QUADRILATERALS

Ex.2 The sides BA and DC of a quadrilateral

 IMPORTANT POINTS
 ABCD are produced as shown in fig.
 A quadrilateral is a figure bounded by Prove that a + b = x + y.
four line segments such that no three of
them are parallel. Sol. Join BD. In ABD, we have
 Two sides of quadrilateral are D
consecutive or adjacent sides, if they y° C
have a common point (vertex). a°
 Two sides of a quadrilateral are opposite
sides, if they have no common end-point
(vertex). b° x°
 The consecutive angles of a quadrilateral A B
are two angles which include a side in
ABD + ADB = bº ....(i)
their intersection. In other words, two
angles are consecutive, if they have a In CBD, we have
common arm.
CBD + CDB = aº ....(ii)
 Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to
be opposite angles if they do not have a Adding (i) and (ii), we get
common arm.
(ABD + CBD) + (ADB + CDB) = aº + bº
 The sum of the four angles of a
quadrilateral is 360º.  xº + yº = aº + bº

Hence, x + y = a + b
EXAMPLES   
Ex.3 In a quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the
bisectors of A and B respectively. Prove
Ex.1 In a quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B, C
and D are in the ratio 2 : 4 : 5 : 7. Find the 1
that AOB = (C + D).
measure of each angles of the quadrilateral. 2

Sol. We have A : B : C : D = 2 : 4 : 5 : 7. Sol. In AOB, we have

So, let A = 2xº, B = 4xº, C = 5xº, D
C
D = 7xº.
O
 + B + C + D = 360º
 x + 4x + 5x + 7x = 360º 1 2
A B
 18x = 360º
 AOB + 1 + 2 = 180º
  x = 20º
 AOB = 180º – (1 + 2)
Thus, the angles are :
1 1 
A = 40º, B = (4 × 20)º = 80º,   AOB = 180º –  A  B 
2 2 
   C = (5 × 20)º = 100º
 1 1 
and,D = (7x)º = (7 × 20)º = 140º  1  2 A and 2  2 B
 
 1 Ex.5 In a parallelogram ABCD, prove that sum of
 AOB = 180º – (A + B) any two consecutive angles is 180º.
2
1 Sol. Since ABCD is a parallelogram. Therefore,
 AOB = 180° – [360º – (C + D)] AD || BC.
2
[ A + B + C + D = 360º D C

 A + B = 360º – (C + D)]

1
 AOB = 180º – 180º + (C + D)
2
A B
1
 AOB = (C + D) Now, AD || BC and transversal AB intersects
2
them at A and B respectively.
Ex.4 In figure bisectors of B and D of
quadrilateral ABCD meet CD and AB  A + B = 180º
produced at P and Q respectively. Prove that [Sum of the interior angles on the same
1 side of the transversal is 180º]
P + Q = (ABC + ADC)
2 Similarly, we can prove that
A B Q
3 B + C = 180º, C + D = 180º and
4
D + A = 180º.
1
2  A quadrilateral having exactly one pair of
P D C parallel sides, is called a trapezium.
Sol. In PBC, we have  A trapezium is said to be an isoscels
trapezium, if its non-parallel sides are equal.
 P + 4 + C = 180º  A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its both
1 pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
 P + B + C = 180º ...(i)  A parallelogram having all sides equal is
2
called a rhombus.
In QAD, we have Q + A + 1 = 180º
 A parallelogram whose each angle is a right
1 angle, is called a rectangle.
 Q + A + D = 180º ...(ii)
2  A square is a rectangle with a pair of
Adding (i) and (ii), we get adjacent sides equal.
 A quadrilateral is a kite if it has two pairs of
1 1 equal adjacent sides and unequal opposite
P + Q + A + C + + D
2 2 sides.
= 180º + 180º  A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into
two congruent triangles.
1 1
P + Q + A + C + + D = 360º  In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
2 2
 The opposite angles of a parallelogram are
1 equal.
 P + Q + A + C + (B + D)
2  The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
= A + B + C + D other.
[In a quadrilateral ABCD A + B + C  In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two
consecutive angles intersect at right angle.
+ D = 360º]
 If diagonal of a parallelogram bisects one of
1 the angles of the parallelogram, it also
P + Q = (B + D) bisects the second angle.
2
 The angle bisectors of a parallegram form a
1 rectangle.
P + Q = (ABC + ADC)
2
Ex.6 In a parallelogram ABCD, D = 115º, D X C
determine the measure of A and B. 2

Sol. Since the sum of any two consecutive angles

of a parallelogram is 180º. Therefore,
A + D = 180º and A + B = 180º
1 3
Now, A + D = 180º A Y B
A + 115º = 180º [D = 115º (given)] Sol. Since opposite angles are equal in a
 A = 65º and A + B = 180º parallelogram. Therefore, in parallelogram
ABCD, we have A = C
 65º + B = 180º B = 115º
1 1
Thus, A = 65º and B = 115º  A = C
2 2
Ex.7 In figure, AB = AC, EAD = CAD and
 1 = 2 ....(i)
CD || AB. Show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
[AX and CY are bisectors of A and C
E respectively]
Now, AB || DC and the transversal CY
A D intersects them.
 2 = 3 ....(ii)
[ Alternate interior angles are equal]
B C From (i) and (ii), we get

Sol. In ABC, AB = AC [Given] 1 = 3

    ABC = ACB ….(1) Thus, transversal AB intersects AX and YC at

A and Y such that 1 = 3 i.e. corresponding
(Angles opposite the equal sides are equal) angles are equal.
EAD = CAD[Given] ….(2)  AX || CY
  Now, EAC = ABC + ACB Ex.9 In the adjoining figure, a point O is taken
 An exterior angle is equal to sum of  inside an equilateral quad. ABCD such that
 
OB = OD. Show that A, O and C are in the
 two interior opposite angles of a triangles 
same straight line.
  EAD + CAD = ABC + ACB C
D
 CAD + CAD = ACB + ACB
O
By (1) and (2)
  2CAD = 2ACB
  CAD = ACB
A B
  BC | | AD
Sol. Given a quad. ABCD in which AB = BC
Also, CD | | AB [Given] = CD = DA and O is a point within it such
Thus, we have both pairs of opposite sides of that OB = OD.
quadrilateral ABCD parallel. Therefore, ABCD To prove AOB + COB = 180º
is a parallelogram.
Proof In OAB and OAD, we have
Ex.8 ABCD is a parallelogram and line segments
AX,CY are angle bisector of A and C AB = AD (given), OA = OA
respectively then show AX || CY. (common) and OB = OD (given)
  OAB  OAD BE || AD and BE meets BC at E.
 AOB = AOD ….(i) (c.p.c.t.) Show that (i) ABED is a parallelogram.
Similarly, OBC ODC (ii) A + C = B + D = 180º.
COB = COD ….(ii) Sol. Here, AB || CD (Given)
Now, AOB + COB + COD + AOD  AB || DE ….(1)
= 360º [ at a point]   Also, BE || AD (Given) ….(2)
 2(AOB + COB) = 360º From (1) and (2),
AOB + COB = 180º ABED is a parallelogram
Ex.10 In figure AN and CP are perpendiculars to the  AD = BE ….(3)
diagonal BD of a parallelogram ABCD.
  Also, AD = BC (Given) ….(4)
Prove that :
From (3) and (4),
(i) ADN CBP (ii) AN = CP
BE = BC
A D
1
 BEC = BCE ….(5)
P
Also, BAD = BED
N
2 (opposite angles of parallelogram ABED)
B C
i.e., BED = BAD ….(6)
Sol. Since ABCD is a parallelogram.
Now, BED + BEC = 180º (Linear pair of angles)
 AD || BC
 BAD + BCE = 180º
Now, AD || BC and transversal BD intersects
them at B and D. By (5) and (6)
 1 = 2  A + C = 180º
[Alternate interior angles are equal] Similarly, B + D = 180º
Now, in s ADN and CBP, we have Ex.12 In figure ABCD is a parallelogram and 
DAB = 60º. If the bisectors AP and BP of
1 = 2
angles A and B respectively, meet at P on
AND = CPD and, AD = BC CD, prove that P is the mid-point of CD.
[ Opposite sides of a ||gm are equal] D P C
So, by AAS criterion of congruence
ADN CBP 60°
30°
AN = CP 30° 60°
A B
[Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal] Sol. We have, DAB = 60º
Ex.11 In figure, ABCD is a trapezium such that A + B = 180º
AB || CD and AD = BC.  60º + B = 180º B = 120º
D E C Now, AB || DC and transversal AP intersects
them.
 PAB = APD
 APD = 30º [ PAB = 30º]
A B Thus, in APD, we have
 PAD = APD [Each equal to 30º] Join the diagonal AC of the quadrilateral
ABCD.
 AD = PD .... (i)
Now, in ABC, we have E and F mid-points
[ Angles opposite to equal sides are equal] of the sides BA and BC.
Since BP is the bisector of B. Therefore,
 EF || AC
ABP = PBC = 60º
1
Now, AB || DC and transversal BP intersects and EF = AC .... (1)
2
them.
Similarly, from ADC, we have
 CPB = ABP
GH || AC
 CPB = 60º [ABP = 60º]
1
Thus, in CBP, we have and GH = AC ….(2)
2
CBP = CPB [Each equal to 60º]
Then from (1) and (2), we have
 CP = BC
EF || GH
[Sides opp, to equal angles are equal]
and EF = GH
 CP = AD .... (ii) This proves that EFGH is a parallelogram.
[ ABCD is a ||gm  AD = BC] Ex.14 In figure ABCD is a parallelogram and X, Y
From (i) and (ii), we get are the mid-points of sides AB and DC
respectively. Show that AXCY is a
PD = CP parallelogram.
 P is the mid point of CD. Sol. Since X and Y are the mid-points of AB and
DC respectively. Therefore,
 A quadrilateral is a parallelogam if its
opposite sides are equal. 1 1
 A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its AX = AB and CY = DC ... (i)
2 2
opposite angles are equal.
 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each But,AB = DC [ ABCD is a ||gm]
other, then the quadrilateral is a D Y C
parallelogram.
 A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if its one
pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel.


Ex.13 Prove that the line segments joining the mid- A X B

point of the sides of a quadrilateral forms a
parallelogram. 1 1
 AB = DC
Sol. Points E, F, G and H are the mid-points of the 2 2
sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively, of  AX = CY .... (ii)
the quadrilateral ABCD. We have to prove
that EFGH is a parallelogram. Also, AB || DC
C  AX || YC .... (iii)
Thus, in quadrilateral AXCY, we have
G
AX || YC and AX = YC
F
D [From (ii) and (iii)]
H Hence, quadrilateral AXCY is a parallelogram.

B
A E
Ex.15 Prove that the line segments joining the mid- D C
points of the sides of a rectangle forms a X
rhombus. O
Sol. P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides Y
AB, BC, CD and DA of the rectangle ABCD. A B
R
D C  OB = OD
But,BY = DX
S Q  OB – BY = OD – DX
 OY = OX
A B Thus, in quadrilateral AXCY diagonals AC
P
and XY are such that OX = OY and OA = OC
Here, AC = BD (ABC  BAD) i.e. the diagonals AC and XY bisect each
1 other.
Now, SR || AC and SR = AC
2 Hence, AXCY is a parallelogram.
1 (ii) Since AXCY is a parallelogram
and PQ || AC and PQ = AC
2  AX = CY and AY = CX
1 (iii) In triangles AYB and CXD, we have
 SR || PQ and SR = PQ = AC
2
AY = CX [From (ii)]
1
Similarly, PS || QR and PS = QR = BD AB = CD
2
[ ABCD is a parallelogram]
  SR || PQ, PS || QR
BY = DX [Given]
and SR = PQ = PS = QR (AC = BD)
So, by SSS-criterion of congruence, we have
PQRS is a rhombus.
Ex.16 In figure ABCD is a parallelogram and X and AYB CXD
Y are points on the diagonal BD such that Ex.17 In fig. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which
DX = BY. Prove that AB = AC. CP || AB and AP is the bisector
(i) AXCY is a parallelogram of exterior CAD of ABC. Prove that 
PAC = BCA and ABCP is a parallelogram.
(ii) AX = CY, AY = CX
Sol. Given : An isosceles ABC having
(iii) AYB CXD AB = AC.AP is the bisector of ext CAD
Sol. Given : ABCD is a parallelogram. X and Y and CP || AB.
are points on the diagonal BD such that
To Prove : PAC = BCA and ABCP
DX = BY
To Prove : Proof : In ABC, we have

(i) AXCY is a parallelogram AB = AC [Given]

(ii) AX = CY, AY = CX   1 = 2 .... (i)

(iii) AYB CXD  Angles opposite to equal 

 sides in a  are equal
C Construction : join AC to meet BD at O.
Proof : Now, in  ABC, we have

(i) We know that the diagonals of a ext CAD = 1 + 2

parallelogram bisect each other. Therefore,
AC and BD bisect each other at O.
 D PQ = QR QPR = PRQ

A Bur, QPR + PRQ = 90º.

P
3
O
Y right angle.
1 2
B C
  An exterior angles is equal to the 
 sum of two opposite int erior angles
 
ext CAD = 22 [1 = 2 (from (i))]
 23 = 22
[AP is the bisector of ext.CAD CAD
= 23]
  3 = 2
Thus, AC intersects lines AP and BC at A and
C respectively such that 3 = 2 i.e.,
alternate interior angles are equal. Therefore,
AP || BC.
But,CP || AB [Gvien]
Thus, ABCP is a quadrilateral such that
AP || BC and CP || AB. Hence, ABCP is a
parallelogram.
Ex.18 In the given figure, ABCD is a square and
PQR = 90º. If PB = QC = DR, prove that
R C
D (ii) opposite angles are equal
So, QPR = 45º
 Each of the four angles of a rectangel is a
 Each of the four sides of a rhombus is of the
same length.
 Each of the angles of a square is a right angle
and each of the four sides is of the same
length.
 The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal
length.
 If the two diagonals of parallelogram are
equal, it is a rectangle.
 The diagonals of a rhombus are
perpendicular to each other.
 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are
perpendicular, then it is a rhombus.
 The diagonals of a square are equal and
perpendicular to each other.
 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal
and intersect at right angles then the
parallelogram is a square.
EXA MPLES 
Ex.19 Prove that in a parallelogram
(i) opposite sides are equal
(iii) each diagonal bisects the parallelogram

D Sol. Given : A ||gm ABCD in which AB || DC and

AD || BC.
To prove (i) AB = CD and BC = AD;

A P B (ii) B = D and A = C,

(i) QB = RC, (ii) PQ = QR, (iii) QPR = 45º. (iii) ABC = CDA and ABD = CDB

Sol. BC = DC, CQ = DR  BC – CQ = CDR Construction join A and C.

 QB = RC In ABC and CDA, we have,

D C
From CQR, RQB = QCR + QRC 2
3
 RQP + PQB = 90º + QRC
 90º + PQB = 90º + QRC
4
Now, RCQ  QBP and therefore, 1
A B
QR = PQ
 1 = 2 Ex.21 PQRS is a square. Determine SRP.
[Alt. int. , as AB || DC and CA cuts them] Sol. PQRS is a square.
3 = 4  PS = SR and PSR = 90°
[Alt. int. , as BC || AD and CA cuts them] Now, in  PSR, we have
AC = CA (common) PS = SR
ABC CDA [AAS-criterial] S R
1
(i) ABC CDA (proved)
 AB = CD and BC = AD (c.p.c.t.)
(ii) ABC CDA (proved) 2
B = D (c.p.c.t.) P Q
Also, 1 = 2 and 3 = 4
  Angles opp. to 
1 + 4 = 2 + 3 A = C   1 = 2 equal sides are equal 
 
Hence, B = D and A = C
But,1 + 2 + PSR = 180º
(iii) Since ABC CDA and congruent
triangles are equal in area,   21 + 90° = 180º [PSR = 90°]

So we have ABC = CDA  21 = 90°

Similarly, ABD = CDB   1 = 45°

Ex.20 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are Ex.22 In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a rhombus.
perpendicular to each other, prove that it is a If A = 70º, find CDB
rhombus. Sol.
Sol. Since the diagonals of a ||gm bisect each other, D C
D C

O 70º
A B
A B
we have, OA = OC and OB = OD. We have C = A = 70º
Now, in AOD and COD, we have (opposite  of a ||gm)
OA = OC, AOD = COD =90° Let CDB = xº
and OD is common In CDB, we have
 AOD COD CD = CB CBD = CDB = xº
 AD = CD (c.p.c.t.)  CDB + CBD + DCB = 180º
Now, AB = CD and AD = BC (angles of a triangle)
(opp. sides of a ||gm)
 xº + xº + 70º = 180º
and AD = CD (proved)
 2x = 110, i.e., x = 55
 AB = CD = AD = BC
Hence, CDB = 55º
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
Ex.23 ABCD is a rhombus with ABC = 56°. Proof : Since AB || DC and transversal AC
Determine ACD. cuts them at A and C respectively.
Sol. ABCD is a parallelogram 1 = 2 .... (i)
C D [Alternate angles are equal]
Now, in s APR and DPC, we have
O 1 = 2 [From (i)]
AP = CP [ P is the mid-point of AC]
B A and, 3 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
 ABC = ADC So, by ASA criterion of congruence
 ADC = 56° [ABC = 56° (Given)] APR DPC
1  AR = DC and PR = DP ....(ii)
 ODC = 28° [ODC = ADC]
2   Corresponding parts of 
Now, OCD we have, congruent triangles are equal 
 
OCD + ODC + COD = 180° In DRB, P and Q are the mid-points of sides
 ODC + 28° + 90° = 180° DR and DB respectively.

 OCD = 62° ACD = 62°.  PQ || RB

 PQ || AB [ RB is a part of AB]
 The line segment joining the mid-points of
 PQ || AB and DC [ AB || DC (Given)]
any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
This proves (i).
third side and equal to half of it.
 Again, P and Q are the mid-points of sides
 The line drawn through the mid-point of one DR and DB respectively in DRB.
side of a triangle, parallel to another side,
1 1
intersects the third side at its mid-point.  PQ = RB PQ = (AB – AR)
2 2

Ex.24 Prove that the line segment joining the 1

 PQ = (AB – DC) [From (ii), AR = DC]
mid-points of the diagonals of a trapezium is 2
parallel to each of the parallel sides and is
This proves (ii).
equal to half the difference of these sides.
Sol. Given : A trapezium ABCD in which  A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into
AB || DC and P and Q are the mid-points of two triangles of equal area.
its diagonals AC and BD respectively.  For each base of a parallelogram, the
D C corresponding altitude is the line segment from
2 a point on the base, perpendicular to the line
4 Q containing the opposite side.
P  Parallelograms on the same base and between
3 the same parallels are equal in area.
1  A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same
A R B base and between the same parallels are equal
To Prove : (i) PQ || AB or DC in area.
 The area of a parallelogram is the product of
1 its base and the corresponding altitude.
(ii) PQ = (AB – DC)
2  Parallelograms on equal bases and between the
same parallels are equal in area.
Construction : Join DP and produce DP to
meet AB in R.
 EXAMPLES  Now, in s DEF and AFE, we have
Ex.25 In the adjoining figure, ABCD is parallelogram DE = AF [From (i)]
and X, Y are the points on diagonal BD such DF = AE [From (ii)]
that DX = BY. Prove that CXAY is a
parallelogram. and,EF = FE [Common]
D C So, by SSS criterion of congruence,
  DEF AFE
X
Similarly, DEF FBD and DEF
O EDC
Y
A Hence, AFE FBD EDC DEF
B
Ex.27 In fig, AD is the median and DE || AB. Prove
Sol. Join AC, meeting BD at O.
that BE is the median.
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
each other, we have OA = OC and OD = OB. Sol. In order to prove that BE is the median, it is
sufficient to show that E is the mid-point of
Now, OD = OB and DX = BY AC.
 OD – DX = OB – BY  OX = OY Now, AD is the median in ABC
Now, OA = OC and OX = OY  D is the mid-point of BC.
 CXAY is a quadrilateral whose diagonals A
bisect each other.
 CXAY is a ||gm E
Ex.26 Prove that the four triangles formed by
joining in pairs, the mid-points of three sides
of a triangle, are concurrent to each other. B D C

Sol. Given : A triangle ABC and D,E,F are the mid- Since DE is a line drawn through the mid-
points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. point of side BC of ABC and is parallel to
To Prove :  AB (given). Therefore, E is the mid-point of
AC. Hence, BE is the median of ABC.
    AFE FBD EDC DEF.
Ex.28 Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with
Proof : Since the segment joining the mid- AB = AC and let D,E,F be the mid-points of
points of the sides of a triangle is half of the BC, CA and AB respectively. Show that
third side. Therefore, AD FE and AD is bisected by FE.
A Sol. Given : An isosceles triangle ABC with D, E
and F as the mid-points of sides BC, CA and
AB respectively such that AB = AC. AD
F E intersects FE at O.
To Prove : AD  FE and AD is bisected by FE.
Constructon : Join DE and DF.
B D C
Proof : Since the segment joining the
1 mid-points of two sides of a triangle is
DE = AB DE = AF = BF .... (i)
2 parallel to third side and is half of it.
Therefore,
1
EF = BC  EF = BD = CD .... (ii)
2 1
DE || AB and DE = AB
2
1
DF = AC DF = AE = EC ....(iii)
2
 1  AP = CQ and AP || CQ
Also, DF || AC and DF = AC
2 Thus, APCQ is a quadrilateral such that one
A pair of opposite side AP and CQ are parallel
and equal.
Hence, APCQ is a parallelogram.
F E Ex.30 In fig. D,E and F are, respectively the mid-
O
points of sides BC, CA and AB of an
equilateral triangle ABC. Prove that DEF is
B D C also an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Since the segment joining the mid-points of
two sides of a triangle is half of the third side.
But,AB = AC [Given] Therefore, D and E are mid-points of BC and
1 1 AC respectively.
 AB = AC
2 2 A
 DE = DF .... (i)
1 E
Now, DE = AB  DE = AF .... (ii) F
2
1
and,DF = AC DF = AE ....(iii)
2 B D C
From (i), (ii) and (iii) we have
DE = AE = AF = DF 1
 DE = AB .... (i)
 DEAF is a rhombus. 2

  Diagonals AD and FE bisect each other E and F are the mid-points of AC and AB
at right angle. respectively.

AD FE and AD is bisected by FE. 1

  EF = BC .... (ii)
2
Ex.29 ABCD is a parallelogram. P is a point on AD
1 F and D are the mid-points AB and BC
such that AP = AD and Q is a point on BC respectively.
3
1 1
such that CQ = BP. Prove that AQCP is a   FD = AC
3 2
parallelogram. Now, ABC is an equilateral triangle
 AB = BC = CA
Sol. ABCD is a parallelogram.
1 1 1
D C   AB  BC  CA
2 2 2
Q
 DE = EF = FD
[Using (i), (ii) and (iii)]
P Hence, DEF is an equilateral triangle.
A B Ex.31 P,Q and R are, respectively, the mid-points of
 AD = BC and AD || BC sides BC, CA and AB of a triangle ABC. PR
and BQ meet at X. CR and PQ meet at Y.
1 1 1
 AD = BC and AD || BC Prove that XY = BC
3 3 4
Sol. Given : A ABC with P,Q and R as the To Prove : PQRS is a square.
mid-points of BC, CA and AB respectively. PR
Construction : Join AC and BD.
and BQ meet at X and CR and PQ meet at Y.
D R C
Construction : Join “X and Y.
A
S O Q
M
N
R Q A P B

X Y Proof : In ABC, P and Q are the mid-points

of sides AB and BC respectively.
B P C
1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC .... (i)
Proof: Since the line segment joining the mid- 2
points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of it. Therefore, Q In ADC, R and S are the mid-points of CD
and R are mid-points of AC and AB and AD respectively.
respectively. 1
 RS || AC and RS = AC ....(ii)
1 2
 RQ || BC and RQ = BC .... (i)
2 From (i) and (ii), we have
 P is the mid  po int  PQ || RS and PQ = RS ....(iii)
 1 
 of BC BC  BP Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS one pair of
2  opposite sides are equal and parallel.
 RQ || BP and RQ = BP Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.
 BPQR is a parallelogram. Now, in s PBQ and RCQ, we have
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect PB = RC
each other.
 ABCD, is a square AB  BC  CD  DA 
 X is the mid-point of PQ.  1 
1 1 1
 AB  CD and AB  BC 
  X is the po int of int er sec tion of   2 2 2 2 
 gm 
 diagonals BQ and PR of || BPQR  BQ = CQ [PB = CR and BQ = CQ]
Similarly, Y is the mid-point of PQ. and PBQ = RCQ [Each equal to 90°]
Now, consider PQR. XY is the line segment So, by SAS criterion of congruence
joining the mid-points of sides PR and PQ.
PBQ RCQ
1
 XY = RQ .... (i)   PQ = QR ....(iv)
2
  Corresponding parts of congruent s are equal
1
But RQ = BC [From (i)] From (iii) and (iv), we have
2
1 PQ = QR = RS
Hence, XY = BC.
4 But,PQRS is a||gm.
Ex.32 Show that the quadrilateral, formed by QR = PS
joining the mid-points of the sides of a
So, PQ = QR = RS = PS ....(v)
square, is also a square.
Sol. Given : A square ABCD in which P, Q, R, S Now, PQ || AC [From (i)]
are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD, DA  PM || NO ....(vi)
respectively. PQ, QR, RS and SP are joined.
 Since P and S are the mid-points of AB and Now, in ABC, P is the mid-point of AC and
AD respectively. PQ || BC. Therefore, Q is the mid-point of AB
PS || BD i.e, AQ = BQ.
Consider now s APQ and BPQ.
  PM || MO ....(vii)
Thus, in quadrilateral PMON, we have we have, AQ = BC [Proved above]

PM || NO [From (vi)] AQP = BQP [From (i)]

PN || MO [From (vii)] and, PQ = PQ

So, PMON is a parallelogram. So, by SAS cirterion of congruence

 MPN = MON APQ BPQ

 MPN = BOA [MON = BOA]  PA = PB

Also,
 MPN = 90°
z  Diagonals of square are  
1
 AC  BD  BOA  90  PS = AC, since P is the mid-point of AC
2
  QPS = 90° 1
Hence, PA = PB = AC.
Thus, PQRS is a quadrilateral such that 2
PQ = QR = RS = SP and QPS = 90°. Ex.34 Show that the quadrilateral formed by joining
Hence, PQRS is a square. the mid-points of the consecutive sides of a
rectangle is a rhombus.
Ex.33 ABC is a triangle right angled at B ; and P is the
Sol. Given : A rectangle ABCD in which P, Q, R
1
mid-point of AC. Prove that PB = PA = AC. and S are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD
2 and DA respectively. PQ, QR, RS and SP are
Sol. Given : ABC right angled at B, P is the mid- joined.
point of AC. To Prove : PQRS is rhombus.
1 Construction : Join AC.
To Prove : PB = PA = AC.
2
Proof : In ABC, P and Q are the mid-points
Construction : Through P draw PQ || BC of sides AB and BC respectively.
meeting AB at Q.
1
A  PQ || AC and PQ = AC .... (i)
2
In  ADC, R and S are the mid-points of CD
P Q and AD respectively.
D R C
C B
Proof : Since PQ || BC. Therefore, S Q
AQP = ABC [Corresponding angles]
A P B
  AQP = 90°
[ABC = 90°] 1
 SR || AC and SR = AC .... (ii)
But,AQP + BQP = 180° 2
[ AQP & BQP are angles of a linear pair] From (i) and (ii), we get
 90° + BQP = 180° PQ || SR and PQ = SR ....(iii)
  BQP = 90°
Thus, AQP = BQP = 90°  PQRS is a parallelogram.
 Now, ABCD is a rectangle. So, by SAS criterion of congruence
1 1 APS BPQ
 AD = BC  AD = BC
2 2 PS = PQ ....(v)
 AS = BQ ....(iv) [ Corresponding parts of congruent
In s APS and BPQ , we have triangles are equal]

AP = BP [P is the mid-point of AB] From (iii) and (v), we obtain that PQRS is a
parallelogram such that PS = PQ i.e., two
PAS = PBQ [Each equal to 90°] adjacent sides are equal.
and, AS = BQ [From (iv)] Hence, PQRS is a rhombus.
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360º. 14. The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length.
2. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two 15. Diagonals of a parallelogram are equal if and only
congruent triangles. if it is a rectangle.
3. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. 16. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to
each other.
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
17. Diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular if
5. In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two
and only if it is a rhombus.
consecutive angles intersect at right angle.
18. The diagonals of a square are equal and
6. If a diagonal of a parallelogram bisects one of the
perpendicular to each other.
angles of the parallelogram it also bisects the
second angle. 19. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal and
intersect at right angle, then it is a square.
7. The angles bisectors of a parallelogram form a
rectangle. 20. The line segment joining the mid-points of any
two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side
8. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its opposite
and equal to half of it.
sides are equal.
21. A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle
9. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram iff its opposite
parallel to another side bisects the third side.
angles are equal.
22. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-
10. The diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other,
points of the sides of a quadrilateral, in order, is a
iff it is a parallelogram.
parallelogram.
11. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its one pair of
opposite sides are equal and parallel.
12. Each of the four angles of a rectangle is a right angle.
13. Each of the four sides of a rhombus of the same
length.
 EXERCISE # 1

Q.1 The angle of a quadrilateral are respectively 1

Q.9 Prove that area of rhombus =  product of
100°, 98°, 92°. Find the fourth angle. 2
the diagonals.
Q.2 Three angles of a quadrilateral are
respectively equal to 110°, 50° and 40°. Find Q.10 Show that each angle of a rectangle is a right
its fourth angles. angle.
D C
Q.3 In a quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B, C
and D are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4 : 5. Find the
measure of each angles of the quadrilateral.
A B
Q.4 In a quadrilateral ABCD, CO and DO are the
bisectors of C and D respectively. Prove Q.11 ABCD is a rhombus with ABC = 58º. Find
1 ACD.
that COD = (A + B).
2
Q.12 In the given figure, PQRS is a parallelogram
Q.5 In fig. ABCD and PQRC are rectangles and Q in which PL and RM are bisectors of P and
is the mid-point of AC. R respectively. Prove that PMRL is a
1 parallelogram.
Prove that (i) DP = PC (ii) PR = AC.
2 L
S R
Q.6 BM and CN are perpendiculars to a line
passing through the vertex A of a triangle
ABC. If L is the mid-point of BC, prove that
LM = LN. P Q
M

Q.7 In the figure ABCD is a rectangle inscribed Q.13 The angle between two altitudes of a
in a quadrant of a circle of radius 10 cm. If parallelogram through the vertex of an obtuse
AD = 2 5 cm, find the area of the rectangle. angle of the parallelogram is 60º. Find the
F angles of the parallelogram.

Q.14 PQ and RS are two equal and parallel line

D C segments. Any point M not lying on PQ or
m
0c RS is joined to Q and S and lines through P
2 5 1
A B E parallel to QM and through R parallel to SM
meet at N. Prove that line segments MN and
Q.8 In the following figure, ABCD is a trapezium
PQ are equal and parallel to each other.
in which AB || DC. Prove that
arc (AOD) = arc (BOC) Q.15 In ABC, P Q and R are mid-points of sides
B A BC, CA and AB respectively. If AC = 21 cm,
BC = 29 cm and AB = 30 cm, find the
O perimeter of the quadrilateral ARPQ.

C D
  Fill in the Blanks Q.26 ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line
through the mid-point M of hypotenuse AB
Q.16 The triangle formed by joining the mid-points and parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show
of the sides of an isosceles triangle is......... that
B
Q.17 The triangle formed by joining the mid-points
of the sides of a right triangle is .......... .
M
Q.18 The figure formed by joining the mid-points
of consecutive sides of a quadrilateral is.........
C D A
True/False Type Questions (i) D is the mid-point of AC
(ii) MD  AC
Q.19 In any quadrilateral, if a pair of opposite sides
1
is equal, it is a parallelogram. (iii) CM = MA = AB
2
Q.20 If all the angles of a quadrilateral are equal, it
Q.27 E, F are respectively the mid-points of non-
is a parallelogram.
parallel sides of a trapezium ABCD. Prove
Q.21 If three sides of a quadrilateral are equal, it is that
a parallelogram. 1
(i) EF || AB and (ii) EF = (AB + CD)
2
Q.22 If three angles of a quadrilateral are equal, it
A B
is a parallelogram.
E F
Q.23 If all the sides of a quadrilateral are equal it is
a parallelogram.
P D C
Q.24 A square is inscribed in an isosceles right
Q.28 ABCD is || gm. P is a point on AD such that
triangle so that the square and the triangle
1
have one angle common. Show that the vertex AP = AD and Q is a point on BC such that
3
of the square opposite the vertex of the
1
common angle bisects the hypotenuse. CQ = BC. Prove that the quadrilateral AQCP
3
Q.25 In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 10 cm and is a || gm.   

AD = 6 cm. The bisector of A meets DC in

E. AE and BC produced meet at F. Find the
length of CF.

ANSWER KEY

1. 70° 2. 160° 3. 30°, 60°, 120°,150° 7. 40 cm2. 14. 51cm

16. Isosceles 17. Right triangle 18. Parallelogram 19. False 20. True
21. False 22. False 23. True 25. 4 cm.
 EXERCISE # 2

Q.1 In which quadrilateral is the lengths of Q.12 If three angles of a quadrilateral are 100º, 75º
diagonals equal ? and 105º, then find the measure of the fourth
angle
Q.2 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each
other at right angles, then it is a : Q.13 In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus. If
A = 80º, then find CDB
Q.3 The length of the diagonals of a rhombus are A B
16 cm and 12 cm. The side of the rhombus is - 80º

Q.4 The length of a side of a rhombus is 5 m and

one of its diagonals is of length 8 m. Find the
length of the other diagonal C D
Q.5 Find the angle where the bisectors of any two Q.14 The diagonals of a rhombus are 12 cm and
adjacent angles of a parallelogram intersect 16 cm. Find the length of the side of the
rhombus
Q.6 Give name of the figure formed by joining the
mid points of the adjacent sides of a Q.15 In the given figure, PQRS is a rectangle. If
quadrilateral : RPQ = 30º, then find the value of (x + y)
S R
Q.7 Name the figure formed by joining the mid
yº
points of the adjacent sides of a rectangle
O
Q.8 Three angles of a quadrilateral are of xº
P 30º Q
magnitudes 80°, 95° and 120°. Find the
magnitude of the fourth angle Q.16 If the length of the diagonal of a square is
Q.9 If ABCD is a rectangle, E, F are the mid 8 cm. then find its area
points of BC and AD respectively and G is Q.17 In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus. If
any point on EF, then prove that OAB = 35º, then find the value of x
1 D C
 GAB = (ABCD)
4
O
Q.10 Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram
are in the ratio 1 : 3. Find the smaller angle 35º x
A B
Q.11 In the given figure, PQRS is a parallelogram
in which PSR = 130º, then find RQT - Q.18 In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus. Find
S the value of x
R A B
130º
O

P T
Q x 2x
D C

ANSWER KEY

1. Rectangle 2. Rhombus 3. 10 cm 4. 6 m 5. 90º

6. Parallelogram 7. rhombus 8. 65º 10. 45º
11. 50º 12. 80º 13. 50º 14. 10 cm 15. 180º
16. 32 cm2 17. 55º