‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I

(CE 370)

LECTURE #12
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections

By

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Introduction
 Cases when designer is in a need to use compression reinforcement
 Guidance for compression reinforcement
 Steps to be followed in the design of a doubly reinforced beam sections
 Required Checks
 Target/ Initial steel ratio
 Problem
 Further reading

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To illustrate how to design doubly reinforced beam

sections.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Introduction
4

 The addition of compression reinforcement

to an existing beam section does not
significantly increase the nominal moment
of the section.
 However, the addition of compression
reinforcement does increase the ductility of
a beam section.
 Thus, the use of compression
reinforcement will permit the use of more
tension reinforcement to increase the
strength of a given beam section while
keeping the section in tension-controlled
region of behavior.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Cases when designer is in a need to use compression
reinforcement
5

 Two common cases may result in the need to use compression

reinforcement to achieve the required nominal moment strength while
keeping the section in the tension controlled region of behavior.
 Case 1: If a designer wants to reduce the size, and thus the weight of a
beam, he could design for a large percentage of reinforcement and use
compression reinforcement to keep the section in the tension-
controlled region of behavior.
 Case 2: If a designer is facing severe architectural restrictions on the
dimensions of a beam, he may be forced to use a doubly reinforced
section.
 For both of these cases, the final beam section design likely would be
classified as being in the transition region (0.005>єt>0.002) or the
compression-controlled region (єt≤0.002) of behavior without the
addition of compression reinforcement.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Guidance for compression reinforcement
6

 The only guidance on how much compression reinforcement should be added

to obtain reasonable section ductility can be found in the earthquake-resistant
design requirements for intermediate and special moment frames in ACI Code
Chapter 21.
 ACI Code Section 21.5.2.2 requires that the area of compression reinforcement
at a column face should be greater than or equal to one-half of the area of
tension reinforcement.
 Wight and MacGregor recommends using above requirement (As’ ≥ 0.5As) to
select the area of compression reinforcement in any doubly reinforced beam
section.

Assume, As'  0.5 As

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps to be followed in the design of a doubly reinforced
beam sections
7

Step 1 : For the given load, design the section as a singly reinforced section
Step 2. Check whether the tension steel is yielded, and whether the
section is tension controlled.
Step 3. If section is not tension - controlled add compression steel
so that As'  0.5 As
Step 4 : Now section is doubly - reinforced section, follow the steps of
analysis of doubly - reinforced section. Find c and check whether
the section is tension - controlled, and then find nominal and
design moment capacities ( M n and fM n ) and check fM n M u
Step 5. Carry out the required checks :
5a. Check for minimum bar speacing and cover values
5b.Check for minimum reinforcement

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Target/ Initial steel ratio
8
A lower strain value is set for tension
Select a target value for the tension reinforcement ratio,  by setting a
steel layer because at the end of the
lower value for the strain in the tension steel layer  t (e.g.  t  0.004). design procedure compression steel will
be added to make this into a tension-
 0 .003   0 .003   0.003  controlled section.
c    d   d   d
 0.003   t   0 . 003  0 . 004   0 . 007 
3
c d
7

Cc  0.85 f c' ba  0.85 f c' b1c  0.85 f c' b1 (3 / 7)d

 Cc  0.36 1 f c' (bd )

' As 0.36 1 f c'

T  Cc  As f y  0.36  f (bd ) 
1 c  fy
bd fy   Reinforcem ent index  
' f c'
0.36  f
1 c

4 fy R  flexural - resistance factor  f c' 1  0.59 

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Required Checks
9

 Use minimum bar spacing and cover values to verify that

selected b is sufficiently wide for bars to be placed in a
single layer.
 Check that the reinforcement provided is more than the
minimum required.
 Calculate the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel
layer to verify that assuming f = 0.9 is valid.
 Finally verify that the nominal flexural strength is sufficient
for the applied loads.
 Note: The last two checks will automatically covered during
the design process. So no need to do the last two checks.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Problem
(Section dimensions are given)
10

Design a rectangular beam section to resist a bending moment of 375 kN.m.

Architectural requirements limit beam dimensions to a width of 300 mm and a total
depth of 450 mm. Using these permissible dimensions, select reinforcement to provide
the required moment strength following the SBC Code provisions for the strength
reduction factor, f . Use f c'  35 MPa and f y  420 MPa.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution: Determine As
11

Given : M u  375 kN.m

Begin by trying to design the section as singly reinforced, 385
with one layer of tension steel. 450

 d  h  65  450  65  385 mm As
65
300
Assuming jd  0.9d  0.9  385  346.5 mm
6
All dimensions are in mm
Mu Mu 375  10
As     2863 mm 2
 a  ff y  jd  0.9  420  0.9  385
ff y  d  
 2
A 2863
Select f 25 bars ( Ab  491 mm 2 ). Number of bars required  s  6
Ab 491
As  6  491  2946 mm 2 
Ab   252  490.6mm 2  491 mm 2
4

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Check for bmin
12

Given :
n  6 (in one layer)
d b  25 mm
Sb  max1.33 19, 25 mm, db ( 25 mm)  26 mm 385
d s  10 mm (assumed) 450
Clear Cover  40 mm
As
65
bmin  ndb  (n-1) Sb  6d s  d b  2Clear Cover
 bmin  6  25  (6  1)  26  6 10  25  2  40  364 mm
300
 bmin  395 mm  b( 300 mm) NG All dimensions are in mm

The beam width b = 300 mm is not sufficiently wide to accommodate 6-25 mm bars to be
placed in single layer. To fit within the 300 mm, 2 layers of bars are required.

bmin  ndb  (n-1) Sb  6d s  d b  2Clear Cover

 bmin  4  25  (4  1)  26  6 10  25  2  40  293 mm  b( 300 mm) OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Calculation of dt and d
13

db
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s 
2
 d t  450  40  10  25 / 2  387.5 mm
450 d t  387.5 d  369.2
6  f 25
Distance of tension reinforcement centroid
30 g
from the bottom of the beam ( g ) :

g
A ysi i

As1 y1  As 2 y2
300
A si As1  As 2
4  491(40  10  12.5)  2  491(12.5  30  25  10  40) All dimensions are in mm
g
4  491  2  491
1964  62.5  982 117.5
g  80.8 mm
1964  982
 d  h  g  450  80.8  369.2 mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Check whether the tension steel has yielded, and
whether the section is tension-controlled
14
As f y 2946  420
a a  138.6 mm;
0.85 f c' b 0.85  35  300
1  0.85  0.008( f c'  30)
 1  0.85  0.008(35  30)  0.81
d '  65 mm
a 138.6
c    171.1 mm
1 0.81
3  f 25
d c 369.2  171.1
s   cu   s  (0.003) d t  387.5 d  369.2
c 171.1 450
  s  0.0035  0.00207   y 6  f 25
dt  c 387.5  171.1 30
t   cu   t  (0.003) g
c 171.1
  t  0.0038  0.005 NG 300
Add compression steel so that As'  0.5 As All dimensions are in mm

 Try 3 - f 25 bars so that As'  3  491  1473 mm 2

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps-1-8: Use iterative procedure to establish section equilibrium and
find the depth to the neutral axis, c
15

Step - 1 : Assume the tension steel is yielding, f s  f y  420 MPa

Step - 2 : Select an initial value for c. Try c  100 mm
( d /4  369 .2 / 4  92 .3 and d /3  123 )
Step - 3 : Calculate the compressio n steel strain  s' :
 c  d'  100  65 
 s'    cu    0 .003  0.00105
 c   100 

Step - 4 : Calculate the compressio n steel stress, f s'

f s'  E s  s'  2  10 5  0.00105  210 MPa ( 420 MPa)
Step - 5 : Calculate the compressio n steel force, C s
 
C s  As' f s'  0 .85 f c'  3  491  210  0.85  35   265508 N  265 .5 kN
Step - 6 : Calculate the concrete compressio n force, C c
C c  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b  1c  0.85  35  300  0 .81  100  722925 N  722 .9 kN

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
16

Step - 7 : Calculate the tension steel force, T

T  As f y  6  491  420  1237320 N  1237 .3 kN
Step - 8 : C heck section equilibriu m : C c  C s  722 .9  265 .5  988 .4 kN
 T  C c  C s , increase c and return to step - 3.

Trial value of c epsilon_s' f_s' C_s C_c C_s+C_c T Error

(mm) (Mpa) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) % Check
100 0.0011 210.0 265.4 722.9 988.4 1237.0 20.1 NG
105 0.0011 228.6 292.8 759.1 1051.9 1237.0 15.0 NG
110 0.0012 245.5 317.7 795.2 1112.9 1237.0 10.0 NG
115 0.0013 260.9 340.4 831.4 1171.7 1237.0 5.3 NG
120 0.0014 275.0 361.2 867.5 1228.7 1237.0 0.7 OK
125 0.0014 288.0 380.3 903.7 1284.0 1237.0 3.8 OK
130 0.0015 300.0 398.0 939.8 1337.8 1237.0 8.1 NG
135 0.0016 311.1 414.3 975.9 1390.3 1237.0 12.4 NG
140 0.0016 321.4 429.5 1012.1 1441.6 1237.0 16.5 NG

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps 9 and 10: Nominal moment strength
17
Step - 9 : Confirm that tens ion steel is yielding, and section is tension controlled .
d c  369 .2  120 
s    cu     0 .003  0 .0062   y  0 .00207
 c   120 
 Tension steel is yielded.

 dt  c   387 .5  120 
t    cu     0 .003  0 .0067  0.005
 c   120 
 The section is tension - controlled , OK
 f  0.9

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Compute fMn
18

Step - 10 : Calcualte nominal moment strength, M n

a   1c  0 .81  120  97 .2 mm
 a

M n  Cc  d    C s d  d '
2


 97.4 
 M n  867 .5   369 .2    361 .2  369 .2  65 
 2 
 M n  387910 N.mm  387 .9 kN.m
 fM n  0 .9  387 .9  349 .1 kN.m  375 kN.m (  M u ) NG

Increase the tension steel to 6 - f 28 (in two layers) and

compressio n steel to 4 - f 25, and then redesign.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Redesign……

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 19 May 28, 2017

 Calculation of dt and d
20
d '  65 mm
db
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s 
2
4  f 25
 d t  450  40  10  28 / 2  386 mm
d t  386 d  357
450
6  f 28
Distance of tension reinforcement centroid 30 g
from the bottom of the beam ( g ) :
300
g
A y si i A y  As 2 y2
 s1 1
A si As1  As 2 All dimensions are in mm

g
3  616(40  10  14)  3  616(14  30  28  10  40)
3  616  3  616
1848  64  1848 122
g  93 mm
1848  1848 
Ab   282  615.44mm 2  616 mm 2
 d  h  g  450  93  357 mm 4

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps-1-8: Use iterative procedure to establish section equilibrium and
find the depth to the neutral axis, c
21

Step - 1 : Assume the tension steel is yielding, f s  f y  420 MPa

Step - 2 : Select an initial value for c. Try c  120 mm
( d /4  357 / 4  90 and d /3  120 )
Step - 3 : Calculate the compressio n steel strain  s' :
 c  d'  120  65 
 s'    cu    0 .003  0.001375
 c   120 

Step - 4 : Calculate the compressio n steel stress, f s'

f s'  E s  s'  2  10 5  0.001375  275 MPa (  420 MPa)
Step - 5 : Calculate the compressio n steel force, C s
 
C s  As' f s'  0 .85 f c'  4  491  275  0 .85  35   481671 N  481 .6 kN
Step - 6 : Calculate the concrete compressio n force, C c
C c  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b 1c  0.85  35  300  0.81  120  867510 N  867 .5 kN

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
22

Step - 7 : Calculate the tension steel force, T

T  As f y  6  616  420  1552320 N  1552 .3 kN
Step - 8 : C heck section equilibriu m : C c  C s  867 .5  481 .6  1349 .1 kN
 T  C c  C s , increase c and return to step - 3.

Trial value of c epsilon_s' f_s' C_s C_c C_s+C_c T Error

(mm) (Mpa) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) % Check
120 0.0014 275.0 481.5 867.5 1349.1 1551.7 13.1 NG
125 0.0014 288.0 507.1 903.7 1410.7 1551.7 9.1 NG
130 0.0015 300.0 530.6 939.8 1470.4 1551.7 5.2 NG
135 0.0016 311.1 552.5 975.9 1528.4 1551.7 1.5 OK
140 0.0016 321.4 572.7 1012.1 1584.8 1551.7 2.1 OK
145 0.0017 331.0 591.6 1048.2 1639.8 1551.7 5.7 NG
150 0.0017 340.0 609.2 1084.4 1693.6 1551.7 9.1 NG
155 0.0017 348.4 625.6 1120.5 1746.2 1551.7 12.5 NG
160 0.0018 356.3 641.1 1156.7 1797.8 1551.7 15.9 NG

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps 9 and 10: Nominal moment strength
23
Step - 9 : Confirm that tens ion steel is yielding and section is tension controlled
d c  357  135 
s    cu     0 .003  0 .0049   y  0 .00207
 c   135 
 Tension steel is yielded.
 dt  c   386  135 
t    cu     0 .003  0 .0056  0 .005 OK
 c   135 
 The section is tension controlled .
 f  0.9

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Compute fMn
24
Step - 10 : Calcualte nominal moment strength, M n and design moment strength fM n
a  1c  0 .81  135  109 .4 mm
 a

M n  Cc  d    C s d  d '
2


 109.4 
 M n  975 .9   357    552 .5  357  65 
 2 
 M n  456344 N.mm  456 .3 kN.m
 fM n  0 .9  456 .3  410.7 kN.m  375 kN.m(  M u ) OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Check for bmin
25

Calculation of bmin
Given :
n  3 (in one layer)
d b  28 mm
Sb  max1.33 19, 25 mm, db ( 28 mm)  28 mm
d s  10 mm (assumed)
Clear Cover  40 mm (minimum)

bmin  ndb  (n-1) Sb  6d s  d b  2Clear Cover

 bmin  3  28  (3  1)  28  6 10  28  2  40  252 mm  b( 300 mm) OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Check for Minimum Steel
26

As  6  616  3696 mm 2

 0.25 f ' 1.4bw d 

As , min  Max  c
bw d ,
 fy fy 
 
 0.25 35 1.4  300  357 
 As , min  Max   300  357, 

 420 420 
 As , min  Max 377.2, 357   377.2 mm 2  As  3696 mm 2 OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Final design
27

d '  65 mm

4  f 25

d t  386 d  357
450
6  f 28
30
g  93
300
All dimensions are in mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Further Reading
28

Read more about the design of singly reinforced RC

beams from:
1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by
James K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Fifth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C.
McCormac and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition,
John Wiley & Sons.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Thank You
29

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017