MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SAINT JOHN BILINGUAL SCHOOL

HISTORY

THEME:
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

TEACHER:
LAURA REYES

BELONGS TO:
MILAGRO AIZPURUA

Xll° SCIENCE

DATE:

10/04/2017
 INDEX

Introduction …………………………….……………………………….……….. lV

The Industrial Revolution ……………………….…………………….………….. 5

The Second Industrial Revolution ………………………….…….……………….11

Conclusions ……………………………………………………….………………15

Bibliography…………………………………….…………………….…………..16
 INTRODUCTION

Before the days of electricity, automobiles, radio, television and computers people worked with
their hands and their muscle to accomplish the simplest of tasks. The Industrial Revolution
changed our lives in so many ways. We are going to discover some of the people who were
responsible for the industrial revolution, the inventions and innovations they created, and
discover how they changed the way we live.
First at all an Industrial Revolution occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make
products to using new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories. It’s a shift
from the home to the factory, from the country to the city, from human or animal power to
engines powered by fossil fuels (coal and, later, oil). The industrial process occurred gradually,
but the social and economic changes were so far reaching over generations that, looking back, it
becomes clear that they were nothing short of revolutionary. In this job, we going to see The First
and Second Industrial Revolution its causes, consequences and all the information that I think
that is important to know.
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from
about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of
machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the
Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile
industry was also the first to use modern production methods.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain began in the 1780s. Several factors contributed to
make Great Britain the starting place such as
 Agricultural practices had changed, expansion of farmland, good weather, improved
transportation, and new crops, such as the potato, led to a dramatic increase in the food
supply. British families could use some of their income to buy manufactured goods.
 The population grew, this increase created a large labor force to work in the new factories
that were emerging.
 Britain had a ready supply of money, to invest in the new industrial machines and the
factories needed to house them. The entrepreneurs were interested in finding new business
opportunities and new ways to make profits.
 Natural resources were plentiful in Britain. The rivers and the abundant supplies of coal and
iron ore, are essential in manufacturing processes.
 British ships could transport goods anywhere in the world, a growing demand for cotton
cloth led British manufactures to begin to look for ways to increase production.

CAUSES
 Enormous Expansion in Overseas Trade of Britain.
 Availability of Capital.
 Practical bent of mind of the English Researchers
 Small population.
 Social and political stability
 The availability of coal and iron mines close to each
other
 The agricultural revolution
 Presence of enterprising people
 Risk-taking Private Sector
 Better means of transport
 Geographical location
 Flexibility of English social and political system

In the period 1760 to 1830 the Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain. Aware of
their head start, the British forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers, and manufacturing
techniques. The British monopoly could not last forever, especially since some Britons saw
profitable industrial opportunities abroad, while continental European businessmen sought to lure
British know-how to their countries. Two Englishmen, William and John Cockerill, brought the
Industrial Revolution to Belgium by developing machine shops at Liège (c. 1807), and Belgium
became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically. Like its British
progenitor, the Belgian Industrial Revolution centered in iron, coal, and textiles.
France was more slowly and less thoroughly industrialized than either Britain or Belgium. While
Britain was establishing its industrial leadership, France was immersed in its Revolution, and the
uncertain political situation discouraged large investments in industrial innovations. By 1848
France had become an industrial power, but, despite great growth under the Second Empire, it
remained behind Britain.
Other European countries lagged far behind. Their bourgeoisie lacked the wealth, power, and
opportunities of their British, French, and Belgian counterparts. Political conditions in the other
nations also hindered industrial expansion. Germany, for example, despite vast resources of coal
and iron, did not begin its industrial expansion until after national unity was achieved in 1870.
Once begun, Germany’s industrial production grew so rapidly that by the turn of the century that
nation was outproducing Britain in steel and had become the world leader in the chemical
industries. The rise of U.S. industrial power in the 19th and 20th centuries also far outstripped
European efforts. And Japan too joined the Industrial Revolution with striking success.
The eastern European countries were behind early in the 20th century. It was not until the five-
year plans that the Soviet Union became a major industrial power, telescoping into a few decades
the industrialization that had taken a century and a half in Britain. The mid-20th century
witnessed the spread of the Industrial Revolution into hitherto no industrialized areas such as
China and India.

CHANGES IN COTTON PRODUCTION

Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of inexpensive cotton goods. In the eighteenth
century, these tasks were done by individuals in their rural homes, a production method known as
cottage industry but a series of technological advances made cottage industry inefficient.

 The invention of flying shuttle made weaving faster, now weavers needed more thread
from spinners because they could produce cloth at a faster rate.
 James Hargreaves had invented a spinning machine called the spinning jenny, which met
this need. The spinning process became much faster.

The cotton industry became even more productive when the steam engine was improved in the
1760s by James Watt.
British cotton cloth production increased dramatically, British cotton goods were sold
everywhere in the world and were produced mainly in factories.

THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES

The steam engine was crucial to Britain´s Industrial Revolution. New

processes using coal aided the transformation of another industry
called the iron industry.
Britain´s natural resources included large supplies of iron ore. In the puddling process coke was
used to burn away impurities in crude iron, called pig iron, and produce iron of high quality. The
high-quality iron was used to build new machines, especially new means of transportation.

RAILROADS
More efficient means of moving resources and goods developed. In 1804, the first steam powered
locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain. One called the Rocket was used on the first
public railway line from Liverpool to Manchester. Building railroads created new jobs for farm
laborers and peasants. More sales meant more factories and more machinery. This type of
regular, ongoing economic growth became a basic feature of the new industrial economy.

THE NEW FACTORIES

The factory created a new labor system. Early factory workers came from rural areas, where they
were used to periods of hectic work, followed by periods of inactivity. Factory owners create a
system of work discipline in which employees became used to working regular hours and doing
the same work over and over.

SOCIAL IMPACT IN EUROPE

The population had almost doubled, the key to this growth was a decline in death rates, wars and
diseases, such as smallpox and plague. Because an increase in the food supply were rapidly
becoming home to many industries. The rapid growth of cities in the first half if the nineteenth
century led to pitiful living conditions for many of the inhabitants. These conditions prompted
urban reformers to call on local governments to clean up their cities.
In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class
of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working
people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these
were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labor dominated by a pace set by
machines. As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10-
hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20% to 40% less than the minimum
deemed necessary for a decent life. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long
before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel
—child labor, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the
Industrial Revolution. As the number of children employed declined, their places were taken by
women. Women made up 50% of the labor force in British textile factories before 1870.

EARLY SOCIALISM

The pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to a movement known as
socialism. (society owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities).
Robert Owen believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a
cooperative environment. He transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing community.

CHILD LABOR

The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of

surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution,
although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly. There was still
limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work.
Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their
productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an
industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new,
there were no experienced adult laborer’s Child labor existed before the
Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible.
Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their
elders

Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the
path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions. Many children developed lung
cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25

Politicians and the government tried to limit child labor by law but factory owners resisted; some
felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation,
and others simply welcomed the cheap labor. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against
child labor, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain: Children younger than nine were not
allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under
the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law,
however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult. About ten years later, the employment of
children and women in mining was forbidden. These laws decreased the number of child
laborer’s, however child labor remained in Europe and the United States up to the 20th century

LUDDITIES

The rapid industrialization of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The
movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas
of the textile industry owing to early industrialization. Many weavers also found themselves
suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required
relatively limited (and unskilled) labor to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such
unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had
taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as
Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite
movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government
took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were
caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.

Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialized, such as with

agricultural laborer’s in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain
were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances. Threshing machines
were a target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity. However, the
riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for
reform.

CONSEQUENCES

 The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels
of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great
factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an
unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers; after 1900 the large volume of
industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste
 During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically
 The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanization and the
rise of new great cities
 The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive
expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and
demands for mass political participation.

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

The Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds. Belgium,
France and German States were the firsts. In these places governments were very active in
encouraging the development of industrialization.

An Industrial Revolution also occurred in the new nation of the United States US was primarily
an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy The building of
roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for
handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of
the period Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial
Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable
parts, the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US. The development of
machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts was the basis for the rise of the US as the
world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.

Famed Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell memorized the designs of

British textile machines in 1810 and realized that, during the War of
1812, demand for domestic finished cloth increased as imports were
drastically cut through embargoes. When he returned to the United
States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company, which employed
the famed Lowell system as a response to poor working conditions in England, initially
employing many women. His company was massively successful and extremely productive,
especially because his competitors continued to use labor-intensive methods while he employed
the mechanized spinning jenny and the water frame. A major U.S. contribution to
industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal.

CONSEQUENCES

The Industrial Revolution permanently altered the US economy and set the stage for the United
States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution The
American System (economic plan) gave way to new economic thought such as the classical
school of economics which assisted in the growth of trade and commerce, but this time with the
US as a much larger exporter than importer, which would continue until the late Cold War era
with the drastic increase in imports from China. The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in
the rampancy of labor shortages which characterized the US economy in the late 18th and early
19th centuries

REACTION AND REVOLUTION

At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders met to rebuild Europe with conservative
underpinnings. Metternich, Alexander I, Castlereagh, and Talleyrand sought to restore the
balance of power. Dynastic and territorial questions were settled on the principle of legitimacy.
The Quadruple Alliance was formed to hold periodic meetings to maintain the peace of Europe.
 Revolutions erupted again in 1830. In France, riots in Paris against the reactionary forces of
Charles X led to a revolution in which the French opted for a constitutional monarchy under
Louis Philippe. A nationalist revolt in Belgium succeeded in establishing a separate,
independent nation whose neutrality was guaranteed in 1839. Revolts in Poland, Italy, and
Germany failed, thereby widening the split between the more liberal governments of western
Europe and the repressive regimes in eastern Europe.

 In 1848 revolutions inspired by nationalist and liberal agitation again rocked Europe. An
economic crisis was the catalyst for revolution in France. During the June Days, Paris was the
scene of the first large-scale outbreak of class warfare. Using the magical name of his famous
uncle, Louis Napoleon was elected president of the Second Republic.

 In Italy and Germany, nationalist movements seeking unification failed. However, Piedmont
emerged as the leader of Italian nationalist liberal forces.

 In the Habsburg domain, revolts at first immobilized the government, but the Habsburgs soon
reasserted their control. Moreover, the government played on the mutual distrust among the
many nationalities to divide and conquer the rebel forces. Although the revolutions of 1848
failed, they left a legacy to be fulfilled later in Italy and Germany.

 In France
The industrial revolution in France followed a course as it did not correspond to the main
model followed by other countries. Notably, most French historians argue France did not go
through a clear take-off. Instead, France's economic growth and industrialization process was
slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by
Maurice Lévy-Leboyer:

 French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789–1815),

 industrialization, along with Britain (1815–1860),
 economic slowdown (1860–1905),
 renewal of the growth after 1905.

OPPOSITION FROM ROMANTICISM

During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new
industrialization developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the
traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization,
urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes. the movement stressed the importance
of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in
Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. It
followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that
then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. It was characterized by the build out
of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing,
greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the
beginning of electrification. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods
for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use.

Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which
are said to characterize a "Second Industrial Revolution", The first major change between
1870 and 1914 is that the steel was replace by iron. Electricity was a major new form of energy
that proved to be a great value.

In the 1880s streetcars and subways powered by electricity had

appeared in major European Cities.
Electricity transformed the factory as well. Conveyor, belts, cranes,
and machines could all be powered by electricity. With electric
lights, factories could remain open 24 hours a day.
The development of the internal- combustion engine, fired by oil and
gasoline, provided a new source of power in transportation. This
engine gave rise to ocean liners with oil-fired engines, as well as to the airplane and the
automobile.

Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical
industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the automotive
industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United
States and Germany.
The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal
and further widened the potential for industrialization A new revolution began with electricity
and electrification in the electrical industries. The introduction of hydroelectric power generation
in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialization of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the
1890s.

By the 1890s, industrialization in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations
with burgeoning global interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, Standard Oil and
Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world's stock markets Despite
considerable overlapping with the “old,” there was mounting evidence for a “new” Industrial
Revolution in the late 19th and 20th centuries.

In terms of basic materials, modern industry began to exploit

many natural and synthetic resources not hitherto utilized: lighter
metals, new alloys, and synthetic products such as plastics, as well
as new energy sources. Combined with these were developments
in machines, tools, and computers that gave rise to the automatic
factory. Although some segments of industry were almost
completely mechanized in the early to mid-19th century,
automatic operation, as distinct from the assembly line, first achieved major significance in the
second half of the 20th century.
Women working machines at the American Woolen
Company, Boston, c. 1912.
Ownership of the means of production also underwent
changes. The oligarchical ownership of the means of
production that characterized the Industrial Revolution in
the early to mid-19th century gave way to a wider
distribution of ownership through purchase of common
stocks by individuals and by institutions such as insurance
companies. In the first half of the 20th century, many
countries of Europe socialized basic sectors of their economies. There was also during that period
a change in political theories: instead of the laissez-faire ideas that dominated the economic and
social thought of the classical Industrial Revolution, governments generally moved into the social
and economic realm to meet the needs of their more complex industrial societies.
Industrial production grew at a rapid pace because a greatly increased sale of manufactured
goods. Europeans could afford to buy more consumer products for several reasons. Wages for
workers increased after 1870, prices for manufactured goods were lower because of reduced
transportation costs. Clocks, bicycles, electric lights, and typewriters were sold in great
quantities.
The Second Industrial Revolution combined with the growth of transportation by steamship and
railroad, fostered a true world economy. European capital was also invested abroad to develop
railways, mines, electrical power plants, and banks. With its capital, industries, and military
might, Europe dominated the world economy by the beginning of the twentieth century.

CONSEQUENCES

Standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell
dramatically due to the increases in productivity. This caused unemployment and great upheavals
in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories,
ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span

Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such
as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that
regulated filtered water supplies This greatly reduced the infection and death rates from many
diseases.
The Second Industrial Revolution transformed society in significant ways. Among the social
effects that caused this revolution can include:

• Urbanization increased rapidly. The population moved into hastily built housing in cities to be
nearer to the factories.
• Families were separate as the place of work shifted from the home to factories.
• Work lost its seasonal quality, as workers were require to follow a routine schedule.
• The pace of work, driven by machines, increase dramatically.
• The overall health of the workforce declined because of the harsh and unhealthy conditions of
the factories.
• The availability of work became unpredictable as it rose and fell with the demand for goods.
Gradually, women who had first been drawn into cities to work in the factories lost their
manufacturing jobs as machines decrease the demand for labor. So, cut off from their families,
many had no other option than prostitution.
• Artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihoods. So, unable to compete with the lower cost of
mass-produced goods.
• The traditional impediment to marriage, which was the need for land, disappeared and people
began to marry younger.
• A much greater portion of the population could afford factory-made goods.
• Close working and living conditions produced a sense of class consciousness among the
working class.

THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN

In 1800, women were mainly defined by family and household
roles. They remained legally inferior and economically dependent
upon men. During the nineteenth century, women struggled to
change their status.
The Second Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for
women. A high demand for relatively low paid white-collar
workers, coupled with a shortage of male workers, led many
employers to hire women. Both industrial plants and retail shops
needed clerks, typists, secretaries file clerks and salesclerks.
Modern feminism had its beginning during the Enlightenment, when some women advocated
equality for women based on the doctrine of natural rights. The experiences of mill women
demonstrate that factory employment not only brought women’s work out of the home but also
provided women a collective experience that supported their participation in the world of broader
social reform. Lowell women became involved in anti-slavery, moral reform, peace, labor
reform, prison reform, and women’s rights campaigns. Furthermore, working women, like
working men in this period, drew initially on republican traditions to defend their rights and
interests but ultimately came to justify their concern for social justice on a combination of
religious and rationalist grounds. They came to oppose the growing inequality evident in
American society and to demand for themselves as workers and as women greater rights and
rewards in that society.
 CONCLUSIONS

The Industrial Revolution changes human history, its influence continues to sweep through our
lives today in where we live, how we work, what we wear, what we eat, what we do for fun, how
we are educated, how long we live and how many children we have. The Industrial Revolution
provided the countries that first adopted it with the technological and economic advantages
necessary to eventually rule most of the world. The textile industry was at the forefront of
technology and manufacturing processes also one of the most significant results of the Industrial
Revolution was the emergence of the middle class.

the Industrial Revolution opened a new road, not only for Britain, but also for the world, with a
concept of introducing new machines, techniques, and a movement to the agricultural based
country, was a time of great imagination and progress. The inventions that allowed new products
to be manufactured created a demand that caused a vicious cycle that propelled some people to
prosperity, while at the same time held people down in poverty. It was almost never the intent of
the inventors, scientists, and other brilliant people to cause such a chasm between the working
class and the industrial machine, but it was, nonetheless, created.

The Industrial Revolution impacts us today, because we still use many of the things conceived
during the Industrial Revolution. There were many crucial inventions and discoveries during the
Revolution such as antibiotics, steam engines, steam engines, the puddling process, and the
spinning jenny. Over the years, as technology has continued to advance, we see things that had
origins in the Industrial Revolution such as telephones, petrol engines, cameras, and modern
science. Thanks to the Industrial revolution, we can enjoy many luxuries today and is interesting
because most of us don’t know about it.

The Industrial Revolution, changed from a rural and agricultural society, to an urban and
industrial society, yes, I think that Industrial Revolution helps the progress, but I think that this
has a wrong side, because they suffered a lot, the pollution, the fabric´s insecurity, the diseases,
light and food are scarce, a lot of children worked and died young at consequence of lung cancer
and all of them worked a lot from 12 to 15 hours. The Industrial Revolution was a kind of human
injustice because of so many consequences like the previously mentioned, but we only see the
good side.
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