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 GENERAL AWARENESS Molecular Study of molecule found in living
biology organism
BIOLOGY
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Mycology Study of fungi
Branch Field Myology Study of muscles
Anthology Study of flower Nephrology Study of kidney
Agrostology Study of grass Neurology Study of nervous system
Arthrology Study of joints Neonatology Study of new born
Apiculture Rearing of honey bee Osteology Study of borns
Anthropology Study of orgin and development of Odontology Study of teeth and gum
past and present man Oncology Study of cancer
Angiology Study of blood vascular system Ornithology Study of birds
including arteries and veins Ophthalmology Study of eyes
Andrology Study of male reproductive organ Pomolgy Study of fruits
Bryology Study of bryophytes Phycology Study of algae
Biometrics Study of biological problem Pathology Study of disease causing organism.
Bacteriology Study of bacteria Physiology Study of functions of various parts of
Cryobiology Study of effect of low temperature on organisms
organism Pisci Culture Rearing of fish
Cardiology Study of heart Rhinology Study of nose and olfactory organ
Cytology Study of cells Saurology Study of lizards
Dermatology Study of skin Serpentology Study of snakes
Demography Study of population Splanchnology The study of visceral organs
Ecology Study of inter relationship between Taxonomy Study of classification
living and their environment Virology Study of virus
Evolution Study of orgin of life, variation and
formation of new species CELL
Eugenics Study of factors connected with  Cell biology – The branch of biology that deals with
improvement of race the structural and functional organization of cell.
Euthenics Study of environment condition that  Cell – The basic building block of all living
contribute the improvement of human organisms. Cell is discovered and the word cell
race coined by Robert Hook.
Euphenics Treatment of defective in heredity  Biggest cell: Ostrich egg
through genetic engineering  Smallest cell: Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Study of science dealing with  Longest cell: Neuron.
different races of human  Largest unicellular plant-Acetabularia
Ethnology  Largest unicellular animal- amoeba
Entomology Study of insects  Largest human cell- female ovum
Exobiology Study of possibility of life in space  Smallest human cell- RBC
Genetics Study of heredity and variation
Gerontology Study of ageing CELL THEORY
Histology Study of tissue It was proposed by M. J. Scheilden and Theoder
Hydroponics Study of growing plants with out soil Schwann.
Main postulates of the cell theory -
Haematology Study of blood
Hepatology Study of liver  All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Ichthyology Study of fishes  The cell is the basic organizational unit of life
Immunology Study of immune system  All cells arise from pre existing cells.
Kalology Study of human beauty  There are two types of Cells: Prokaryotes and
Morphology Study of external structure Eukaryotes.
Micro biology Study of micro organism
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 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus absent Well defined nucleus
Unicellular Multi cellular
No cell organelles Membrane bound cell
organelles with special
function
Cell division by fission or Cell division by mitosis &
budding meiosis
Contains single Contains more than one
chromosome which is chromosome.
circular in shape
Eg: Bacteria Eg: Fungi, animals and
plants
CONSTITUENTS OF A CELL
A typical cell consists of cell wall and protoplasm.
 Cell wall – Present in plant cells, bacteria, fungi,
algae, archaebacteria, etc. It is composed of cellulose
in plants and chitin in fungi. Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose. Its main function is to provide shape and
rigidity to the cell.
 Plasma membrane –The cell is enclosed by a thin
semi permeable membrane. It is composed of
proteins and phopolipids molecules. Fluid mosaic
model widely accepted model of the structure of the
plasma membrane was proposed by Singer and
Nicolson.
 Protoplasm of cell- it is the living fluid matter
present inside the plasma membrane. The fluid
present outside the nuclear membrane is called
cytoplasm and the fluid present inside the nuclear
membrane is called nucleoplasm.
 Mitochondria- it was discovered by R. Altman and
Carl Benda. Double membrane bound organelle. It is
known as power house of the cell. Mitochondria is
the site of cellular respiration. It synthesis the energy
rich compound ATP. ATP is known as the currency
note of the cell.
 Golgi bodies - it was discovered by Camilio Golgi. It
is known as dictyosomes in plant. It plays an
important role in secretion transportation acrosome
formation.
 Endoplasmic recticulum - discovered by K. R.
Porter. It helps in the distribution of materials. A
network or reticulum of tiny tubular structures
scattered in the cytoplasm having ribosomes (rough
ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ribosomes). Rough ER
is the site of protein synthesis and smoother is the
site of synthesis of steroids and detoxification.
 Lysosomes - also known as the suicidal bags or atom
bombs of cell. The organelle rich in hydrolytic
enzyme which are capable of digesting
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carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and the
cell itself. It helps in carcinogenesis.
 The vacuole – is the membrane-bound space
bounded by a single membrane called tonoplast. It
helps in osmoregulation and stores toxic metabolic
waste.
 Ribosome – observed by George Palade (1953).
They are membraneless composed of ribonucleic
acid (RNA) and proteins. The eukaryotic ribosomes
are 80S while the prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S.
Each ribosome has two subunits, larger and smaller
subunits. Here ‘S’ (Svedberg’s Unit) stands for the
sedimentation coefficient. It is the site of protein
synthesis.
 Plastid – Plastids are found in all plant cells and in
euglenoides. Based on the pigment present they are
three types chloroplast (green), chromoplast
(various colour), leucoplast (colourless). Chloroplast
is the site of photosynthesis, it contains chlorophyll.
Chloroplast is called as the kitchen of the cell.
Leucoplasts are storage plastids. Amyloplasts store
carbohydrates (starch) e.g., potato; elaioplasts store
oils and fats whereas the aleuroplasts store proteins.
Chromoplasts are coloured plastids mainly found in
flower, interior of the fruit, seed etc.
 Nucleus - It was discovered by Robert Brown. It
contains nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromatin
material. Nucleolus is rich in protein and RNA.
Chromatin forms the chromosome is known as the
controlling centre of the cell.
 Chromosome is the thread like structure found in the
nucleus. Bead like structure found on the
chromosome are called gene which are made up of
DNA. Genes are carrier of genetic information.
Chromosomes are the unit of inheritance. In viruses
such as retrovirus RNA act as the genetic material.
Every chromosome has a primary constriction or the
centromere on the sides of which disc shaped
structures called kinetochores. Based on the position
of the centromere, the chromosomes can be classified
into four types:
1. Metacentric Chromosome - Middle centromere
forming two equal arms of the chromosome.
2. Sub-Metacentric Chromosome - Centromere slightly
away from the middle of the chromosome resulting
into one shorter arm and one longer arm.
3. Acrocentric Chromosome - The centromere is
situated close to its end forming one extremely short
and one very long arm
4. Telocentric Chromosome – It has a terminal
centromere.
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 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that is
responsible for carrying and transmitting the
hereditary materials or the genetic instructions from
parents to offsprings and for the production of
proteins. This is also true for viruses as most of these
entities have either RNA or DNA as their genetic
material.
 The DNA was first recognized and identified by the
Swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in
1869 during hiss research on white blood cells.
 The double helix structure of a DNA molecule was
later discovered through the experimental data by
James Watson and Francis Crick.
 The DNA structure is a long, double helix that
resembles a ladder which is twisted at both thet ends.
It is a nucleic acid and all nucleic acids are made up
of nucleotides
 The basic building blocks of DNA are nucleotides,
which composed of a carbon-sugar
carbon group, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The sugar and
phosphate groups link the nucleotides
nucleot together to
form each strand of DNA. Adenine (A), Thymine
(T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) are four types of
nitrogen bases.
 Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist, discovered that the
number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was not
present in equal quantities. The amount of A is equal
to T, whereas the amount of C is equal to G.

DAILY VOCABULARY
Root Meaning Some words Synonyms
Arbour Tree Arborist - someone working with trees arborous -
Arbour - a shady area formed by trees arboreal,
Arborous - having many trees arborical
arch/i/e/o/ae chief, most Archbishop - the highest ranking bishop
important, rule Archenemy - chief or worst enemy

archa/e, archi primitive, Archaeology - the study of ancient cultures Archaic -

ancient Archaic - belonging to an earlier period primitive,
Archive - a collection of historical materials antiquated,
antediluvian
arthr/o Joint Arthroscopy - a tool to see inside a joint Arthritis -
Arthritis - inflammation of a joint inflammation
Arthropod - invertebrates with th jointed legs, like spiders,
crustaceans, insects
Art Skill Artifact –object made by a person’s skill Artisan -
Artisan - a person skilled in a craft artificer,
Artist - apersonho creates skilfully craftsman
astro, aster star, stars, Astronaut - a person travelling to the stars Astronaut -
outer space Astronomer - someone who studies the stars cosmonaut,
Asterisk - a star - shaped sign used as a reference tool Astronomer -
stargazer,
uranologist

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audi/i/io Hear Audible - loud enough to be heard Audible -
Audience - people who listen to a program hearable
Audio - visual relating to sound and vision

QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE 11. If sin (A – B) = , cos (A + B) = , where A > B >

TRIGONOMETRY 0 and (A + B) is an acute angle, then tan (2B) =
a. 1 b. √3
°. °
1. If 30°. sin 60° = °
,find the value c. d. (√2 + √3)
√
of x ? 12. If tan = , then find the value of
a. b. 2 sin − cos
√
c. d. sin + cos
√ a. 2p
2. If cos (3x-20°)= sin (3y+20°) then find the value of b.
4(x+y). c. d. 2q
a. 80° b. 120°
c. 160° d. 180° 13. The value of
3. If ( − ) sin √39+ 2ab cos√39= + , then 1 1
+
the value of tan √39is: 1+ 1+
a. b. 2
a. ( + ) b. ( − )
c. 1 d.
c. ( − ) d. ( + )
14. The value of
4. If √39be acute angle and cos√39= , then the value 1 1
−
of cot(90° – √39) is: − cot sin
√ b. a. cot b. cosec
a.
c. tan d. 1
√ √
c. d. 15. Ifsin θ ∶ cos θ: ∶ a ∶ b, then find the value of sec θ
5. If 3 tan + 4 = 0, where < < ,, then the value of 2 a. b.
c. d.
cot – 5 cos + sin is:
16. If sin = , then find the value of
a. − b.
(3 cos – 4 ).
c. d. √ √
a. b.
6. If tan (x + y) tan (x – y) = 1 then the value of tan
c. d.
√ √

a. b. 17. If
√ √
c. √3 d. 1 sec + tan 209
=
7. Find the value of sec − tan 79
3 cos 80º cosec 10º + 2 cos 59º cosec 31º. then find the value of sin .
a. 1 b. 3 a. b.
c. 2 d. 5
c. d.
8. If = 3 and 0° <q < 90°, then the value of q
18. If sec a + tan a = 2. What is the value of sin a, where
is: (0 <a < 90°)?
a. 60° b. 45° a. 0.4 b. 0.5
c. 30° d. None of these c. 0.6 d. 0.8
9. If cosx + x = 1, then the numerical value of 19. If 3 sin √39+ 4 cos√39= 5. Find the value of
( +3 +3 + − 1)is: 4 cos√39– 3 sin √39.
a. -1 b. 2 a. 1.8 b. 1.2
c. 0 d. 1 c. 1.4 d. 0.8
10. If sin A + A = 1 and 20. In an acute angled ABC, if sin 2(A + B – C) = 1
+ + + − and tan (B + C – A) = √3 , then the value of ∠B is:
1 =0, then b + + d = ? a. 60° b. 30°
a. 2 b. 5 c. 52 ° d. 68 °
c. 7 d. 3
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21. Find the value of 5 si θ + 2 co θ +
a. 5 b. 7
c. 8 d. 15
22. If 2.5 tan = 2, then the value of
5 sin − 3 cos
1+
5 sin + 3 cos
a. b.
c. d.
23. 1 + 1° + 3° + 5° + ⋯ + 87° +
89°is equal to
a. 21.5 b. 22
c. 22.5 d. 23.5
24. If + = and =
, sin 0, cos 0, then + is –
(a) 1 (b) √2
(c) 1/2 2
(d) 1/√2
25. If A and B are complementary angles, then the value
of sin A cos B + cos A sin B – tan A tan B +
− is–
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 2 (d) 0

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