = 12, the degrees of freedom numerator for the upper-tail critical value is v1 = n1 - 1 =
10 - 1 = 9 and the degrees of freedom denominator for the upper-tail critical value is v2 =
n2 - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11. The critical F value for the upper tail obtained from Table is

F.025,9,11 = 3.59

Table 10.9 is a copy of the F distribution for a one-tailed @ = .025 (which yields
equivalent values for two-tailed @ = .05 where the upper tail contains .025 of the area).
Locate F.025,9,11 = 3.59 in the table. The lower-tail critical value can be calculated from the
uppertail value by using formula 10.13.

The decision rule is to reject the null hypothesis if the observed F value is greater than
3.59 or less than .28.
STEP 5. Next we compute the sample variances. The data are shown here.

The ratio of sample variances is 5.62.

ACTION:
STEP 7. The observed F value is 5.62, which is greater than the upper-tail critical value
of 3.59. As Figure 10.15 shows, this F value is in the rejection region. Thus, the decision
is
to reject the null hypotheses. The population variances are not equal.

STEP8. An examination of the sample variances reveals that the variance from machine 1
measurements is greater than that from machine 2 measurements. The operators and
process managers might want to examine machine 1 further; an adjustment may be
needed or some other reason may be causing the seemingly greater variations on that
machine.
 QUESTION:. The lifetime, in tens of hours, of a certain delicate electrical component can be
modelled by the random variable X with probability density function

(a) Sketch f(x) for all values of x. (4 marks)

(b) Find the probability that a component lasts at least 50 hours. (3 marks)
A particular device requires two of these components and it will not operate if one or more of the
components fail. The device has just been fitted with two new components and the lifetimes of
these two components are independent.
(c) Find the probability that the device breaks down within the next 50 hours.

QUESTION: The continuous random variable T represents the time in hours that students spend
on homework. The cumulative distribution function of T is

where k is a positive constant.

(a) Show that k = . (2 marks) 2716
(b) Find the proportion of students who spend more than 1 hour on homework. (2 marks)
(c) Find the probability density function f(t) of T. (3 marks)
(d) Show that E(T ) = 0.9. (3 marks)
(e) Show that F(E(T )) = 0.4752. (1 mark)
A student is selected at random. Given that the student spent more than the mean amount of time
on homework,
(f ) find the probability that this student spent more than 1 hour on homework. (3 marks)
9. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.

Find the value of k.

SOLUTION:

QUESTION: The random variable X has probability density function

k (−x2 +5 x−4 ), 1≤x ≤4 ,

f(x) =
{ 0, otherwise.
2
(a) Show that k = 9 .

(3)

Find

(b) E(X),

(3)

(c) the mode of X.

(2)

(d) the cumulative distribution function F(x) for all x.

(5)

(e) Evaluate P(X  2.5),

(2)
(f ) Deduce the value of the median and comment on the shape of the distribution.

10. A random variable X, taking values 0, 1, 2 has the following probability

distribution for some number k.

28. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of getting.

(i) exactly six heads, (ii) at least six heads, (iii) at most six heads.

36. In a bolt factory machines A, B and C manufacture 60%, 30% and 10% of the total bolts
respectively, 2%, 5% and 10% of the bolts produced by them respectively are defective. A
bolt is picked up at random from the product and is found to be defective. What is the
probability that it has been manufactured by machine A?

Solution: Here we are given a mixed cumulative distribution function.

a) This function can be plotted as follows:
b) Now we will firstly find the pdf corresponding to this distribution function as follows:
QUESTION: Two Directors are competing for the position of chief executive of Petroleum
Training Institute. The probabilities that the first and the second will win are 0.6 and 0.4
respectively. Further if the first wins, the probability of introducing a Computer science
Department is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second Director wins. Find
the probability that the new programme introduced was by the second Director.

QUESTION: A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with probability
0.6. Find the probability that at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from the starting
point.

QUESTION:. The probabilities of three events A,B and C occurring are P(A)=0.35,
P(B)= 0.45 and P(C) =0.2. Assuming that A,B and C has occurred, the
probabilities of another event X occurring are P(X/A) =0.8, P(X/B) = 0.65 and
P(X/C) = 0.3. Find P(A/X), P(B/X) and P(C/X).

Solution:

Event P(Event) P(X/Event) P(X and Event) P(Event/X)= P(Event

& X)/P(X)

A 0.35 0.8 =0.3*0.8= 0.2800/0.6325=

0.2800 0.4427

B 0.45 0.65 =0.45*0.65 = 0.2925/0.6325=

0.2925 0.4625

C 0.2 0.3 =0.2*0.3= 0.0600/0.6325=

0.0600 0.0949

P (X) = P(XA)+P(XB)+P(XC) 0.6325

Therefore P(A/X) = 0.4427, P(B/X) = 0.4625 and P(C/X)= 0.0949

QUESTION: Let the continuous random variable X denote the diameter of a hole drilled in a
sheet metal component. The target diameter is 12.5 millimeters. Most random disturbances to
the process result in larger diameters. Historical data show that the distribution of X can be
modeled by a probability density function f(x) = 20e-20(x-12.5), x≥12.5.
If a part with a diameter larger than 12.60 millimeters is scrapped, what proportion of parts is
scrapped?

What proportion of parts is between 12.5 and 12.6 millimeters?

QUESTION: In order to test the difference in performance of two automatic water filling
machines, the engineer set the target volume to be 3 liters (3000 cm 3) and collected two
random samples of size 12 and 10 from the two machines. The data in cm 3 of water are
shown below.
Calculate the mean and variance of each sample and compare the performance of the two
machines.
M1: 2916 2981 2955 2948 2933 2874 2904 2992 3002 2998 2962 2880
M2 :3000 3004 3003 2996 2999 2995 2998 2997 3003 3002
QUESTION: Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a particular organic
pollutant. Assume that the samples are independent with regard
to the presence of the pollutant.
•Find the probability that in the next 18 samples, at least 4 contain the pollutant.

•Find the probability that in the next 18 samples, exactly 2 contain the pollutant.
•Determine the probability that 3 ≤ X < 7

BINOM
QUESTION: The phone lines to an airline reservation system are occupied 40% of the
time. Assume that the events that the lines are occupied on successive calls are independent.
Assume that 10 calls are placed to the airline.
(a) What is the probability that for exactly three calls the lines are occupied?
(b) What is the probability that for at least one call the lines are not occupied?
(c) What is the expected number of calls in which the lines are all occupied?

QUESTION:. Batches that consist of 50 coil springs from a production process are
checked for conformance to customer requirements.
The mean number of nonconforming coil springs in a batch is 5. Assume that the number of
nonconforming springs in a batch, denoted as X, is a binomial random variable.
(a) What are n and p?
(b) What is P(X≤2)?
(c) What is P(X≥49)?

QUESTION: The number of flaws in bolts of cloth in textile manufacturing is assumed

to be Poisson distributed with a mean of 0.1 flaw per square meter.
(a) What is the probability that there are two flaws in 1 square meter of cloth?
(b) What is the probability that there is one flaw in 10 square meters of cloth?
(c) What is the probability that there are no flaws in 20 square meters of cloth?
(d) What is the probability that there are at least two flaws in 10 square meters of cloth?
Question Let T be the lifetime in years of new bus engines. Suppose that T is continuous with
probability density function
for some constant d.
(a) Find the value of d.
(b) Find the mean and median of T.
(c) Suppose that 240 new bus engines are installed at the same time, and that their lifetimes
are independent. By making an appropriate approximation, find the probability that at most
10 of the engines last for 4 years or more.
using the table of the standard normal distribution.
Note that we start with the continuous random variable T, move to the discrete random
variable X, and then move on to the continuous random variables Y and Z, where finally Z is
standard normal and so is in the tables.

3.33. The density function of a continuous random variable X is

(a) Find the mode. (b) Find the median. (c) Compare mode, median, and mean.