Unit-III

Fundamentals of Electromagnatism &

Transformers
Basic Terminology:

(a) Magnetic circuit (b) Magnetic flux (c) Magnetic flux density
(d) MMF (e) Magnetic field strength (f) Reluctance
(g) Absolute Permeability and relative permeability

Magnetic Circuit:

The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called magnetic circuit.

In a magnetic circuit, the magnetic flux leaves the North Pole, passes through entire
circuit and returns to the South Pole. A magnetic circuit usually consists of materials having high
permeability. Examples of magnetic materials are Iron, soft iron etc. It is because these materials
offer very small opposition to the flow of magnetic flux.

Consider a coil of ‘N’ turns wound on an iron core as

shown in the figure. When current ‘I’ is passed through the coil,
magnetic flux (Φ) is set up in the core. The magnetic flux flows in
the closed path ‘ABCDA’ and hence ABCDA is magnetic circuit.

Magnetic flux (ø ):

The total number of magnetic lines of force in the magnetic field is called magnetic
flux.

(OR)
The amount of magnetic field produced by a magnetic source is called magnetic flux.
UNITS: the unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb).
1wb = 108 flux lines
Magnetic flux is analogous to electric current(I)
Mgnetic flux desity (B):
Magnetic flux per unit area is called magnetic flux density.
FLUX
Magnetic flux density=
AREA
∅
B= (or) B=μH
A
 Where, ø = Magnetic flux in Weber (wb)
A = area of cross section in square meters (m2)
µ = Absolute permeability of material
UNITS: The unit of magnetic flux density is wb/m2 or Tesla.
Magnetic flux is analogous to current density.
Magneto motive force (MMF):
The amount of work requires to carry a unit pole once through the entire magnetic
field is called magneto motive force.
(OR)
The force behind the flow of flux or production of flux in a magnetic circuit is called
magneto motive force.
MMF =¿∨MMF =H l
Where, N = Number of turns in winding
I = Current flowing through winding
H = Magnetic field strength
l = Current flowing through the coil
UNITS: The units of magneto motive force is ampere-turns and is represented as ‘AT’.
Magneto motive force is analogous to Electro motive force (EMF).
Magnetic field strength(H):

It is also known as magnetic field intensity or magnetic force.

Magneto motive force per unit length is called magnetic field strength.
MMF
Magnetic field strength=
Length
H= ¿
l
(OR)
B
H=
μ
Where, B = magnetic flux density
µ =absolute permeability of material
N = number of turns in winding
I = current through winding
l = mean length
UNITS: The unit of magnetic field strength is Ampere Turns/meter, represented as ‘AT/m’.
Reluctance (s):
The opposition that the magnetic circuit offers to the flux is called reluctance.
MMF
Reluctance=
Flux
Hl
S=
Φ
 Hl
S= Φ=BA
BA
l B
S= =μ
μA H

l
¿ a medium , reluctance( S)=
μ 0 μA
l
¿ air ,reluctance (S )=
μ0 A
UNITS: The unit of reluctance is Ampere Turns/ Weber (AT/Wb).
It is analogous to electric circuit.
Absolure permeability & Relative permeability:
Permeability of material means its conductivity for the magnetic flux.
The greater the permeability of material the greater is its conductivity for magnetic flux
and vice versa.
Air is poor conductor of magnetic flux.
The permeability of magnetic materials is very high.
The ratio of µ/µ0 is called relative permeability of the material and is denoted by .
Relative permeability of air and non-magnetic material is µ0/µ0 =1.
The value of relative permeability (µr) is very high for magnetic materials.
Example: Soft iron – 8000,
permalloy (22% iron, 78% nickel containing alloy)50000
μ
μr =
μ0
Where,
µ = absolute permeability of material.
µ0 = absolute permeability of air.
µr = Relative permeability.

Analogous Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Quantities:

Ohm’s Law of Magnetic Circuits:

V=IR F=φⱤ

Self inductance (L) and mutual inductance (M):

Self inductance (L):

A conductor twisted in to the form of coil is called an inductor. The property of the
inductor to oppose any change in the amount of current flowing through it is called
Inductance. This phenomenon is due to self induced e. m. f in the coil itself.
From Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction e. m. f induced in the coil due to change in

d∅
flux ise=N . So e. m. f. induced in the coil is
dt
d∅
v L =N … … … … … … … … … … …(1)
dt
Similarly e. m. f. induced in the coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of current
through it.
di
vL ∝
dt
di
v L =L … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
dt
By comparing equation 1 &2 we get
di d∅
L =N
dt dt
Ldi=Nd ∅
At steady state
LI =N ∅

N∅ ……………………… (3)
L=
I

Self inductance expression from physical dimensions of the coil

MMF
Flux= =¿
Reluctance S
Substitute above relationship to equation 3 we get
N ¿
L= ×
I S

N2 ………………. (4)
L=
S

Mutual inductance (M):

The two coils so arranged that a change of current in one coil causes an emf to be induced in
the other as said to have Mutual inductance.
Expression for Mutual inductance
In fig 2 two coils are arranged such a manner that a common flux links both the
coils (due to the less reluctance between two coils). In this circuit current is flowing
through first coil and produce a total flux of ∅1 out of this flux some part is linking only
first coil (∅11) and some flux linking both the coils(∅12). When current flowing through
the first coil changes flux linking the coils also changes due to the change in flux e. m. f.
induces in first coil that e. m. f. is called self induced e. m. f. ( current is flowing through
one coil and e. m. f. also induces in the same coil). Similarly e. m. f. induced in the
second coil is called mutually induced e. m. f. (current is flowing through one coil and e.
m. f. induces in another coil).
From Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction e. m. f induced in the coil due

d∅
to change in flux ise=N .
dt

Mutually induced e. m. f. in the second coil is

d ∅12
e m=N 2 … … … … … … … … … … …(5)
dt
Similarly e. m. f. induced in the second coil is directly proportional to
the rate of change of current through first coil.
d i1
em ∝
dt
d i1
e m=M … … … … … … … … … … … (6)
dt Fig. 2. Two coils placed near by

By comparing equation 5&6 we get

d i1 d ∅12
M =N 2
dt dt
Md i1 =N 2 d ∅ 12
At steady state
M I 1=N 2 ∅12

N 2 ∅12 ……………………… (7)

M=
I1

Mutual inductance expression from physical dimensions of the coil

MMF N I
Flux= = 1 1
Reluctance S
Substitute above relationship to equation 7 we get
N2 N1 I 1
M= ×
I1 S

N1 N2 ……………………… (8)
M=
S
 In fig 3 two coils are arranged such a manner that a common flux links both the
coils. In this circuit current is flowing through second coil and produce a total flux of ∅2
out of this flux some part is linking only second coil ( ∅22) and some flux linking both the
coils(∅ 21). When current flowing through the second coil changes flux linking the coils
also changes due to the change in flux e. m. f. induces in second coil that e. m. f. is called
self induced e. m. f.. Similarly e. m. f. induced in the second coil is called mutually
induced e. m. f. (em).
From Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction e. m. f induced in the coil due
d∅
to change in flux ise=N .
dt

Mutually induced e. m. f. induced in the first coil is

d ∅21
e m=N 1 … … … … … … … … … … …(9)
dt
Similarly e. m. f. induced in the first coil is directly proportional to the
rate of change of current through second coil.
d i2
em ∝
dt
d i2 Fig. 3. Two coils placed near by
e m=M … … … … … … … … … … … (10)
dt
By comparing equation 9&10 we get
d i2 d ∅21
M =N 1
dt dt
Md i 2=N 1 d ∅ 21
At steady state
M I 2=N 1 ∅21

N 1 ∅21 ……………………… (11)

M=
I2

Mutual inductance expression from physical dimensions of the coil

MMF N 2I2
Flux= =
Reluctance S
Substitute above relationship to equation 11 we get
N1 N2 I 2
M= ×
I2 S

N1 N2
M=
S
 ……………………… (12)

Coefficient of coupling (K):

The coefficient of coupling between two coils is defined as the fraction of magnetic flux
produced by current in one coil that links the other coil.

From figure 2 the total flux generated from first coil is Φ 1 out of this flux some part is linking
only first coil (∅11) and some flux linking both the coils (∅12). According to the definition of
coefficient of coupling we can write.

Total flux ∅1
Coefficient of coupling ( K )= = … … … … ..(13)
Flux linking both the coils ∅12

From figure 3 the total flux generated from second coil is Φ 2 out of this flux some part is
linking only second coil (∅22) and some flux linking both the coils (∅21). According to the
definition of coefficient of coupling we can write

Total flux ∅
Coefficient of coupling ( K )= = 2 … ..(14)
Flux linking both the coils ∅21

Equation for Coefficient of coupling between two coils in the terms of its self inductance and
mutual inductance.

Multiply equation 7 & 11 we get,

2 N 2 ∅ 12 N 1 ∅21
M = × … … … … … … … … … … …(15)
I1 I2

From equation 13 we can write∅12 =K ∅ 1, similarly from equation 14 we can write ∅21=K ∅2
substitute these two values in to equation 15 we get.

N 1 ∅1 N 2 ∅2
M 2=K 2 × × … … … … … … … … … … …(15)
I1 I2

N∅
From the general equation of inductance L= ( I )
we can write

N 1 ∅1
Self inductance of the first coil = L1= I
1
 N 2 ∅2
Self inductance of the second coil = L2= I
2

By using above two equations we can write 15th equation as

2 2
M =K L1 L2 … … … … … … … … … … …(16)

or

……………..(17)

Problems:

1. An iron ring has a cross sectional area of 500mm 2 and a mean diameter of 100 cm. It is
wounded with 400 turns. If the value of relative permeability is 250, find the total flux set up in
the iron ring. The coil resistance is 474 Ω and the supply voltage is 40V.

Given data
A = 500mm2 =500×10^-6 m2
d = 100 cm = 1 m
N = 400
μr= 250
R = 474 Ω
V = 40 volts

We know that

Here

MMF = N×I = 400×0.0844 = 33.76 AT

2. A magnetic circuit has a uniform cross sectional area of 5 cm 2 and a length of 25 cm. A coil of 100
turns is wound uniformly around the magnetic circuit. When the current in the coil is 2A, the flux is 0.3
Wb. Calculate
(i) Magneto motive force, (ii) Relative permeability and (iii) Magnetic flux density

Soln,
i) Magneto motive force (MMF) Given data
MMF =N × I =100× 2=200 AT A = 5cm2 =5×10^-4 m2
l = 25 cm = 0.25 m
ii) Relative permeability (μr)
I = 2A
B N = 100
μr =
H Ф = 0.3 Wb

Here
Ф 0.3
B= = =600 Tesla and H= MMF = 200 =800 AT /m
A 5× 10 −4
l 0.25

B 600
μr = = =0.75
H 800

iii) Magnetic flux density

Ф 0.3
B= = =600 Tesla
A 5× 10− 4