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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"
lang="en"><i>Eugénie Grandet</i></h1>
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<table class="infobox vcard"
style="width:22em"><caption style="font-
style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Eugénie
Grandet <span class="Z3988"
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btit
le=Eug
%C3%A9nie+Grandet&amp;rft.author=%5B
%5BHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac%5D
%5D&amp;rft.date=1833&amp;rft.pub=Mad
ame+B%C3%A9chet+
%E2%80%93+Charpentier+
%E2%80%93+Furne&amp;rft.series=%5B
%5BLa+Com%C3%A9die+humaine%5D
%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jp
g" class="image"><img
alt="BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/7/75/BalzacEugenieGrandet01.j
pg/280px-BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jpg"
decoding="async" width="280"
height="394"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/7/75/BalzacEugenieGrandet0
1.jpg/420px-BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/7/75/BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jpg/560
px-BalzacEugenieGrandet01.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="653" data-file-height="920"
/></a><div>Illustration from an 1897
edition<br /> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hern
%C3%A1ndez_Morillo" title="Daniel
Hernández Morillo">Daniel
Hernández</a></div></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Author</th><td><a
href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"
title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de
Balzac</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Country</th><td>France</td>
</tr><tr><th
scope="row">Language</th><td>French</td
></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Series</th><td><a
href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine"
title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie
humaine</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Publisher</th><td>Madame
Béchet – Charpentier –
Furne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><div
style="padding:0.1em 0;line-
height:1.2em;">Publication
date</div></th><td>1833</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Preceded&#160;by</th><td><
i><a href="/wiki/Ursule_Mirou%C3%ABt"
title="Ursule Mirouët">Ursule
Mirouët</a>&#160;</i></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Followed&#160;by</th><td><
i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Pierrette_(novel)&amp;action=edit&am
p;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierrette
(novel) (page does not
exist)">Pierrette</a>&#160;</i></td></tr></
tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Eugénie Grandet</b></i> is a <a
href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>
first published in <a
href="/wiki/1833_in_literature" title="1833
in literature">1833</a><sup id="cite_ref-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> by French
author <a href="/wiki/Honor
%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de
Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>. While
writing it he conceived his ambitious project,
<i><a href="/wiki/La_Com
%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie
humaine">The Human Comedy</a></i>, and
almost immediately prepared a second
edition by revising the names of some of the
characters such that <i>Eugénie Grandet</i>
then fitted into the section: <i>Scenes from
provincial life (Scènes de la vie de
province)</i> in the <i>Comédie</i>. He
dedicated the edition to <a
href="/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay" title="Maria
Du Fresnay">Maria Du Fresnay</a> his then
lover and mother of his daughter, Marie-
Caroline Du Fresnay, whom some regard as
the "real" Eugénie Grandet. <sup
id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-2">&#91;note
1&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation"
aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
type="checkbox" role="button"
id="toctogglecheckbox"
class="toctogglecheckbox"
style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle"
lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span
class="toctogglespan"><label
class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></
div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a
href="#Background"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span
class="toctext">Background</span></a></li
>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a
href="#Plot_summary"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span
class="toctext">Plot
summary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a
href="#Notes"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span
class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a
href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span
class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a
href="#Notable_Translations"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span
class="toctext">Notable
Translations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a
href="#Adaptations"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span
class="toctext">Adaptations</span></a></li
>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a
href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span
class="toctext">External
links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="Background">Background</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=1" title="Edit section:
Background">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Eugénie Grandet</i> is set in the
town of <a href="/wiki/Saumur"
title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, which should
have been familiar to Balzac since he grew
up in <a href="/wiki/Tours"
title="Tours">Tours</a> about 35 miles
away. The two towns were both on the Loire,
with châteaux, and of similar size; Tours was
much more important historically and
politically, which may explain why Balzac
allows the impression in the opening that the
Grandet residence was Saumur's most
important building. Though Balzac grew up
in the aftermath of the Revolution, he came
to adulthood in Paris under the restored
Bourbon monarchy (Louis XVIII &amp;
Charles X) and wrote most of what we know
under the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy"
title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>
1830-1848 of Louis Philippe which came to
power when the revolution of 1830 deposed
the Bourbon monarchy. It is worth noting
that though the Republic had replaced the
Livre by the Franc (of equal value) both
continued to circulate as did the Louis (20
livres).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="Plot_summary">Plot
summary</span><span class="mw-
editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=2" title="Edit section: Plot
summary">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Felix Grandet, master cooper, married
the daughter of a wealthy timber merchant at
a time when the French Republic had
confiscated the lands of the Church in the
district of Saumur. When the land was
auctioned his wife's dowry and his existing
savings enabled him to buy substantial
property, including some of the best area
under vines, all at a very satisfactory price.
Though there was little sympathy locally for
the Revolution, Grandet rose in esteem and
became mayor, later yielding the post under
the Empire only because Napoleon had no
liking for republicans. At this time his only
daughter was ten years old and in that same
year more wealth fell into Grandet's lap by
way of inheritance of the estates of his
mother-in-law, grandfather-in-law, and
grandmother.
</p><p>We gradually learn of Grandet's
parsimonious habits which included rarely
admitting townspeople to his house. The
principal exceptions were his banker des
Grassins and his notary Cruchot, both of
whom understood better than many the
extent of Grandet's wealth and that since he
was 60 in 1819 when much of the action is
set, that the wealth must one day devolve on
Eugénie. Naturally, they had candidates to
marry her in the form of Cruchot's nephew
President Cruchot de Bonfons who was
president of the court of first instance, and
the des Grassins son, Adolphe des Grassins.
The townspeople took a lively interest in the
competition, which is only natural since
some sort of inheritance was the major route
to prosperity in the early nineteenth
century.<sup id="cite_ref-3"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
3">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Throughout this sequence we are
treated to details of Felix Grandet's
parsimony; this may have developed initially
through sheer lack of funds but by now is
total vice. He counts out slices of bread in the
morning though actually never parting with
cash for it since one of his tenants pays part
of his rent in kind; most other consumables
are supplied in a similar way. Mme Grandet
is given no more than six francs at a time for
pocket money.<sup id="cite_ref-4"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
4">&#91;note 2&#93;</a></sup> Though
his house is impressive externally it is old
and run-down, and he is too miserly to repair
it; their servant Nanon puts her foot through
a rotten stair but faith fully saves the bottle
she carries. The novel illustrates Balzac's
belief that money had taken over as the
national god. <sup id="cite_ref-5"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
5">&#91;note 3&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>On Eugénie's birthday, in 1819,
Felix Grandet is celebrating with his
favoured coterie of Grassinistes and
Cruchotins. They are disturbed by a
confident knock on the door and a young
stranger is admitted, who hands a letter to
Felix. It is from brother Guillaume, unseen
and unresponsive in Paris for 30 years asking
Felix to assist Charles his son to travel to the
Indies. Additionally and confidentially, that
Guillaume having gone bankrupt, is planning
to take his own life. The next day newspaper
headline announces the fact of Guillaume's
death, and debts, which causes Charles to
break down. While he sleeps Eugénie reads a
letter to his mistress and assumes he is
dismissing Annette and planning to marry
her: Another letter impels Eugénie to collect
up the rare gold coins her father gave her on
her birthdays. Later she offers the gold to
Charles who asks her to guard a gold
dressing case given to him by his mother.
Meanwhile Felix had made 14,000 francs on
dealing in gold coin and preparations were
made for Charles to depart to the Indies.
Felix devises a way of profiting from
winding up his deceased brother's failed
business, aided by des Grassins.
</p><p>After Charles has left, Balzac
reserves a final degradation for Grandet. His
wife, who had been patient, loving and
supportive throughout their married life, had
been physically ground down by their austere
life. As she lay ill in bed, with Eugénie
pleading for a fire to warm her and the
services of doctor, he does nothing and she
dies. The final scenes - Grandet's death,
Charles's cynical return and Eugénie's
relative goodness – wrap up the narrative
threads, but it is Felix Grandet's moral decay
that is the scaffolding in this wonderfully
crafted novel.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-
editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=3" title="Edit section:
Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:
decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol
class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
2">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">see page on <a
href="/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay" title="Maria
Du Fresnay">Maria Du Fresnay</a> and
reference in the <a href="/wiki/Balzac"
class="mw-redirect"
title="Balzac">Balzac</a> article</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
4">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">average annual
income at the time was about 450 francs: see
Picketty p106</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
5">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">see <a
href="/wiki/Cousin_Pons" class="mw-
redirect" title="Cousin Pons">Cousin
Pons</a> for more on this theme towards the
end of Balzac's career</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="References">References</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=4" title="Edit section:
References">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:
decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol
class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
1">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFBarthelme,_Donald1968"
class="citation news">Barthelme, Donald
(17 August 1968). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/
1968/08/17/eugenie-grandet">"Eugenie
Grandet"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
<span class="nowrap">26 January</span>
2016</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.
jtitle=New+Yorker&amp;rft.atitle=Eugenie+
Grandet&amp;rft.date=1968-08-
17&amp;rft.au=Barthelme
%2C+Donald&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
3">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Thomas Picketty,
Capital in the twenty-first century, Harvard,
2014</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="Notable_Translations">Notable
Translations</span><span class="mw-
editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=5" title="Edit section: Notable
Translations">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a
href="/wiki/Fyodor_Mikhaylovich_Dostoyev
sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor
Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky">Fyodor
Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky</a> began his
career by translating the novel into Russian,
in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-6"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
6">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Marriage"
title="Ellen Marriage">Ellen Marriage</a>
translated most of Dent's first complete
English edition of the <i>Comedie</i> in the
1890s
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="Adaptations">Adaptations</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=6" title="Edit section:
Adaptations">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>For cinema:
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div
class="thumbinner"
style="width:332px;"><div
id="mwe_player_0"
class="PopUpMediaTransform"
style="width:330px;" videopayload="&lt;div
class=&quot;mediaContainer&quot;
style=&quot;width:480px&quot;&gt;&lt;vid
eo id=&quot;mwe_player_1&quot;
poster=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_Conquering_P
ower_%281921%29.webm/480px--
The_Conquering_Power_
%281921%29.webm.jpg&quot;
controls=&quot;&quot;
preload=&quot;none&quot;
autoplay=&quot;&quot;
style=&quot;width:480px;height:360px&quo
t; class=&quot;kskin&quot; data-
durationhint=&quot;4478.874&quot; data-
startoffset=&quot;0&quot; data-
mwtitle=&quot;The_Conquering_Power_(19
21).webm&quot; data-
mwprovider=&quot;wikimediacommons&qu
ot;&gt;&lt;source
src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
/commons/transcoded/e/ea/The_Conquering_
Power_
%281921%29.webm/The_Conquering_Powe
r_
%281921%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm&quot;
type=&quot;video/webm;
codecs=&amp;quot;vp9,
opus&amp;quot;&quot; data-
title=&quot;VP9 (360P)&quot; data-
shorttitle=&quot;VP9 360P&quot; data-
transcodekey=&quot;360p.vp9.webm&quot;
data-width=&quot;480&quot; data-
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src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
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codecs=&amp;quot;vp8&amp;quot;&quot;
data-title=&quot;Original WebM file, 480 ×
360 (460 kbps)&quot; data-
shorttitle=&quot;WebM source&quot; data-
width=&quot;480&quot; data-
height=&quot;360&quot; data-
bandwidth=&quot;459751&quot; data-
framerate=&quot;1000&quot;/&gt;&lt;sourc
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src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
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type=&quot;video/webm;
codecs=&amp;quot;vp8,
vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-
title=&quot;WebM (360P)&quot; data-
shorttitle=&quot;WebM 360P&quot; data-
transcodekey=&quot;360p.webm&quot;
data-width=&quot;480&quot; data-
height=&quot;360&quot; data-
bandwidth=&quot;505840&quot; data-
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src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
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type=&quot;video/webm;
codecs=&amp;quot;vp8,
vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-
title=&quot;Low bandwidth WebM
(160P)&quot; data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM
160P&quot; data-
transcodekey=&quot;160p.webm&quot;
data-width=&quot;214&quot; data-
height=&quot;160&quot; data-
bandwidth=&quot;127080&quot; data-
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data-width=&quot;240&quot; data-
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src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
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data-width=&quot;320&quot; data-
height=&quot;240&quot; data-
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src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
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%281921%29.webm/The_Conquering_Powe
r_%281921%29.webm.240p.webm&quot;
type=&quot;video/webm;
codecs=&amp;quot;vp8,
vorbis&amp;quot;&quot; data-
title=&quot;Small WebM (240P)&quot;
data-shorttitle=&quot;WebM 240P&quot;
data-transcodekey=&quot;240p.webm&quot;
data-width=&quot;320&quot; data-
height=&quot;240&quot; data-
bandwidth=&quot;253088&quot; data-
framerate=&quot;1000&quot;/&gt;&lt;/video
&gt;&lt;/div&gt;"><img alt="File:The
Conquering Power (1921).webm"
style="width:330px;height:248px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/e/ea/The_Conquering_Power_
%281921%29.webm/330px-seek%3D2-
The_Conquering_Power_
%281921%29.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/e/ea/The_Conquering_Power_
%281921%29.webm" title="Play media"
target="new"><span class="play-btn-
large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play
media</span></span></a></div> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:The_Conquering_Power_(1
921).webm" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>The
Conquering Power</i></div></div></div>
<ul><li><i>The Conquering Power</i>
(1921) by <a
href="/wiki/Rex_Ingram_(director)"
title="Rex Ingram (director)">Rex
Ingram</a>, starring <a
href="/wiki/Alice_Terry" title="Alice
Terry">Alice Terry</a> (Eugénie), <a
href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"
title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph
Valentino</a> (Charles), <a
href="/wiki/Ralph_Lewis_(actor)"
title="Ralph Lewis (actor)">Ralph
Lewis</a> (Father), <a
href="/wiki/Carrie_Daumery" title="Carrie
Daumery">Carrie Daumery</a> (Mother),
<a href="/wiki/Bridgetta_Clark"
title="Bridgetta Clark">Bridgetta Clark</a>
(Mrs. des Grassins)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet"
title="Eugenia Grandet">Eugenia
Grandet</a></i> (1946) by <a
href="/wiki/Mario_Soldati" title="Mario
Soldati">Mario Soldati</a>, starring <a
href="/wiki/Alida_Valli" title="Alida
Valli">Alida Valli</a></li>
<li><i>Eugenie Grandet</i> (1965) by <a
href="/wiki/Rex_Tucker" title="Rex
Tucker">Rex Tucker</a>, starring <a
href="/wiki/Valerie_Gearon" title="Valerie
Gearon">Valerie Gearon</a> (Eugénie), <a
href="/wiki/Mary_Kerridge" title="Mary
Kerridge">Mary Kerridge</a> (Madame des
Grassins), <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Lehmann"
title="Beatrix Lehmann">Beatrix
Lehmann</a> (Madame Grandet), <a
href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cecil" title="Jonathan
Cecil">Jonathan Cecil</a> (Adolphe)</li>
<li><i>Eugenia Grandet</i> (1977) by Pilar
Miró Los Libros, starring Carmen Maura,
Eusebio Poncela</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet_(1993)"
title="Eugénie Grandet (1993)">Eugénie
Grandet</a></i> (1993) by <a
href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-
Daniel_Verhaeghe&amp;action=edit&amp;r
edlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Daniel
Verhaeghe (page does not exist)">Jean-
Daniel Verhaeghe</a>, starring <a
href="/wiki/Alexandra_London"
title="Alexandra London">Alexandra
London</a> (Eugénie), <a
href="/wiki/Jean_Carmet" title="Jean
Carmet">Jean Carmet</a> (Father Grandet),
<a href="/wiki/Dominique_Labourier"
title="Dominique Labourier">Dominique
Labourier</a> (Mother Grandet), <a
href="/wiki/Claude_Jade" title="Claude
Jade">Claude Jade</a> (Lucienne des
Grassins).</li></ul>
<p>For radio:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Eugenie Grandet</i> (2014) by
<a href="/wiki/Rose_Tremain" title="Rose
Tremain">Rose Tremain</a> (adaptor), for
BBC Radio 4</li></ul>
<p>For television:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a
href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_(film)"
title="Cross of Gold (film)">Cross of
Gold</a></i> (1965)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline"
id="External_links">External
links</span><span class="mw-
editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet&amp;action=edit&am
p;section=7" title="Edit section: External
links">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="citation gutenberg">
<i><a
href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1715"
class="extiw"
title="gutenberg:1715">Eugénie
Grandet</a></i> at <a
href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"
title="Project Gutenberg">Project
Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="citation gutenberg">
<i><a
href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11049
" class="extiw"
title="gutenberg:11049">Eugénie
Grandet</a></i> at <a
href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"
title="Project Gutenberg">Project
Gutenberg</a></span> <span
class="languageicon">(in
French)</span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFde_Balzac,_Henri"
class="citation book">de Balzac, Henri. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-
audio-gratuit-mp3/balzac-honore-de-eugenie-
grandet.html/"><i>Eugénie Grandet</i></a>
(in French) (Audio version ed.).
literatureaudio.com.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btit
le=Eug
%C3%A9nie+Grandet&amp;rft.edition=Aud
io+version&amp;rft.pub=literatureaudio.com
&amp;rft.au=de+Balzac
%2C+Henri&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.litteratureaudio.com%2Flivre-
audio-gratuit-mp3%2Fbalzac-honore-de-
eugenie-grandet.html%2F&amp;rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug
%C3%A9nie+Grandet"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="15" height="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://librivox.org/search?
title=Eugénie+Grandet&amp;author=BALZ
AC&amp;reader=&amp;keywords=&amp;ge
nre_id=0&amp;status=all&amp;project_type
=either&amp;recorded_language=&amp;sort
_order=catalog_date&amp;search_page=1&a
mp;search_form=advanced"><i>Eugénie
Grandet</i></a> public domain audiobook at
<a href="/wiki/LibriVox"
title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="La_Comédie_humaine_by_Hon
oré_de_Balzac" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-
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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div
class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li
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title="Template:Honoré de Balzac"><abbr
title="View this template"
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div
id="La_Comédie_humaine_by_Honoré_de_
Balzac" style="font-size:114%;margin:0
4em"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Com
%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie
humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i> by
<a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"
title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de
Balzac</a></div></th></tr><tr><td
class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="2"><div
id="List_of_characters"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_La_Com
%C3%A9die_humaine_characters"
title="List of La Comédie humaine
characters">List of
characters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie
privée</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a
href="/wiki/La_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote"
title="La Maison du chat-qui-pelote">La
Maison du chat-qui-pelote</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bal_de_Sceaux"
title="Le Bal de Sceaux">Le Bal de
Sceaux</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Bourse" title="La
Bourse">La Bourse</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Vendetta_(novel)"
title="La Vendetta (novel)">La
Vendetta</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Madame_Firmiani&amp;action=edit&a
mp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madame
Firmiani (page does not exist)">Madame
Firmiani</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Une_double_famille"
title="Une double famille">Une double
famille</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Paix_du_m
%C3%A9nage" title="La Paix du
ménage">La Paix du ménage</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fausse_Ma
%C3%AEtresse" title="La Fausse
Maîtresse">La Fausse
Maîtresse</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_de_femme"
title="Étude de femme">Étude de
femme</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autre_
%C3%A9tude_de_femme&amp;action=edit
&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autre
étude de femme (page does not exist)">Autre
étude de femme</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Bret
%C3%A8che" title="La Grande
Bretèche">La Grande Bretèche</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Savarus"
title="Albert Savarus">Albert
Savarus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/M
%C3%A9moires_de_deux_jeunes_mari
%C3%A9es" title="Mémoires de deux
jeunes mariées">Mémoires de deux jeunes
mariées</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Une_fille_d
%27Eve&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"
class="new" title="Une fille d&#39;Eve
(page does not exist)">Une fille
d'Eve</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Femme_de_trente_ans&amp;action
=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="La
Femme de trente ans (page does not
exist)">La Femme de trente
ans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Femme_abandonn
%C3%A9e&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=
1" class="new" title="La Femme abandonnée
(page does not exist)">La Femme
abandonnée</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Grenadi
%C3%A8re&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink
=1" class="new" title="La Grenadière (page
does not exist)">La Grenadière</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Le_Message&amp;action=edit&amp;re
dlink=1" class="new" title="Le Message
(page does not exist)">Le
Message</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobseck"
title="Gobseck">Gobseck</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Le_Contrat_de_mariage"
title="Le Contrat de mariage">Le Contrat de
mariage</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_d
%C3%A9but_dans_la_vie" title="Un début
dans la vie">Un début dans la
vie</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Modeste_Mignon"
title="Modeste Mignon">Modeste
Mignon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix"
title="Béatrix">Béatrix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Honorine_(novel)"
title="Honorine
(novel)">Honorine</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(novel)"
title="Colonel Chabert (novel)">Le Colonel
Chabert</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Messe_de_l
%27ath%C3%A9e" title="La Messe de
l&#39;athée">La Messe de
l'athée</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L
%27Interdiction&amp;action=edit&amp;redl
ink=1" class="new"
title="L&#39;Interdiction (page does not
exist)">L'Interdiction</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grassou"
title="Pierre Grassou">Pierre
Grassou</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie de
province</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ursule_Mirou
%C3%ABt" title="Ursule Mirouët">Ursule
Mirouët</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink
selflink">Eugénie Grandet</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Pierrette_(novel)&amp;action=edit&am
p;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierrette
(novel) (page does not
exist)">Pierrette</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur
%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="Le Curé de
Tours">Le Curé de Tours</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse"
title="La Rabouilleuse">La
Rabouilleuse</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Un_m
%C3%A9nage_de_gar
%C3%A7on&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink
=1" class="new" title="Un ménage de garçon
(page does not exist)">Un ménage de
garçon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L
%27illustre_Gaudissart&amp;action=edit&a
mp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="L&#39;illustre Gaudissart (page does
not exist)">L'illustre
Gaudissart</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Muse_du_d
%C3%A9partement&amp;action=edit&amp;
redlink=1" class="new" title="La Muse du
département (page does not exist)">La Muse
du département</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Fille_(novel)"
title="La Vieille Fille (novel)">La Vieille
Fille</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Le_Cabinet_des_Antiques"
title="Le Cabinet des Antiques">Le Cabinet
des Antiques</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Lys_dans_la_vall
%C3%A9e" title="Le Lys dans la vallée">Le
Lys dans la vallée</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Illusions_perdues"
title="Illusions perdues">Illusions
perdues</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie
Parisienne</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a
href="/wiki/Splendeurs_et_mis
%C3%A8res_des_courtisanes"
title="Splendeurs et misères des
courtisanes">Splendeurs et misères des
courtisanes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Un_prince_de_la_boh
%C3%A8me&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink
=1" class="new" title="Un prince de la
bohème (page does not exist)">Un prince de
la bohème</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Un_homme_d
%E2%80%99affaires&amp;action=edit&am
p;redlink=1" class="new" title="Un homme
d’affaires (page does not exist)">Un homme
d’affaires</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Gaudissart_II&amp;action=edit&amp;r
edlink=1" class="new" title="Gaudissart II
(page does not exist)">Gaudissart
II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Com
%C3%A9diens_sans_le_savoir&amp;action
=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="Les Comédiens sans le savoir (page
does not exist)">Les Comédiens sans le
savoir</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Ferragus:_Chief_of_the_Devora
nts" title="Ferragus: Chief of the
Devorants">Ferragus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais"
title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La
Duchesse de Langeais</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fille_aux_yeux_d
%27or" title="La Fille aux yeux
d&#39;or">La Fille aux yeux
d'or</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Goriot"
title="Père Goriot">Le Père
Goriot</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/C
%C3%A9sar_Birotteau" title="César
Birotteau">César Birotteau</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Maison_Nucingen&amp;action=edi
t&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="La
Maison Nucingen (page does not exist)">La
Maison Nucingen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Secrets_de_la_princesse_de_Cadig
nan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"
class="new" title="Les Secrets de la
princesse de Cadignan (page does not
exist)">Les Secrets de la princesse de
Cadignan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Employ
%C3%A9s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=
1" class="new" title="Les Employés (page
does not exist)">Les Employés</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarrasine"
title="Sarrasine">Sarrasine</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Facino_Cane_(short_story)"
title="Facino Cane (short story)">Facino
Cane</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cousin_Bette"
title="Cousin Bette">La Cousine
Bette</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons"
title="Le Cousin Pons">Le Cousin
Pons</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Petits_Bourgeois&amp;action=edit
&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Les
Petits Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Les
Petits Bourgeois</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie
politique</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Une_t%C3%A9n
%C3%A9breuse_affaire" title="Une
ténébreuse affaire">Une ténébreuse
affaire</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_
%C3%A9pisode_sous_la_Terreur" title="Un
épisode sous la Terreur">Un épisode sous la
Terreur</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Madame_de_la_Chanterie&amp;action
=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="Madame de la Chanterie (page does
not exist)">Madame de la
Chanterie</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L
%27Initi
%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1
" class="new" title="L&#39;Initié (page does
not exist)">L'Initié</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Z._Marcas" title="Z.
Marcas">Z. Marcas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D
%C3%A9put%C3%A9_d
%27Arcis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1
" class="new" title="Le Député d&#39;Arcis
(page does not exist)">Le Député
d'Arcis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie
militaire</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Chouans"
title="Les Chouans">Les
Chouans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Une_passion_dans_le_d
%C3%A9sert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlin
k=1" class="new" title="Une passion dans le
désert (page does not exist)">Une passion
dans le désert</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie de
campagne</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even hlist" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M
%C3%A9decin_de_campagne" title="Le
Médecin de campagne">Le Médecin de
campagne</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur
%C3%A9_de_village" title="Le Curé de
village">Le Curé de village</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Paysans&amp;action=edit&amp;re
dlink=1" class="new" title="Les Paysans
(page does not exist)">Les
Paysans</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Études
philosophiques</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a
href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La
Peau de chagrin">La Peau de
chagrin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Absolute"
title="The Quest of the Absolute">La
Recherche de l'absolu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=J
%C3%A9sus-
Christ_en_Flandre&amp;action=edit&amp;re
dlink=1" class="new" title="Jésus-Christ en
Flandre (page does not exist)">Jésus-Christ
en Flandre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Melmoth_r%C3%A9concili
%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1
" class="new" title="Melmoth réconcilié
(page does not exist)">Melmoth
réconcilié</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chef-d
%27%C5%93uvre_inconnu" title="Le Chef-
d&#39;œuvre inconnu">Le Chef-d'œuvre
inconnu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L
%27Enfant_maudit&amp;action=edit&amp;r
edlink=1" class="new" title="L&#39;Enfant
maudit (page does not exist)">L'Enfant
maudit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Gambara_(short_story)"
title="Gambara (short
story)">Gambara</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Massimilla_Doni"
title="Massimilla Doni">Massimilla
Doni</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Les_Marana&amp;action=edit&amp;re
dlink=1" class="new" title="Les Marana
(page does not exist)">Les
Marana</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Adieu_(novel)&amp;action=edit&amp;
redlink=1" class="new" title="Adieu (novel)
(page does not exist)">Adieu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R
%C3%A9quisitionnaire" title="Le
Réquisitionnaire">Le
Réquisitionnaire</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/El_Verdugo_(short_story)"
title="El Verdugo (short story)">El
Verdugo</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Un_drame_au_bord_de_la_mer"
title="Un drame au bord de la mer">Un
drame au bord de la mer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/L
%27Auberge_rouge_(short_story)"
title="L&#39;Auberge rouge (short
story)">L'Auberge rouge</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L
%27Elixir_de_longue_vie&amp;action=edit
&amp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="L&#39;Elixir de longue vie (page does
not exist)">L'Elixir de longue
vie</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma
%C3%AEtre_Corn
%C3%A9lius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlin
k=1" class="new" title="Maître Cornélius
(page does not exist)">Maître
Cornélius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Sur_Catherine_de_M
%C3%A9dicis&amp;action=edit&amp;redli
nk=1" class="new" title="Sur Catherine de
Médicis (page does not exist)">Sur Catherine
de Médicis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Louis_Lambert_(novel)"
title="Louis Lambert (novel)">Louis
Lambert</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Proscrits"
title="Les Proscrits">Les
Proscrits</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raph
%C3%AEta"
title="Séraphîta">Séraphîta</a></i></li></ul
>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Études
analytiques</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even hlist" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=La_Physiologie_du_mariage&amp;acti
on=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="La Physiologie du mariage (page does
not exist)">La Physiologie du
mariage</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Petites_mis
%C3%A8res_de_la_vie_conjugale&amp;acti
on=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new"
title="Petites misères de la vie conjugale
(page does not exist)">Petites misères de la
vie conjugale</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Related works by
others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Fernand Lotte: <i><a
href="/wiki/Armorial_de_la_Com
%C3%A9die_Humaine" title="Armorial de
la Comédie Humaine">Armorial de la
Comédie Humaine</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="Honoré_de_Balzac&amp;#039;s
_Eugénie_Grandet_(1833)"
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class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li
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e_Grandet_(1833)" style="font-
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title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de
Balzac</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink
selflink">Eugénie Grandet</a></i>
(1833)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Films</th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a
href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1918_film)"
title="Eugenia Grandet (1918
film)">Eugenia Grandet</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/The_Conquering_Power"
title="The Conquering Power">The
Conquering Power</a></i> (1921)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet"
title="Eugenia Grandet">Eugenia
Grandet</a></i> (1945)</li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1953_film)"
title="Eugenia Grandet (1953
film)">Eugenia Grandet</a></i> (1953)</li>
<li><i><a
href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_(film)"
title="Cross of Gold (film)">Cross of
Gold</a></i> (1965)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Eug
%C3%A9nie_Grandet_(1993)"
title="Eugénie Grandet (1993)">Eugénie
Grandet</a></i> (1993)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay"
title="Maria Du Fresnay">Maria Du
Fresnay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/Biblioth
%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"
title="Bibliothèque nationale de
France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb1
19406219">cb119406219</a> <a
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