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Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith): New Invasive Pest

of Corn in the Philippines

Presentation · November 2019

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Mario Villegas Navasero

College of Agriculture and Food Science (formerly College of Agriculture), University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
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 Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
(J.E. Smith): New Invasive Pest of Corn in
the Philippines
MARIO V. NAVASERO, M. Sc.
Career Scientist II
National Crop Protection Center,
College of Agriculture and Food Science,
UP Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031

Symposium on Crop Protection Updates. PMCP Foundation, Inc. , Association of Certified Pesticide
Applicators and Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority. Continuing Education Center, UPLB, College,
Laguna. November 29, 2019.
Common Cutworm in Eggplant in Pangasinan
(2003)
Black Armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) on rice, corn and
sugarcane in CALABARZON (2010)
Onion Armyworm , (Sposoptera exigua) Outbreak in Nueva
Ecija, Pangasinan & Ilocos Sur (2016-2018)
Geographic DistrIbution of FAW
First Detection of FAW in the Philippines

A. A picture guide for

the identification
of FAW larva

B. Picture of specimen collected in Piat, Cagayan (courtesy of

Ms. Minda Flor Aquino, Center Chief, RCPC 2)
C. Picture of specimen collected in Piat, Cagayan sent
and examined at NCPC (courtesy of Dr. Lilia Portales)
(directly preserved in alcohol)
Key Characteristics to Distinguish FAW

Larva

 Light dorsal line

 Four dots (pinaculae) arranged
in square at the second to the
last abdominal segment
 Head with white inverted Y
Heads of larvae of noctuids attacking corn in the Philippines: a)
Spodoptera exempta, b) S. exigua, c) S. litura, d) S. mauritia, e) Mythimna
separata, f) Helicoverpa armigera and g) Chrysodeixis eriosoma.
Larvae of noctuids attacking corn in the Philippines: a) Spodoptera
exempta, b) S. exigua, c) S. litura, d) S. mauritia, e) Mythimna separata,
f) Helicoverpa armigera and g) Chrysodeixis eriosoma.
 Four days after rearing in the
laboratory. Dots disappeared
unmistakably that of
earworm in different color
forms

Field collected early instar

larvae of H. armigera w/ 4 Brown color forms of H.
trapezoid dots and square armigera but body tecture not
dots on penultimate smooth or “bumpy”
abdominal segment
Male
 Orbicular spot light brown, oval and
oblique (1)
 White mark at the apex of the forewing
 Row of small black markings near apical
margin of the wing

Female
 Forewings, grayish brown without distinct
wing markings
 Hind wings dirty white with dark brown
borders at the outer margins
Absence of Resistance to BT corn

• Through DNA barcoding, the specimens were found to be

primarily of the subgroup that preferentially infests maize
and sorghum in the Western Hemisphere.

• A genetic marker linked with resistance to the Cry1Fa toxin

from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressed in transgenic maize
and common in Puerto Rico FAW populations was not found
in the population spreading across Africa and Asia.
FAW Haplotypes/Strains
• FAW consists of two strains adapted to different host plants.
• The “maize strain” feeds predominantly on maize, cotton,
and sorghum
• The “rice strain” feeds primarily on rice and pasture
grasses.
• Morphologically identical but differ in pheromone
compositions, mating behavior, and host range.
• Matings between the two strains result in viable offspring.
However, a significant reduction in mating success in crosses
of the two strains, which together with the behavioral and
biochemical differences would suggest that the two strains
are in a state of sympatric speciation.
Incidence Sites Recorded by NCPC QRT

PROVINCE/TOWN/ BARANGAY COORDINATES DATE

Cagayan: Piat: Minanga 17°50'8.62"N 121°29’28.21"E 7-Jun-19
Cagayan: Gonzaga: Patel 18°17'30.10"N 122°3’33.25"E 20-Jul-19
- do - - do - - do - 24-Jul-19
Cagayan: Gonzaga: Migrafil 18°17'32.03"N 122°3’32.15"E 24-Jul-19
Cagayan: Solana: Dassun 17°44’52.53"N 121°42'33.81"E 25-Jul-19
I ocos Norte: Laoag: 44-Zamboanga 18°11’58.10"N 120°33’6.93"E 25-Jul-19
I ocos Norte: Laoag: 44-Zamboanga 18°11’18.82"N 120°36’14.34"E 25-Jul-19
Nueva Ecija: Sa Jose City: Palestina 15°47’4.39"N 121°0’22.99"E 30-Jul-19
Nueva Ecija: Sa Jose City: Palestina 15°47’2.75"N 121°0’24.10"E 30-Jul-19
Batangas: San Juan: Janao-Janao 13°51’25.17"N 121°21’53.42"E 28-Aug-19
Quezon: Candelaria: Malabanan 13°54’39.54"N 121°25’56.5"E 28-Aug-19
Quezon: Tiaong: Kipot 13°51’14.13"N 121°19’5.24"E 2-Sep-19
Quezon: Tiaong: Ayusan 2 13°56’38.39"N 121°17’41.76"E 2-Sep-19
Laguna: Bay: Trangka 14°8’40.27"N 121°15’32.94"E 10-Sep-19
Laguna: Los Baños: Batong Malaki 14°0’6.03"N 121°0’9.14"E 20-Sep-19
Laguna: Nagcarlan: Wakat 14°0’6.03"N 121°0’9.14"E 27-Sep-19
Zamboanga del Norte: Katipunan: Daang Lungsod 8°30’29.28"N 123°18’20.48"E 17-Sep-19
Zamboanga del Sur: Zamboanga City: Sangali 7°4’58.68"N 122°13’15.2"E 17-Sep-19
South Cotabato: Polomolok: Magsaysay 6°11’55.3"N 125°3’15.79"E, 19-Sep-19
South Cotabato: GenSan City: Katanggawan 06°09’33.02"N 125°12’18.57"E 19-Sep-19
Leyte: Baybay: Banawan 10°40’58.04"N 124°48’48.58"E 11-Oct-19
Leyte: Sta. Fe: Gapas 11°12’56.90"N 124°55’27.60"E 11-Oct-19
Damage and Growth Stages Attacked

Damage of S. frugiprtda on different growth stages of corn; a) high

infestestation in a field at 12 days after sowing, b) at early whorl stage,
c) damage at mid-whorl stage, and d) on ear and e) on tassel.
HOST RANGE

HOSTS PLANTS RECORDED

205 species
Primary hosts 32 Corn Crucifers
Secondary hosts 144 Rice Cucurbits
Weedy hosts 27 Sugarcane Peanut
Sorghum Soybean
Potato Cotton
eggplant Banana
Tomato Sweet potato
Pepper
tobacco
HOST RANGE
• When the larvae are very numerous they defoliate plants,
acquire the typical “armyworm” habit, and disperse in large
numbers, consuming nearly all vegetation in their path.
• Many host records reflect such periods of abundance and
are not truly indicative of oviposition and feeding behavior
under normal conditions.
Adoption of Local Natural Enemies to Alien FAW
= New Associations
CHORMULE et al. 2019. First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E.
Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on sugarcane and other crops from Maharashtra, India.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7(1): 114-117.

CRUZ et al.. 2018. Biological control and biorational pesticides for fall armyworm
management. In: CYMMIT. 2018. Fall Armyworm in Africa: A guide for integrated pest
management, First Edition (pp. 64-86). Mexico, CDMX: CIMMYT.

KENIS et al. 2019. Telenomus remus, a candidate parasitoid for the biological control of
Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa, is already present on the continent. Insects 10(4): 92.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/4/92/htm doi: 10.3390/insects 10040092.

SHYLESHA et al.. 2018. Studies on new invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies. Journal of Biological Control 32(3): 2018
DOI: 10.18311/jbc/2018/21707.

SISAY et al. .2018. First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology 142(8): 800-804.
 Documented Local Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm

Larva

Pupa

Chelonus sp. (Hym.: Braconidae) from

Gonzaga, Cagayan Pupa
Documented Local Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm

Adult
Pupal cocoon

Charops sp. (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) from

Gonzaga, Cagayan
Documented Local Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm

Two species of tachinid parasitoids from UPLB CES

Documented Local Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm

A B

https://www.facebook.com/LaoagCityO
fficial/photos/pcb.375276923145183/3
75276569811885/?type=3&theater

Mermithid entomopathogenic nematode documented

from a) Gonzaga, Cagayan and b) Ilocos Norte
Documented Local Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm

A B
Suspected Metarhizium sp. (A) and Beauveria bassiana (B) that
grew from larvae collected at UPLB Central Experiment Station
and Trangca Experiment station, respectively.
Actual pictures showing failure of the “push-pull” strategy as
practiced in Madagascar (courtesy of Mr. Sen Seong Ng)
Insecticides granted emergency use permit by the FPA

MODE OF TOXICITY
ACTIVE INGREDIENT PRODUCT NAME MODE OF ENTRY RECOMMENDED RATE
ACTION CATEGORY
1A Carbosulfan Marshal 200 SC 2 systemic with contact and stomach 30-40 mL product/16 L
action
3A Lambdacyhalothrin ARIBA 2.5 EC 2 contach, stomach and ovicidal 2 L/16L
action
5 Spinetoram EXALT 60 SC 4 contact and ingestion 500 mL product/ha
6 Emamectin benzoate Proclaim Opti 5 WG 3 ingestion, penetrate leaf, sensitive 25 g/16L
to sunlight
11A Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai Aztron WDG 4 ingestion 10-20 g/16L
11A Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Dipel WP 4 ingestion 50 g/16L
15 Chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 E 4 anti moulting agent 20-40 mL/16L
15 Lufenuron Match 050 EC 4 anti moulting agent 0.60-0.80 L product/ha
22A Indoxacarb Ammate 15 EC 2 contact and stomach 10-15 mL/16 L
22A Indoxacarb Steward 30 WDG 3 contact and stomach 4 g/16 L
28 Tetraniliprole Yeoval SC 200 3 systemic and contact 6-8 mL/16L
28 Chlorantraniliprole Prevathon 5 SC 4 primarily by ingestion and 30-40 mL/16 L
secondarily by contact
28 Cyantraniliprole Benevia OD 4 primarily by ingestion and 67 mL/16 L
secondarily by contact
feeding stop a few hrs after
exposure but death may take 3-6 d
28/4A Chlorantraniliprole + Thiametoxam Virtako 40 WG 4 contact 150-200 g product/ha
UC Pyridalyl Pleo 10 EC 4 contact 40-60 mL product/16 L
• Highly toxic insecticide(category 2) should be use only at early growth stages
(up to mid-whorl) for safety to the applicator
• Practice spot application if applicable
• Direct spray to the whorl for contact insecticide
• Use IGR only when larvae are at early instars (1st – 3rd)
• Spray late in the afternoon for insecticides sensitive to sunlight/UV
• Alternate different MOA
• Do not use the same MOA beyond 2 weeks
Documented Usage of Insecticide

Nagcarlan, Laguna - whorl application of fipronil (Regent) not

effective
Polomolok, S. Cotabato – whorl application of carbofuran
(Furadan) not effective)
GenSan, S. Cotabato - 3 days interval for regular spraying
3x daily when infested by FAW
Practice cocktailing
Insecticide used:
• carbofuran (Furadan) MOA 1A
• methomyl (Lannate) MOA 1A
• beta- cyfluthrin (Bulldock) MOA 3A
• lambdacyhalothrin (Karate) MOA 3A
• deltamethrin (Decis) MOA 3A
• fipronil (Ascend) MOA 2B
• cartaphydrochloride (Cartap) MOA 14
• chlorantraniliprole (Prevathon) MOA 28
Biology: Life Cycle of EFSB
Implications to IRM
MOA 1 MOA 2 MOA 3 MOA 1 MOA 2

Overlapping generations

SEEDBED VEGETATIVE STAGE FLOWERING/FRUITING STAGE

WEEKS AFTER TR ANSPLANTING

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Modification to minimize/prevent exposure of more that 1 generation to the same

MOA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Zenaida V. Amargo and Fe P. Valdez, MAO Tiaong, Quezon

Wilfredo Carandang, farmer, Tiaong, Quezon
Ferdinand L. Baclig, Municipal Agriculturist, Gonzaga
Jimmy L. Macoco, Ilocos Norte Provincial Corn Coordinator
Cherry Paz B. Joaquin of Laoag City Agriculture Office
Minda Flor G.M. Aquino, Center Chief, RCPC II
Edmar S. Ilorea, RCPC II field monitor
Pricila C. Jover, Center Chief, RCPC IX
Vicente F. Pasilan, Brgy. Chairman, Brgy. Magsaysay, Polomolok, South Cotabato
Jedeliza B. Ferrater, research scientist of East-West Seeds
Mark T. Lontoc and Nelson M. Navasero , Eurofins Agrosciences
Corteva Agrisciences
Henry Dupo, Jr.
Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research

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