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convert the wave into an evanescent wave for some frequency range without touching the building
we want to protect.
I. INTRODUCTION verse motion and this is what most people feel directly
during earthquakes.
Earthquakes are the result of sudden release of huge Recent development of metamaterial science opens a
amount of energy in the Earth’s crust that produces new direction to control the seismic waves. Farhat et al.
seismic waves. A sudden forthcoming of the seismic proposed a design of a cloak to control bending waves
waves with large amplitudes and low frequencies have propagated in isotropic heterogeneous thin plates [3–5].
been great hazards to life and property. It is the col- Their cloaking of shear elastic waves pass smoothly into
lapse of bridges, dams, power plants, and other struc- the material rather than reflecting or scattering at the
tures that causes extensive damage and loss of life during material’s surface. However, the cloaked seismic waves
earthquakes. Aseismic capabilities are highly relevant to are still destructive to the buildings behind the cloaked
public safety and a large amount of research has gone region.
into establishing practical analysis and design methods
for them. Numerous earthquakeproof engineering meth- In this paper we introduce a method to control seismic
ods have been tried to resist earthquakes, but still we are waves by using a new class of materials called metamate-
not so safe. rials. Metamaterials are artificially engineered materials
Seismic waves are a kind of inhomogeneous acous- which has a special property of negative refractive index.
tic wave with various wavelengths. There are two We present here a solution that a metamaterial acts as
types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. an attenuator by converting the destructive seismic wave
P(Primary) and S(Secondary) waves are the body waves into an evanescent wave by making use of the imaginary
and R(Rayleigh) and L(Love) waves are the surface velocity of stop-band of the wave.
waves. Surface waves travel slower than body waves and
There are many representations to express the scale
the amplitudes decrease exponentially with the depth. It
of earthquakes. Among them the magnitude that comes
travels about 1 ∼ 3km/sec with lots of variety within the
from the amplitude of the seismic waves is most impor-
depth of a wavelength [1, 2]. The wavelengths are in the
tant. The common form of the magnitude, M , is the
order of 100m and the frequencies are about 10 ∼ 30Hz,
Richter-scale defined by comparing the two amplitudes
that is, low end and just below the audible frequency.
in a logarithmic scale as
However, they decay slower than body waves and are
most destructive because of their low frequency, long du-
ration, and large amplitude.
A
Rayleigh waves can exist only in an homogeneous M = log , (1)
medium with a boundary and have transverse motion.[1, Ao
2] Earthquake motions observed at the ground surface
are mainly due to R waves. On the other hand, L waves
are polarized shear waves guided by an elastic layer. It where A is the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave
is this that causes horizontal shifting of the Earth during and Ao is the maximum amplitude of the background
earthquakes. L waves have both longitudinal and trans- vibration and order of µm. The equipment measures a
transformed magnitude of the intensity. Another factor
of the strength is PGA(Peak Ground Acceleration) but it
is not expressed in a closed form. We focus here on how
∗ Electronic address: shkim@mmu.ac.kr to reduce the amplitude of the seismic wave by using the
† Electronic address: mpd105@rsphysse.anu.au properties of the metamaterials.
2
6
II. NEGATIVE MODULUS
4
Geff/G
where ∆P is the pressure or stress and l is the length.
Shear modulus, G, is a two-dimensional one for a surface -2 F=1 imag. part
wave defined by ∆P = G∆x/h, where ∆x is the horizon- γ=0.1
-4
tal shift and h is the height of the object. Bulk modulus,
B, is a three-dimensional one for a body wave defined by -6
∆P = −B∆V /V .
Seismic medium of Earth crust can be considered as -8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ω/ωο
an accumulation of infinite number of elastic plates. Al-
though the seismic surface wave is not pure two dimen-
FIG. 1: Real and imaginary parts of the effective shear modu-
sional, the velocity is mainly dependent upon the density,
lus. The negative peak of the imaginary part means an energy
ρ, and shear modulus, G, of the seismic medium. Seis- absorption. γ = Γ/ωo .
mic wave is a kind of acoustic wave and every acoustic
wave propagates following two wave equations in princi-
ple. Assuming the plane wave time dependence eiωt , the the sound intensity decays exponentially at some reso-
pressure, p, and the velocity, ~v of the wave in the two nant frequency ranges. In general the elastic material
dimensions are expressed as the Newton’s 2nd law is described by three independent effective parameters of
G, B, and ρ. Therefore, sometimes the G is replaced by a
∇s p = iωρ~v, (2) linear combination of G, B, and the Lamé constant [1, 2],
but it will not change the structure of the theory. Acous-
and the continuity equation
tic waves from the modulus share fundamental properties
iωp = G∇s · ~v , (3) of sound waves.
From the formalism of electromagnetic response in
where ∇s is the Laplacian operator at the surface, p is metamaterials, effective electric permittivity and effec-
the pressure, ω is the anguar frequency of the wave, and tive magnetic permeability show negative values at some
~v is the velocity. specific frequency ranges around resonances [9]. The
The Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) generates the wave equation Helmholtz resonator is a realization of an electrical reso-
as nance circuit by mechanical correspondence. It is known
as that the plasmon frequency in metals or in an array
ω2 of metal wires produces the electric permittivity as [15]
∇2s p + p = 0, (4)
v2 " #
ωp2
where the velocity of the seismic wave is ǫ = ǫo 1 − , (6)
ω(ω + iΓ)
s
G where ωp is the plasma frequency and Γ is a loss by damp-
v= . (5)
ρ ing.
The Eq. (2) is the counterpart of the Faraday’s law and
If the shear modulus becomes negative, the velocity be- Eq. (3) is of the Ampere’s law by the analogy of electro-
comes imaginary. Then, so does the refractive index,
p n, magnetism and mechanics. The inverse of the modulus
or the inverse of the velocity as n = vo /v = vo ρ/G, in mechanical system corresponds to the electric permit-
where vo is the background velocity. Since k = 2πn/λ, tivity in electromagnetic system. Considering the struc-
the wavevector becomes imaginary, too. Therefore, the tural loss, the general form of the effective shear modulus,
imaginary wavevector makes the amplitude of the seismic Gef f , is given similarly with the general form of the bulk
wave become an evanescent wave. We call it a barrier√ or modulus as [10–14]
attenuator. Note that the impedance Z = ρv = ρG
becomes imaginary because it is an absorption. F ωo2
1 1
Negative shear modulus of elastic media has been stud- = 1− 2 , (7)
Gef f G ω − ωo2 + iΓω
ied and realized very recently [6–8]. The key was the
Helmholtz resonators similarly with the negative bulk where ωo is the resonance frequency and F is a geometric
modulus. The Resonance of accumulated waves in the factor [15, 16]. The real and imaginary part of the Gef f
Helmholtz resonator reacts against the applied pressure is plotted in Fig. 1 at specific values of F and Γ. The real
at some specific frequency ranges. Then, the nega- part can be negative at resonance and slightly increased
tive modulus is realized by passing the acoustic wave frequency ranges. The negative range of the real part is
through an array of Helmholtz resonators. Therefore, the stop-band of the wave. When the imaginary part, the
3
to prepare for the main shock and the after shock. Wa-
ter cannot have a high refractive index n in Eq. (11),
too. Maintaining the depth of the water trench up to the
wavelength of the seismic wave require huge amount of
water and, therefore, not be practical.
IV. SUMMARY
FIG. 4: A sky view of a completed seismic waveguide with This research was supported by Basic Science Research
many meta-cylinders. Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Sci-
ence and Technology(2011-0009119).
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