Unit – 2

Short Questions (2 & 3 Marks)

Q.1 Give the function of current limiting reactor.

Q.2 What are the classifications of faults?
Q.3 What are the locations where current limiting reactors used?
Q.4 What are symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults?
Q.5 What is the significance of performing short circuit MVA?
Q.6 Classify symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Q.7 Derive an expression for fault currents for single line to ground fault by symmetrical
component method.
Q.8 What do you understand by instantaneous maximum momentary current for line?
Explain it with the help of suitable diagram and drive condition of doubling effect.
Q.9 An 11 kV, 25 MVA Generator has positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of 0.12,
0.12 and 0.08 per unit respectively. The generator neutral grounded through a reactance of
0.03 per unit. Determine the fault current when a single line to ground fault occurs at
generator terminal. Also, calculate the line-to-line fault voltage.
Q.10 A three phase, 10,000 kVA, 11 kV alternator has a sub-transient reactance of 8%. A 3
phase short circuit occurs at its terminals. Determine the fault current and fault MVA.
Q.11 Show that zero sequence networks does not exist for line to line (L-L) fault. Deduce the
expression for per unit fault current and show the interconnections of sequence network for
L-L fault. Neglect the fault impedance.
Q.12 Two generating stations having short circuit capacities of 1500 MVA and 1000 MVA
respectively and operating at 11 kV are linked by an interconnecting cable having a reactance
of 0.6 Ω / phase. Determine short circuit capacity of each station.
Q.13 Discuss the principle of the symmetrical components. Derive the necessary equation to
convert phase quantities into symmetrical components.
 Unit – 2
Long Questions (7 Marks)

Q.1 The per unit values of positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of a network at fault
are 0.16, 0.14 and 0.2. Determine the fault current if fault is double line to ground (L-L-G).
Q.2 Derive an expression for maximum momentary current, if transient takes place on a
transmission line. Also, explain doubling effect with the help of waveform of short circuit
current on a transmission line.
Q.3 Deduce the expression for fault current in single line to ground fault. An 11 kV, 25 MVA
Synchronous Generator has positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of 0.12, 0.12 and
0.08 pu, respectively. The generator neutral grounded through a reactance of 0.03 pu. A
single line-to-ground fault occurs at the generator terminals. Determine the fault current and
the line-to-line voltages. Assume that the generator was unloaded before the fault.
Q.4 100 MVA, 11 kV generator having Z1 = Z2 = Z0 = 0.1 pu and Zn = 0.05 pu, Zf = 0.05 pu.
Single line to ground fault occurs in 'a' phase. Find (i) fault current in per unit, (ii) actual fault
current, (iii) short circuit MVA and (iv) short circuit MVA in per unit.
Q.5 Explain the switching operation in a series R-L circuit.
Q.6 Two generators rated at 11 kV, 5 MVA having 5% reactance connected through a
transmission line having reactance of 0.4 Ω/Φ/km. Both the transformers rated at 8 MVA, 11
kV/33 kV and a reactance of 4%. Choose MVA base as 8 MVA and 11 kV. A short circuit
occurs at the midpoint of the transmission line shown in figure 1, then find fault MVA and
fault current. (length of line is 50 km)

Q.7 A 25 MVA, 13.2 kV alternator with solidly grounded neutral has a sub-transient reactance of
0.25 pu. The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.1 pu, respectively.
Determine the fault current and line to line voltages at the fault when double line to ground
 fault occurs at the terminals of the alternator. Deduce also the expression used for calculating
fault current.

Q.8 A 3 phase, 5 MVA, 6.6 kV alternator with a reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder of

series impedance (0.12 + j 0.48) ohms/phase/km shown in figure 1. The transformer is rated
at 3 MVA, 6.6 kV/33 kV and has a reactance of 5 %. Determine the fault current supplied by
the generator operating under no load with a voltage of 6.9 kV, when a three phase
symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 km along the feeder.

Q.9 Two generators A and B are identical and rated 11 kV, 10 MVA and have a transient
reactance of 20% at their own MVA base. Two transformers T1 and T2 are also identical and
are rated 5 MVA, 11/66 kV and have a reactance of 5% at their own MVA base. The tie line
is 100 km long and has a reactance of 0.1 ohms/km. A 3 – phase fault occurs at distance of
25 km from one end of the line when the system is on no load but at rated voltage. Determine
fault MVA and fault current. Choose base MVA as 10 MVA and base kV of the generator
side 11 kV and for transmission line as 66 kV.

Q.10 A 3 – phase, star connected alternator is rated 30 MVA, 13.8 kV and has a reactance
values: X1 = 0.25 pu; X2 = 0.35 pu and X0 = 0.10 pu. The neutral of the alternator is solidly
grounded. Determine the alternator line currents when a double line to ground fault occurs on
its terminals. Assume that the alternator is unloaded and is operating at rated voltage when
the fault occurs.
 Unit – 2
MCQ Questions (2/3 Marks)

Q.1 The ratings of circuit breakers are generally decided based on

A. unsymmetrical fault currents
B. symmetrical fault currents
C. normal circuit currents
D. none of above
Q.2 The most common fault on an overhead transmission line is
A. single line to ground fault
B. three phase short-circuited fault
C. double line to ground fault
D. line to line fault
Q.3 Reactors are used at various locations in the power system to
A. increase short-circuit current
B. avoid short-circuit current
C. limit short-circuit current
D. none of above
Q.4 The most severe fault on the power system is
A. three-phase short-circuit
B. line to line fault
C. double line to ground fault
D. single line to ground fault
Q.5 In a balanced 3-phase system
A. only negative sequence current is zero
B. only zero sequence current is zero
C. both negative and zero sequence currents are zero
D. none of above
Q.6 When all the three phases are short-circuited, the current thought the system is
A. zero
B. low
C. very large
 D. none of above
Q.7 Reactors are connected with the system
A. in series
B. in parallel
C. in series-parallel
D. none of above
Q.8 When a short circuit occurs in a power system
A. the voltage at fault point is zero
B. a very large current flows in the system
C. it results in overheating of equipment
D. all of above
Q.9 The fault on a power system that gives symmetrical fault currents is
A. line to tine fault
B. three-phase short circuit fault
C. single line to ground fault
D. none of above
Q.10 If the percentage reactance-of the system up to the fault point is 20% and base kVA is
10000. Then short-circuit kVA is
A. 10,000 kVA
B. 50,000 kVA
C. 500 kVA
D. 30,000 kVA
Q.11 The short-circuit kVA is maximum when fault occurs
A. near the generator
B. at the end of transmission line
C. in the middle of transmission line
D. none of above
Q.12 In short-circuit calculations, the selected base kVA is equal to
A. that of the largest plant
B. the total plant capacity
C. any arbitrary value
 D. all above
Q.13 On the occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault, the sequence component which is always
greater than the negative sequence component is
A. zero sequence component
B. positive sequence component
C. both (I) and (ii)
D. none of above
Q.14 Current-limiting reactors in power system have
A. large resistance and low reactance
B. large reactance and low resistance
C. large reactance and resistance
D. none of above
Q.15 The most severe unsymmetrical fault is
A. single line-to-ground fault
B. line-to-line fault
C. double line-to-ground fault
D. none of above