International Agriculture Congress 2014

Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia

25-27 November 2014

0
 International Agriculture Congress
2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

O6
SOIL, NUTRIENTS AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN OIL PALM
PLANTATIONS ON SLOPING AND STEEP LANDS IN MALAYSIA
Mohsen, B., T.B.S., Christopher, Husni, M.H.A. and A.R., Zaharah
Department of Land Resource Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Corresponding e-mail: mohsenaqa_1981@yahoo.com

Abstract
Proper soil and water conservation practices are needed to maintain and improve soil physical and chemical properties linked
to soil fertility and productivity for oil palm growth on sloping lands. This article is a review in terracing, organic mulches
(EFB, Eco-mat and pruned oil palm frond) and silt pits as soil and water conservation practices on oil palm plantations, their
advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: Oil Palm, Soil and Water Conservation, Terracing, EFB, Eco-mat, pruned oil palm frond, Silt Pit

Introduction
The lack of agricultural lands in Malaysia has caused oil palm plantations to inevitably expand into marginal lands such as
steep lands. The main problems of steep lands are soil erosion, loss of fertilizers and poor soil water storage. Agricultural
activities and cultivation on steep slopes can severely increase soil erosion. Soil erosion in association with heavy rains could
cause barren lands only after few years (Pratt and Gwynne, 1978; Pomeroy and Service, 1986; Kjekshus, 1997).
Hartemink (2006) reported that the erosion under natural forests is less than1 t ha -1 yr-1 while the Soil erosion under oil palm
plantations was shown to be between 13 to 78 t ha-1 y-1 for Oxisols and 1 to 28 t ha-1 y-1 for Ultisols, both of which are
dominant soil orders in Malaysia. Lim (1989) reported that soil erosion under mature oil palm trees planted on sloping lands
with slopes of 6 to 8 % was more than 25 t ha-1 y-1. However, lower soil erosion values (7-21 t ha-1 y-1) from oil palm
plantations were reported by (Maene et al., 1979). Lower values of 1.5 to 7.1 t ha -1 y-1 soil erosion were also reported from
sloping oil palm plantations (Kee and Chew, 1996).

Removing the soil erosion, nutrients and water deficits of oil palm plantations through agricultural practices such as soil and
water conservation practices and mulches can increase the oil palm production immediately through increasing the bunch
weight and oil content of fruits (Goh et al., 1994; Donough et al., 2006). Application of soil and water conservation practices
(terracing and silt pits) and organic mulches (empty fruit bunches, pruned oil palm fronds and Eco-mat) are the most common
methods of oil palm yield intensification which have been practiced for several decades in Malaysia.

Terracing
Terraces are constructed with the purpose of reducing run-off and soil erosion across the hill slopes (Morgan, 2005; Troeh et
al., 2004). Despite significant effects of terracing to reduce run-off and erosion for slopes of 6-20o (Abo Hammad et al., 2006),
on gentler slopes, terracing loses its efficiency and should be replaced by other conservation practices (Corley and Thinker,
2003). Despite of advantages of terracing, soil compaction and removing of fertile layer of top soil during construction of
terraces reduce soil productivity (Hamdan et al., 2000). Compaction and removing of soil layers across terraces cause negative
effects on soil physical properties such as: reduction of hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and water retention capacity
(Ramos et al., 2007). Hill terracing is not recommended on sandy, shallow soil or soil with high fraction of stones (Troeh et al.,
2004). Negative effects of terracing on soil productivity have forced some oil palm plantations to employ organic mulches and
silt pits on non-terraced slopes.

Organic Mulches
Among the organic mulches, crop residues are the most commonly used in agriculture and favorable effects of these residues
on soil fertility have long been recognized. These materials contain C and other plant essential nutrients which are released
during the decomposition process (Wagner and Wolf, 1998). As one of the largest palm oil producer in the world, Malaysia
produces a huge amount of oil palm by-products such as pruned fronds, empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm oil mill effluent
(POME), shells and fibers. Some of these waste materials are produced in the field, viz pruned oil palm fronds during
harvesting to facilitate the harvest of fresh fruit bunches, and felled trunk and fronds are replanting. Others such as EFB, shells,
mesocarp fibers, POME and Eco-mat (a carpet-like fiber material made from compressed EFB) are by-products from milling
process in the palm oil mill.

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) have been applied as a mulch and fertilizer because of their high nutrient concentration and ability
to conserve high soil water content in top soil. One tonne of EFB has been estimated to supply an equivalent of 7.0, 2.8, 19.3
and 4.4 kg of urea, phosphate, rock, muriate of potash and kieserite, respectively (Singh et al., 1999). Application of different
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 International Agriculture Congress
2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

rates of EFB has been frequently studied. Zin and Tarmizi (1983) recommended 30-50 and 50-100 t ha-1 y-1 of EFB. 37, 35 and
40-60 t ha-1 yr-1 have been reported as suitable rates by Loong et al. (1987), Jantaraniyom et al. (2001) and Etta et al. (2007),
respectively. Along with the ability of EFB to increase soil nutrient and soil water content, it has a fast decomposition rate.
Zaharah and Lim (2000) found that EFB lost 50 and 70% of its dry matter due to decomposition in 3 and 8 months after
application, respectively. However, application of EFB could only be implemented on field that are near oil palm mills because
of difficulties of storage and high expenses of transportation and field application of the bulky EFB (Teh et al., 2011).

Difficulties of application of EFB motivated the development of Eco-mat. Eco-mat is a compressed EFB in the form of carpet-
like material (Yeo, 2007). Therefore, field application, transportation and storage of Eco-mat are easier and cheaper than EFB.
According to Wan Asma (2006) Eco-mat contains 33.85, 0.55, 0.39, 2.59 0.22 and 0.21 % of C, N, P, K Ca and Mg,
respectively. Moradi et al. (2012) reported that EFB and pruned palm fronds had higher nutrient concentration and water than
Eco-mat which is due to loss of nutrients and water during manufacturing process of EFB fibers into Eco-mat. However, there
were no significant differences in decomposition and nutrient release rates between EFB and Eco-mat and also between the
Eco-mat and oil palm fronds during their decomposition.

Pruned oil palm frond is another oil palm residue which is commonly used as mulch in oil palm plantations. Stacking the
pruned fronds on the soil surface will reduce soil erosion and run-off. The decomposed fronds is a source of nutrients release
into the soil. Husin et al. (1987) determined that one tonne of applied pruned frond on soil surface released 7.5, 1.0, 9.8 and 2.8
kg of N, P, K and Mg, respectively. Although pruned oil palm fronds provide high amount of nutrients (Chan et al., 1980), they
are less effective to reduce run-off and soil erosion and to increase soil water content compared with other soil and water
conservation practices in non-terraced oil palm plantations (Moradi et al., 2012).

Silt Pit
Silt pit is one of the recommended soil-water conservation methods in Malaysia (Teh et al., 2011). Silt pits function by
reducing soil erosion, controlling run-off and sedimentation, increasing oil palm yield through supplying more water specially
during dry weather, protecting and increasing soil fertility through reduction of nutrient loss and redistribution of eroded
nutrients back into the soil. Silt pit redistributes collected water and nutrients into the oil palm root zone rather than being lost
through deep percolation (Bohluli et al., 2012).

Murtilaksono et al (2007) examined the influences of contour ridge and silt pit on soil water content in oil palm plantations.
They collected the daily and monthly required data to run the water balance equation. Outcome of study showed that silt pit
was effectively able to delay the soil dryness by 3.5 months more than contour ridge (2.5 months) compared with the control
(no conservation practices). Atmaja and Hendra (2007) also surveyed the effectiveness of ridge terraces and silt pits on soil
moisture content on oil palm plantations. Results showed that the soil water content was highest in silt pit treatment, followed
by ridge terrace and control. The planted oil palms in control showed earlier water deficit compared with other treatments. Soil
moisture content indicated that silt pit was able to keep the soil water content for longer time compared with other treatments.
They concluded that silt pit makes higher and more stable soil water moisture content compared with ridge terrace and control,
so that, the oil palm‘s water demand would be fulfilled better and the production would increase significantly. In other research
Bohluli et al. (2014) simulated the silt pit efficiency on conserving soil water by HYDRUS 2D model. They simulated four silt
pits with different dimensions of depth and floor area. Their results showed that a narrow silt pit with a bigger tbotal wall to
floor area presents better performance to return collected water into oil palm root zone. They also found that the smaller the
floor area (or opening area) of silt pits, the longer it takes for pits to dry out their stored water.

Conclusion
Maximum oil palm yield production in Malaysia can be increased by yield intensification through land management practices.
Yield intensification through application the soil, nutrients and water conservation practices in oil palm plantations would be
cheaper, faster and more beneficial than developing new oil palm plantations. However, choosing specific or combination of
conservation practices needs proper knowledge about the practices, their abilities, advantages and limitations.

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Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

Bohluli, M., Teh, C.B.S., Husni, A.M.H. and Zaharah A.R. 2014. Silt Pit Efficiency in Conserving Soil Water as Simulated by
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25-27 November 2014

Wanger, G.H. and Wolf, D.C. 1998. Carbon transformation and soil organic matter formation. In Principles and Applications
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25-27 November 2014

EDITORIAL BOARD
Izham Ahmad
Editor-in-Chief

Nur Azura Adam

Editor

REVIEWERS
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hanafi Musa
Prof. Dr. Mohd Mansor Ismail
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Izham Ahmad
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Azura Adam
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wong Mui Yun
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Aishah Hassan
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muta Harah Zakaria@Ya
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsida Man
Dr Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab
Dr Samsuri Abd Wahid
Dr Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman
Dr Nolila Mohd Nawi
Dr Anjas Asmara@Ab. Hadi Samsudin
Dr Khairulmazmi Ahmad

Disclaimer: The Editorial Board takes no responsibility for any content of the papers in this proceedings.
Opinions expressed and arguments employed in the papers do not necessarily reflect the views of the
organizers.

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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

O1: Urban Agri-Food Challenges And Apportunities 19

Yahya, A.

O2: Allelophatic Effect Of Sunflower Parts Extract In Different Growth Stages On Germination 20
And Seed Production Of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Yarnia Mehrdad and Khalilvan Behrouzyar Ebrahim

O3: Effects Of Legume Residue And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Striga Count And Some Characters 25
Associated With Damage In The Production Of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) In Bauchi
State, Nigeria
Shuaibu, Y.M., Garba, A.A., Voncir, N., Fagam, A.S. and Sabo, M.U.

O4: General And Specific Combining Ability Studies In Tropical Sweet Corn 29
Kashiani, P., Saleh, G., Jothi, M.P. and Abdullah, N.A.P.

O5: Efficiency Enhanced Fertilizer Urea For Crop Production And The Environment 34
Khanif, Y.M., Rosmarina, A.K., Mahfuzah, E., Muaz. H. and Nur Faizatulakma

O6: Soil, Nutrients And Water Conservation Practices In Oil Palm Plantations On Sloping And 37
Steep Lands In Malaysia
Mohsen, B., T.B.S., Christopher, Husni, M.H.A. and A.R., Zaharah

O7: Nutrients Loss By Surface Runoff In An Immature Oil Palm Field Under Controlled-Release 41
And Soluble Conventional Mixed Fertilization
Bah, A., Husni, M.H.A., Teh, C.B.S., Rafii, M.Y. and Syed Omar, S.R.

O8: Adoption Of Fragrant Rice Farming: Insights From Paddy Farmers In Malaysia 45
Jamal, K., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Abdullah, A.M., Ismail, M.M. and Hashim, M.

O9: Selection Of Red Pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) For Drought And Heat Tolerance 50
Icoz, M., Ceylan, F.O., Inci, N.E., Canci, H. and Toker, C.

O10: Physiological Response Of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) To Methanol Foliar Application 55
Under Water Deficit Stress
Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E.

O11: Glutathione Functions In Nitrogen-Induced Rice Yield 60

Jahan, M.S., Nozulaidi, M. and Khairi, M.

O12: Influence Of Water Stress On The Growth And Physiological Performance Of Hevea 64
brasiliensis, RRIM 3001 Grown On Three Soil Series
Noorsuhaila, A.B., Noordin, W.D., Ishak, C.F. and Syafiq, H.

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25-27 November 2014

O13: Role Of Information Technology In Agricultural Product Marketing (Case Study OfCitrus
Farmers In Dezful Township, Iran) 78
Ahmad Reza Ommani and Azadeh N. Noorivandi

O14: Buyers Preference Analysis Of Cattle In Livestock Markets, Yobe State 81

Musa, S.A., Mohammed, A.B. and Lawal, A.T.

O15: Strategy For Agricultural Innovation For Food Security, Poverty Reduction And Sustainable 85
Forest Management: Case Study Of African Walnut In Tropical Lowland Rainforests Of Southwest
Nigeria
Amusa, T.O.

O16: The Comparison Between Total Stock Return And Capital Gain Predictability By Financial 88
Ratio Performance In Malaysian Agribusiness Firms
Ilmas Abdurofi and Mohd Mansor, I.

O17: Descriptive Thoughts On Sustainability Among Malaysian Dairy Farmers 92

Zainab, M.K., Nalini, A., Abdul Rashid, B., Nguang, S.I. and Boniface, B.

O18: Optimization Of BAP And NAA For Micropropagation Of Cyclanthus bipartitus 96

(Cyclanthaceae)
Nur Fauzana, M.K., Awang, Y.B. and Saleh, K.

O19: Effect Of Fructooligosaccharide Fortification On Quality Characteristic Of Some Fruit Juice 99

Beverages (Apple and Orange Juice)
Ahmadzadeh Ghavidel, R.

O20: Induction Of Resveratrol And Antioxidant Activity In Suspension Culture Of Vitis vinifera cv. 104
Pok Dum By Methyl Jasmonate
Rungruang, R., Sae-Lee, N., Kerdchoechuen, O. and Laohakuljit, N.

O21: Sand Paper Scarification And Storage Improved Seed Germination Of Andrographis 111
paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees Seed
Abdullah, T.L., Puteh, A., Hassan, S.A., and Wong, K.J.

O22: Physio-Chemical Changes Of Minimal Processed Three Jackfruit Varieties At Difference 116
Maturity Stages
Zuziyah, A., Zaharah, S.S. and Halim, R.A.

O23: Metagenomic Analysis Of Rumen Fluid Obtained From Cattle Grazed With Camels Or 123
Grazed Alone
Suyub, I.B.

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Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

O24: Improvement Of MR219-Rice Variety For Blast Resistance Through Marker-Assisted 128
Backcross Breeding
Gous Miah, M.Y. Rafii, M.R. Ismail, A.B. Puteh, H.A. Rahim and M.A. Latif

O26: Screening Of Bacteria For Antagonistic Activity Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, The
Causal Agent Of Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Of Paddy 131
Noor Aisyah, A., Kamaruzaman, S., Radziah, O. and Halimi, M.S.

O27: Expression Of Traits In Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) As Revealed By Cluster 135
Analysis
Ajayi, A.T., Osekita, O.S. and Adekola, M.O.

O28: Perception Towards Pineapple Variety MD2 Among Pineapple Farmers In Johor, Malaysia 145
Norsida M. and Khadijat J.

O29: Analyzing Knowledge Of Corn Farmers Regarding Organic Farming Practices 150
Azadeh N. Noorivandi and Ahmad Reza Ommani

O30: Resource Induced Conflicts: A Case Of Farmers – Pastoralists‘ Conflicts In Western Zone Of 152
Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria
Garba, M., Haruna, U., Salawu, J.A. and Murtala, N.

O31: Barriers To Implement Agility In The Malaysian Palm Oil Industry: A Pilot Study 155
Mukherjee, A., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Shamsudin, M.N., and Abd Latif, I.

O32: Competencies In Dairy Production Needed By Dairy Farmers Of Kuku Cooperative Dairy 158
Society In Khartoum State, Sudan
Ibnouf, M.H.

O33: Catch-Per-Unit-Effort Of Estuarine Fishes In Marudu Bay, Sabah 163

M.K. Mohd Azim, S.M.N. Amin and A. Arshad

O34: Feeding Habits Of Parapenaeopsis sculptilis In The Coastal Waters Of Perak, Peninsular 168
Malaysia
Amani, A.A., Arshad, A., Aminur Rahman, M.and S.M.N. Amin

O35: Composition And Abundance Of Larval Fishes In The Mangrove Estuarine Area Of Marudu 172
Bay, Sabah, Malaysia
S. Rezaghlinejad, A. Arshad, S.M.N., Amin and R. Ara

O36: Stomach Contents Of Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1822 From The Coastal Waters Of Kampung 175
Telok, Port Dickson, Peninsular Malaysia
Usman B.I., Amin, S.M.N., Arshad, A. and Kamarudin, M.S.

O37: Flocculation Of Marine Microalgae Using Moringa oleifera 178

Ninie Noor Diana, E.B., Nurul Shuhada, A., Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G. and Mohd Nazir, B.

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O38: Effect Of Rice Husk Biochar Soil Amendment On Rice Crop Growth Performance And Soil 183
Properties
Rosenani, A.B., Deniel S., Ahmad S.H. and Khairuddin A.R.

O39: Efficacy Of Vermin As Decomposers Of Plant Biomass And Animal Manure 187
Leovegildo B. Mante Jr., Anita D. Mante and Renan S. Luna

O40: Effect Of Combined Application Of Inorganic And Organic Fertilizer On Performance Of 193
Maize And Soybean Component Crops Under Maize- Soybean Intercropping
Almaz, M.G., R.A. Halim, H. Aminuddin, and M.Y. Martini

O41: Growth And Yield Attributes Of Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill) As Influenced By 198
Poultry Manure, Spacing and Pruning
Jibrin, A.D., Fagam, A.S. and Yunusa, M.S.

O42: Benchmarking Of Organic Farming In Malaysia 205

Suhaimee, S., Mat Amin, M.Z. and Serin, T.

O43: Impact Of Salicylic Acid As A Plant Growth Regulator On Yield And Pharmaceutical Quality 209
Of Malaysian Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Ghasemzadeh, A. and Jaafar, H.Z.E

O44: Performance Of Traditional Rice Varieties As Affected By Nitrogen Level And Method Of 215
Crop Establishment In Rainfed Lowland Ecosystem
Raymund Julius G. Rosales and Epifania O. Agustin

O46: Efficacy Of Coated Urea Fertilizerson Nitrogen Gas Losses In Selected Rice Soils 218
Rosmarina A.K., Y.M. Khanif, Aminuddin, H. and M.M., Hanafi

O47: The Impact Of Temperature On Biological And Life Table Parameters Of Chrysoperla carnea 222
Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed On Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linneaus)
Saljoqi, A.U.R., Naila, A., Javed, K., Ehsan, H., Amjad, U. and Imtiaz, A.K.

O48: Weed Management In Saline Soil Through Integration Of Herbicides With Manual Weeding 228
M.A., Hakim, Abdul Shukor, J., M.M., Hanafi, Mohd Razi, I. and Rafii, M.Y.

O49: Assessment Of Biocontrol Potential Of Oil Palm Inhabiting Basidiomycete Against 232
Ganoderma boninense, And Their Role In Biodegrading Of Infected Palm Debris
Naidu, Y., Idris, A.S.,S.A. Nusaibah and Siddiqui,Y.

O50: Effectiveness Of Saponin Crude Extracts To Control Apple Snail, Pomacea maculata, Pest Of 242
Rice
Mokhtar, A.S., Muhamad, R. and Omar, D.

O51: Estimation Of Actual Evapotranspiration By Using Satellite Imagery In Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 246
Norazhar A.M.Y.

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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

O53: Determination Of Physiological Parameters In Relation To Different Severity Levels Of 251

Ganoderma As A Mechanism For Early Detection In Oil Palms
Ahmadi, P., Muharam, F.M., Mansor, S. and Idris, A.S.

O54: Smart Farming Technology For Oil Palm Plantation And Paddy Cultivation Industries 256
W.I., Wan Ishak and Muhamad Saufi, M.K.

O55: Effect of different level of energy to protein ratio on performance of village chicken fed on 260
dehydrated food waste, superworm and unfertilized egg
Nadia, N., Dahlan, I., Tee, T.P. and Lokman, H.I.

O56: Modeling Internal Quality Indices Of Shell Eggs Under Ambient And Refrigeration Storage 264
Uneze, C.U., Yahaya, M.A. and Aboki, P.

O57: The Meat Quality Marketed In The Province Of Jambi, Indonesia 268
Haris Lukman, Muhammad Afdal and Sambas Muljana

O58: Detection Of Viable Mycobacterium paratuberculosis In Bovine Feces And Bovid-Contacted 271
Soil Via The Mycobacteriophage Amplification Assay
Cheah, E.S.G., Ang, J.X.D. and Chan, C.C.

O59: Implementing IPM Systems For Controlling Multi Staged Pteroma pendula Joannis 274
(Lepidoptera: Psychidae) Outbreaks In Southern Perak
Siti Ramlah, A.A., Noorhazwani, K., Mohd Razak, M.Y., Mohd Najib, A. and Mohd Mazmira,
M.M., Syarifah Azura, S.I., and Norman, K.

O60: Nucleotide Sequence Analysis Of Gene Overdrive (OVD) In Drosophila melanogaster 280
Gamma Rays Irradiated
Sutrisno, C.L., Anggraeni, T., and Suhandono, S.

O61: Feeding Preference And Growth Of Pomacea maculata And Pomacea canaliculata On 285
Selected Foods
Arfan, A.G., Muhamad, R., Omar, D. and Nor Azwady A.A.

O62: Effect Of Artificial Diet On Survival, Development And Reproduction Of Chrysoperla sp. 289
(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
S.A., Memon, Omar, D.. Muhamad, R. and A.S., Sajap

O63: Comparing The Comparative Advantage And Profitability Of Poultry Subsector In Peninsular 292
Malaysia: An Application Of Policy Analysis Matrix
Zuliana, Z.A., Zainalabidin, M., AbdLatif, I., Golnaz, R. and Juwaidah, S.

O64: Estimating Total Factor Productivity Growth Of Aquaculture In Malaysia: An Application Of 295
Malmquist Productivity Index Approach
Abdullahi Iliyasu and Zainal Abidin, M.

O65: Factor Influencing Malaysian Consumer Beef Preference 297

Sitihawa, J., Golnaz, R., Zainalabidin, M., Juwaidah, S., and Rika, T.
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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

O66: Understanding The Political Economic Environment Governing GM Crop Policies In 300
Malaysia
Suntharalingam, C., Graff, G., Thilmany, D., Byrne, P., Davies, S.and Bakar, U.K.A.

O67: Effect Of Nonessential Amino Acids Fortification To A Low Protein Diet On Growth 303
Performance Of Broilers Under The Hot And Humid Tropical Condition
Awad, E.A., Zulkifli, I., Soleimani, A.F., and Loh, T.C.

O68: Amino Acids Digestibility In Broiler Chickens Fed Low Protein 307
Diet With And Without Commercial Protease Supplementation
F.L. Law, I., Zulkifli and A.F., Soleimani

O69: Utilization Of Grass And Legume Fibre And Vegetable Oil As Dietary Supplements On 311
Village Chicken Layer Production Under Free Range Production System
Varastegani, A. and Dahlan, I.

O70: Replacing Alfalfa With Bamboo Leaf Did Not Affect In Vitro Rumen Gas Production In The 314
Goat
Saeid, J., Goh, Y.M., Mohamed Ali, R., Yusuf, H., Mahdi, E. and Elaheh, M.

O71: Effect Of Precooling And Storage Duration On Phytochemicals Of Orthosiphon stamineus 320
Yap, E.S.P., Ahmad, S.H. and Rosenani, A.B.

O72: Effect Of Edible Coatings Enriched With Calcium Chloride On Physiological And 321
Biochemical Properties Of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits During Cold Storage
Khaliq. G., Mahmud, T.M.M., Ali, A., Ding, P. and Ghazali, H.M.

O73: Ownership & Control Of Malaysia‘s Agro-Forest Sector: Corporate And Network Strategies 326
Norfaryanti, K., Roda, J.M. and Rafael, T.

O74: Seawater Greenhouses In Oman: Experimental Results 333

Al-Ismaili, Abdulrahim

O75: Preliminary Evaluation Of The Potential Of Treated Pome Sludge As Biofertilizer Used 337
Mohd Nizar, K., Isharudin, M.I., Wan Mohd Nazri, W.A.R., Neni, K. and Syahid, S.

O76: Effect Of Municipal Treated Sludge Compost On Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Plant 345
Growth And Yield
Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Fahad Al-Kabi, Fahad Al-Said and Ahmed Al-Busaidi

O77: Utilization Of Vegetable Waste For Aquaculture Maggot (Hermetia illicens) As A Raw 353
Material For Fish Feed
Ilham Ekky, R., Ruwaidah, H. and Ester Sylvia, T.

O78: Increased Forage Protein Through Corn And Legume Intercropping 357
Baghdadi, A., R.A. Halim, Radziah, O. and Martini, M.Y.

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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

CP1: Performance Of MR 278 And MR 283 In Sungai Nibong, Selangor 360

Ahmad Arif, I., Mohamad Najib, M.Y., Ismail, C.H., Wan Zaki, W.M. and Muhammad Naim,
F.A.R.
365
CP2: Effect Of Irrigating Graywater On Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Batini Production In
Oman
Ahmed Al-Maskri, M. Mumtaz Khan, Omer Al-Manthri and Ali Al-Subhi

CP3: Uptake, Translocation And Distribution Of Al By Maize (Zea mays L.) From Soil Treated 370
With Elemental Sulphur
Karimizarchi, M., Aminuddin, H., Khanif, M.Y.and Radziah, O.

CP5: Planting Distance Towards Performance Of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. 374
F.) Lindau)
Nur Mardhiati, A.A.S. and Izham, A.

CP6: Comparative Growth Performance Of Four Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) In Different 377
Containers Under Nursery Condition
Sarmin, N.S., Miah, M.M.U. and Mohd Hasmadi, I.

CP7: Development Of Gaba Functional Ingredient From MR 219 Rice Variety And Its Application 381
In Yogurt
Zuwariah, I., Mohamed Shafit, H., Hasri, H. and Siti Adira, M.Z.

CP9: Effect Of Some Micro And Macro Nutrients On Seed Yield And Oil Content Of Rapeseed 386
(Brassica napus L.)
Bahrani, A.

CP10: Role Of Cytokinins At Different Grain Type And Position Within A Spike Of Common 390
Wheat Var. Pishtaz
Eradatmand Asli, D.

CP11: Performance Of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) To Enhance Yield Of Rice 394
Varieties MR263 And MR283
Muhammad Naim, F.A.R., Amir Hamzah, A.G., Zainudin, P.M.D.H., Azmi, M., Mohamad Najib,
M.Y., Ahmad Arif, I.and Elixon Sunian, S.

CP12: Determination Of Factors On Hybridization Of Clearfied Rice With Local Weedy Rice 397
Engku, A.K., Norida, M., Shukor J., Rafii, M.Y., Siti Nor Akmar, A.

CP13: Improvement Of Seed Quality And Seedling Performance Of Delayed Harvest Soybean 400
Seeds Using Priming
Phyu Sin Thant, Puteh, A.B. and Sinniah, U.R.

CP14: Efficiency Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria On Phosphorus 404
Uptake And Chlorophyll Index In Potato Plantlets
Farshid H. and Enayat R.
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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

CP15: Early Growth Performance Of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean) Landraces In 411
Serdang, Malaysia
Belel, M.D., R.A. Halim, M.S. Halimi and M.Y. Rafii

CP16: Extraction And Physical Characteristics Of Dietary Fiber From Rice Hull 416
Tanarungrangsee, K., Laohakuljit, N. and Kerdchoechuen, O.

CP17: Effects Of Heat Stress On Growth Of Rice Cultivars 421

Mohammad Taghi, K.A., Khanif, Y.M., Fateh Chand Oad, Jaafar, H.Z.E., Amir Mahdi Khalatbari,
Sharifah, K., Hanafi, M.M.

CP18: Influence Of Lime Application On The Performance Of Two Bambara Groundnut (Vigna 425
subterranea L. Verdc.) Landraces On Tropical Acidic Soils
Musa, M., Singh, A., Massawe, F., Alshareef, I., Dakora, F.D. and Siddique, Y.

CP19: Water And Weeding Regimes Effect on Growth And Yield Of Different Rice Varieties 430
Masitah A.J., Shukor A.J. and Rafii M.Y.

CP20: Effects Of Urea Coated With Urease Inhibitors And Biochar On Ammonia Volatilization 435
And Nitrous Oxide Emission
Nur Mahfuzah, A. and Y.M. Khanif

CP21: Biochemical Process To Alleviate Soil Acidity And/Or Al Toxicity For Rice Cultivation By 438
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
Panhwar, Q.A., Shamshuddin, J., Radziah, O., Naher, U.A. and Mohd Razi, I.

CP22: Straighthead: A Physiological Disorder Of Rice Due To Arsenic Contaminated Soil 443
Shahida, H., Ismail, C.H., Chong, T.V. and Shajarutulwardah, M.Y.

CP23: Comparative Performance Of Hybrid Rice For Yield And Its Components With Several 447
Commercialized Varieties
Mohd Solihen, J., Elixon, S. and Ahmad Arif, I.

CP25: Nitrogen Fertilization On Sabah Snake Grass In Relation To Its Growth Performance 450
Khaulah, A.G. and Izham, A.

CP26: Release Study Of Uncoated And Chitosan Coated Zn-Al-2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate 453

Nanocomposites
Adila, M.J., Lim, X.Y., Zulkarnain, Z., Mohd, Z.H. and Norhayati, H.

CP27: Effect Of Zinc And Copper Coated Urea On Rice Yield And N Uptake 457
Nur Faizatulakma, M.S. and Khanif Y.M.

PC1: Enhancing The Nutritive Value Of Palm Kernel Cake By Solid-State Fermentation With 460
Rhizopus oligosporus
Nazri, A.B., Abdullah, N. and Azilah, A.J.

10
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

PC2: Dry Matter And Nutrient Content Of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Grown Under Different 463
Soil Types
Dayang Safinah, N. and Abdul Razak, H.

PC3: Evaluation On The Efficacy Of Budding For Field And Nursery Grafting Using 468
Biodegradable Tape On Cocoa
Helmi, S., Nuraziawati, M.Y. and Shaifullah, S.
472
PC4: Effect Of Incorporating Zeolite Into Kenaf Core Fibre Media On Development Of Marigold
Bilal, A.M., Yahya, A. and Roslan, I.

PC6: Potential Of Local Castor Plant As Plantation Crop In Sabah 474

Silip, J.J., Hilarion, C.C.C., Atong, M. and Gansau J.A.

HC1: The Effect Of Different Rate Of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) Use On Survival Rate And Shoot 477
Proliferation Of Papaya Seedling Cv. Eksotika II (Carica papaya L.)
Muhamad Hafiz, M.H., Nor Dalila, N.D., Ab Kahar, S., Zabedah, M. and IzwalAnuar, M.S.

HC2: Effects Of Irrigation Interval, Nitrogen Rates And Intra-Row Spacing On Growth, Yield And 480
Yield Components Of Carrot (Daucus carota L.)
Jakusko, B.B. and Babawuro, M.A.

HC3: Effects Of Methyl-Jasmonate On Betalain Production In Red Pitaya 488

Nor Fadzliana, A.F., Rogayah, S., Noor Azmi, S. and Janna Ong, A.

HC4: Thidiazuron Induced Multiple Shoot Formation In Impatiens balsamina L. 491

Normadiha, M., Rosna, M.T. and Ummi, N.A.A.R.

HC5: Growth And Yield Quality Of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) As Influenced By Application Of 495
Fermented Fruit Juice
Zaharah, S.S. Amirah, S .S and Nurul , A.M.A

HC6: Supplementary Calcium Alleviates Salt Stress And Enhances Quality Attributes On Lowland 499
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pearl)
Fatin, N.A., P.E.M., Wahab, Siti Aishah, H. and Zaharah, S.S.

HC7: Potential Of Different Media Ratio For Yield Production Of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) 503
Under Controlled Environment Structure
Farizatul, W.N., Wahab, P.E.M. and Jaafar, H.Z.E.

HC8: The Purslane (Portulaca oleraea L.): A Highly Salt Tolerant Vegetable Crop With High 518
Antioxidants
Md. Amirul Alam, A.S. Juraimi, Rafii, M.Y. and Azizah, A.H.

HC9: Establishment Of Sterilization Technique Prior To In Vitro Clonal Propagation Of Stevia 515
rebaudiana Bertoni
Urbi, Zannat and Zainuddin, Zarina

11
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

HC10: Application Of A-Frame Vertical Farming For Production Of Leaf Vegetables And Herbs 520
Among City Dwellers
Ghazali M.S., Awang, Y.B., Wahab, P.E.M. and Athirah, S.

HC11: Phytochemical Composition And Biomass Of Andrographis paniculata As Influenced By 521

Fertilization Schedule
Siti Aishah, H., Rosenani, A.B., Thohirah, A., Siti Hajar, A., Wahab, P.E.M., Audrey, Y.,
Nurulhasanah, I. and Nur Faezah, O.
525
HC12: Performance Of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) In Polybags For Smallholders
Cultivation
Sinniah, U.R. and Jaafar, J.N.

HC13: Growth Performance And Nutrients Uptake Of Organically Grown Orthosiphon stamineus 528
And Soil Properties As Influenced By Biochar And Chicken Dung
Khairun Naim, M., Rosenani, A.B., Che Fauziah, I. and Mustaqim, M.A.

HC14: Anticancer Activity Of The Water Extracts Of The Roots From Three Varieties Of L. pumila 532
Benth
E., Karimi and Jaafar, H.Z.E.

HC15: Effect Of Cadmium On Morphological And Physiological Characteristics Of Lettuce 536

(Lactuca sativa L.) Varieties
Sani Ahmad, J., Siti Aishah, H., Che Fauziah, I., and Wahab, P.E.M.

LP1: Effects OfConjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) On The Reproductive Axis (Pituitary, Thyroid, 539
Testes) Of Ram In Non-Reproductive Season
Behnaz Mahdavi and Hamidreza Khodaei

LP2: A Survey Of Haemoparasites In Yankasa Sheep And West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats 544
Slaughtered At Jos South And Shendam Abattoirs Plateau State Nigeria
Abdullahi, U.S. and Dabak, V.J.

LP3: Genetic And Environmental Factors That Affect Gestation Length And Calving Interval In 551
Friesian x Bunaji Cows
Shehu, D.M., Oni, O.O., Adeyinka, I.A., and Omage, J.J.

LP4: Supplementation Of High Level Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid And Fish Oil On Performance, 556
And Small Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chickens
Navidshad, B., Liang, J.B., Faseleh Jahromi, M. and Nosrati, M.

LP5: Evaluation of different diets for organically reared kampong chicken 559
Radhi, M.Z.A., Malik, Z., Ibrahim, I.Z., Wan Othman, W.Y.F. and Tan, G.H.

12
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

LP6: Effect Of Probiotic, Prebiotic And Synbiotic On Layer Performance, Caecal Microbial 562
Community And Caecal Fermentative End-Products
Tang, S.G.H., C.C. Sieo, R. Kalavathy, W.S., Zuhainis, H.K., Wong and Y.W., Ho

LP7: Screening Of Lactobacillus Isolated From Broiler Chickens For Probiotic Characteristics 564
Fadhilah, W.N.S., Loo, S.S., Sieo, C.C., Kalavathy, R., Lim, S.M., Wan, K.L. and Ho, Y.W.

LP8: Effects Of Condensed Tannin Fractions Of Different Molecular Weights From A Leucaena 567
Hybrid On Methane Reduction And Rumen Microbial Population
Saminathan, M., Sieo, C.C., Wong, C.M.L.V., Abdullah, N. and Ho, Y.W.

LP9: The Effects Of Feeding Low-Protein Diets With Constant Concentration Of Limiting Amino 569
Acids On Physiological Response To Heat Challenge In Broiler Chickens
Ainil, F.A., Zulkifli I. and Soleimani, A.F.

LP10: Rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population in goat and sheep 573
Candyrine, S.C.L., Jahromi, M.F., Ebrahimi, M., Liang, J.B., Goh, Y.M., Abdullah, N.

LP11: Artificial Insemination Delivery Systems For Goat: Bringing Quality Genetics To The 577
Countryside Of Cagayan Valley, Philippines
Balbin, A.M. and Nayga, J.N.

LP12: Slaughter, Carcass Characterization And Sensory Qualities Of Native, Pure And Upgraded 581
Goats Popularly Grown In The Philippines
Nayga, J.N., Valdez, E.B., Andres, M.R., Balbin, A.M., Estrada, B.B., Lopez, E.A., Tamayo, R.B.
and Alzate, H.R.

LP13: Effects Of Moringa oliefera Leaves On The Onset Of First Postpartum Estrous In Bali Cattle 585
Toleng, A.L., Fattah, A.L, Yusuf, M. and Rahardja, D.P.

LP14: Inhibitory Activity Of Postbiotic Produced By Lab Using Reconstitute Media Supplemented 588
With Inulin
K.Y. Kareem, Loh, T.C., Foo, H.L., Asmara, A., Akit, H. and Abdulla, N.R.

LP15: Removal Of Vitamin And Mineral Supplements From Broiler Chickens Finisher Diet 593
Mochamat, N., Zulkifli, I. and Soleimani, A.F.

13
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

LP16: Rumen Gas Production Of Swamp Buffalo Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique 596
Maisara, M.A. and Samsudin, A.A.

LP17: Effect Of Oligosaccharides Extract From Palm Kernel Cake On Growth Performance And 598
Immune Response In Broiler Chickens
Siamak, R., Mohammad, F.J., Liang, J.B., Zulkifli, I. and Abdoreza, S.F.

LP18: Effect Of N-3 Fatty Acid On Semen Characteristics In Moghani Rams 602
F. Mirzaei Aghjeh Qeshlagh, B. Navidshad and M. Fooladi

.
LP19: Influence Of Different Dietary Oil Sources On Fatty Acid Profile And Storage Stability In 607
Broiler Chicken Breast Muscle
Abdulla N.R., Loh T.C., Sazili A.Q., Akit H. and Kareem, K.Y.

SA2: Influence Of Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar And Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria On Sweet Corn 612
Diyar Kareem Abdulrahman

SA3: Mechanical Properties Of Composites Made From Polypropylene And Tree Types Of Agro- 616
Waste Materials
Kazemi Najafi, S., Bahrami, M. and Behrooz, R.

AF1: Preliminary Phylogenetic Study Of Gray Eel-Catfish (Genus: Plotosus) Inferred From DNA 621
Barcoding Analysis
Khalili Samani, N., Esa, Y., Ikhsan, N.F. and Amin, S.M.N.

AF2: Preliminary Report On The Effect Of Dietary N-3 To N-6 Fatty Acid Ratios On Spawning 626
Performance And Proximate Composition Of Malaysian Mahseer, Tor tambroides
Marilyn-Jaoi, E., Nazrien, K., Tan, C.K. and Ahmad Khusaini, M.K.S.

AF3: Feeding Habits Of Nemipterus peronii In The Coastal Area Of Bintulu, Sarawak In South 630
China Sea
Nettely, T., Abu Hena, M.K., Idris, M.H.and Rajaee, A.H.

AF4: Induced Spawning And Larval Rearing Of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra In Malaysia 633
Nurzafirah, M. and Ridzwan, B.H.

AF5: Rice Protein Concentrate Is A Good Candidate For Fish Meal Replacing In Fish Diets, A Case 637
Study About Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamensky, 1901)
Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari and Mojtaba Shirood Najafi

14
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

AF6: Preliminary Hybridization Study Between Gift Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) And Red 642
Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)
Deen Mohd Azhar Mohd Yanun@Mohamed and Yuzine E.

AF7: Ultrastructural Study Of The Chorion Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) Egg 646
Nazrien K., Marilyn-Jaoi E., Tan, C.K., Ahmad Khusaini, M.K.S. and Aziaton Afzan, I.

AF8: Changes Of Lipid Quality Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Flesh Treated With 649
Green Tea Extract During Ice Storage
Masoud R. and Behrooz M.

AB1: Genome-Wide Analysis Of Loci Leading To The Natural Variation Of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline 655
In The Fragrant Rice MRQ74
Golestan Hashemi, F.S., Rafii, M.Y., Ismail, M.R., Mahmud, T.M.M., Rahim, H.A. and Latif, M.A.

AB2: Characterization Of Tropical Forage Maize Inbred Lines Using SSR Markers And Agronomic 659
Traits
Maizura, A.S., Saleh, G., Halim, R.A., Abdullah, N.A.P. and Kashiani, P.

PB1: Interaction Between Phytophthora palmivora And Antagonistic Bacterial Strains On 664
Detached Durian Leaves
Nor Dalila, N.D., Rozeita, L., Muhamad Hafiz, M.H., Nurul Fahima, M.A. and Siti Fairus, Z.

PB2: Minimizing Pathogen Manifestation Through Lignification 667

Nur Adliza, B., Mohamad Roff, M.N., and Maizatul Ilyana, R.

PB3: Preliminary Lysis Study Of Phages On Pathogenic Bacteria 671

G.H. Tan and P.S.H. Tony

PB4: Preliminary Screening Of Antimicrobacterial Activity Of Natural Products Against 673

Mycobacterium abscessus And Mycobacterium fortuitum Using Microbroth Dilution Method
Saw, S.H., Khaw, A.W.W., Au Yong, S.W., Ong, M., Lee, C.K.

PB5: Effect Of Silicon Application On Sheath Brown Rot Disease Of Paddy 678
Nor Fatin M.I., Kamaruzaman S., Khairulmazmi, A. and Shamshuddin, J.

PB6: Screening Of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Herbicide Against Resistancy Of Rice Field Weed 681
(Ludwigia hyssopifolia)
Azimah, A.K., Norhidayati, S. and Nur Munirah, S.

PB7: Proteomic Analysis Of Erwinia mallotivora Cultured In Of Hypersensitive Response And 684
Pathogenicity Inducing (HRP) Media
Norliza, A.B., Rohaiza A.R., Laziana A., Rafidah B., Mohd Firdaus, R.

688

15
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

PB8: Effect Of Soil Sterilization On Growth Of Ganoderma In Oil Palm Seedling

Khunaw, A.R., Radziah, O., M.A., ZainalAbidin and Hanafi, M.M.

PB9: Transformation Of Anti-Pathogenic Gene Into Malaysian Papaya cv. Eksotika 691
Rogayah S., Nor‘aini A., Wee, C.Y., Nazrul Hisham, N. and Noriha, M.A.

PB10: Screening Potential Antagonistic Bacteria For The Control Of Phytophthora capsici In Black 694
Pepper
Khairulmazmi, A. and Siti Noor Farhana, M.D.

PB11: Toxicity Study Of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Products, Ecobac-1 (EC) And Bafog-1 (S) On 699
Non-Target Organisms
Najib, M.A., Mazmira, M.M.M. and Siti Ramlah, A.A.

PB12: Distribution And Abundance Of Synanthrophic Fly Associated With Animal Houses In 705
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Talib, S.M., Lau, W.H., Kadir, J. and Chia, S.L.

PB13: Insecticidal And Antifeedant Activity Of Azadirachta excelsa Aqueous Extract Against 708
Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae
Nur Atiqah, M.K., Chong, T.V. and Rozeita, L.

PB14: Identification And Characterization Of Exserohilum rostratum As A New Causal Agent Of 712
Rice Brown Spot Disease In Malaysia
Ainu Shahirah, M.T., M.A., Zainal Abidinand Mui Yun, W.

PB15: Assessment Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas In Western Australian No-Till Plots With Different 717
Crop Rotation And Residue Management
Jaafar, N.M., Abbott, L.K., Radziah, O. and Solaiman, M.Z.

PB16: Influence Of Insect Age In Mating Behaviour Of Brown Planthopper, Nillaparvata lugens 720
(Stall.)
Ahmed, A.M., Muhamad, R., Omar, D., I.V. Grozescu, Majid, D.L. and Manjeri, G.

EAP1: Domestic Resource Cost Of Feed Mill Industry In Malaysia 724

Zakiah Hanum A.G., Zainal Abidin, M., Ismail A.L. and Abu Hassan, M.I.

728
EAP2: Behavioural Perspective On New Local Feed Ingredient In Peninsular Malaysia: Poultry
Industry
Siti Fatimah M., Zainal Abidin M., Golnaz, R. and J., Shariffudin

EAP3: Critical Success Factors Of Beef Production Systems In Peninsular Malaysia 730
Rafidah, Y., Juwaidah, S. and Golnaz, R.

EAP4: Financial Performance Of A Boer Goat Breeder Farm Following Implementation Of Herd 733
Health Program
K. Azhar, M.S., Shahrom, A.B., Zuki and M., Zamri-Saad

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 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

EAP5: Socio-Economic Profile Of Goat And Sheep Farming In Malaysia 737

Melissa A.Y., Norsida, M. and Nolila, M.N.

EAP6: An Economic Analysis Of The Development Of Marine Park On Local Community In 741
Pulau Tinggi And Pulau Sibu, Johor
Hamzah, N.A., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Latiff, I.A.and Yusoff, F.M.

EAP7: Sustainability Practices In The Malaysian Grocery Retail Industry 745

Vijayan, G., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Mohammad, Z.A., and Abdullah, A.M.

EAP8: Adoption Of Information And Communication Technologies (ICTS) In Malaysia Agrofood 748
Companies
Nawi, N.M. and Luen, T.P.

EAP9: Financial Assessment Of Government Incentives On Different Scales Of Broiler Production 753
In Penisular Malaysia
Mohd Mansor I., Amin Mahir A., Norsida M. and Tapsir S.

EAP10: Long Run Impact Of Public Agricultural R&D On Agricultural Labour Productivity In 758
West Africa
Olaide Rufai Akande

AEE1: Attitude And Perception Of Potato Farmers Towards Risk In Ardabil Province Of Iran 765
Asghar Bagheri

AEE2: Consumers‘ Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) For Organic Rice In Klang Valley, Malaysia 769
Ibitoye, O.O., Nawi, N.M., Kamarulzaman, N.H. and Norsida, M.

AEE3: Technology Benchmarking Of Paddy Production In Malaysia 774

Rosnani H., Syahrin S., Tapsir S., Mohd Zaffrie M.A., Nurul Huda S., and Noorhayati S.

AEE4: Agriculture Websites In Malaysia: Its Quality Attributes And Usage Among Agricultural 778
Community
Md Salleh, H., Sabila, N.R., Bahaman, A.S. and Norhani M.J.

AEE5: Farmers‘ Social Adaptation Towards Climate Change Impact 781

Mas, E.H., Norsida, M. and Hayrol, A.M.S.

AEE6: Manufacturers‘ Knowledge Towards Aflatoxins Contamination In Peanut Based products 786
Azaman, N.N.M., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Shamsudin, M.N. and Selamat, J.

AEE7: Community Perception And Acceptance On Educational Tourism In Universiti Putra 791
Malaysia
Norida M. and Wan Akma Hazami, M.N.

17
 International Agriculture Congress 2014
Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia
25-27 November 2014

AEE8: Career Interest And Career Awareness Among Female Agriculture Students At Public 794
Higher Institutions In Malaysia
Milah, Z. and Ramlah, H.

AT1: Selection Of Suitable Planting Pattern For Mechanized Farm Operations In Cocoa 798
(Theobroma cacao) Plantation
Rozita, O.

AT2: Fluorescence Sensing As A Tool To Estimate Palm Oil Quality And Yield 802
Norul Husna, A.K. and Balasundram, S.K.

AT3: Effect Of Solar Drying On Moisture Loss In Omani Dates 805

Omar Al-Manthry

AT4: Estimation Of Reference Evapotranspiration Using NOAA Satellite Images For Irrigation 808
Networks
Ali Rahimikhoob

18