06-09-2019

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019
Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared only for the understanding of the students about the Igneous rocks. Sources
are from various literature, books and google.com.

Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary

Rocks
Secondary rock/ Stratified rock S. K. Garg (page 129-153)

• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and

subsequent cementation of mineral or organic matters on the
floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.

• Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause

these particles to settle in place.

Reference book:-The Principles of Petrology- G. W. Tyrrell

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019 Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Origin of Sedimentary rocks Grain size of Sedimentary rocks

Classification of Rocks Sedimentary rocks are formed from
other rocks that are broken into small
pieces and moved by erosion (wind or
water)

• The particles are squeezed or

cemented together (compacted)

• Rocks are layered

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Classification by grain size

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Udden- Wentworth Scale

Texture: Rounding
Angularity or roundness is a measure of the distance of transportation

Rudaceous

Arenaceous

Argillaceous

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html#size

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Scheme for Sedimentary rock Identification Sediment types

• Clastic sediments are derived

from the physical deposition of
particles produced by
weathering and erosion of
preexisting rock.

• Chemical and biochemical

sediments are precipitated
from solution.

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019 Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Sedimentary rocks (Different grain size)

Sedimentary Rocks
1. Formation of Sedimentary rocks
 Weathering
 Deposition
 Transportation
 Consolidation
2. Lithification of deposited sediments
 Compaction
 Cementation
3. Classification of Sedimentary rocks
4. Texture of Sedimentary rocks
5. Structure of Sedimentary rocks
 Mechanical structure
 Chemical structure
 Organic structure
6. Varity of Sedimentary rocks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNhnMX2WdKY

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019 Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

1. Formation of Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary

The Sediments are the disintegrated particles of pre-existing rocks (Igneous/ Metamorphic) through the
process of transportation and deposition by various natural agencies like wind, water and glaciers.
Processes
Weathering: Generation of debris due to rock
disintegration.
 Weathering/ Erosion
 Transportation Erosion: Removal of sediment grains from parent
 Deposition rock.
 Consolidation
Transportation: Dispersal by gravity, wind, water,
and Ice.

Deposition: Settling out the transported grains

into the basin.

Lithification: Transformation into solid rock.

Fig. not to scale

Google.com

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Lithification: The process that converts sediments into solid rock

Process of Deposition & Lithification
1. Vertical accumulation (Sedimentation)
Breccia
2. Tectonic subsidence of basin (compaction)
3. Increase in pressure & temperature
4. Squeezing out of pore fluid

5. The process of cementation/ digenesis and Lithification.

 Lithification is the process that converts

sediments into solid rock (Physical compaction).
Conglomerate

 Diagenesis: changes in the sediment due to

increased heat, pressure, and circulating
groundwater, (Chemical alteration due to
temperature & pressure).

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019 Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Lithification: The process that converts sediments into solid rock

Sedimentary Rocks
Arkose
Clastic Non-clastic

Sand stone

Sandstone Cliffs, Burton Fantastic formation of eroded

Bradstock limestone cliff; Victoria, Australia
These 25-metre high cliffs are part
of Dorset's Jurassic Coast.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/234056

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Clastic Non-clastic Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks
Chemical Deposit rock: Formed due to
precipitation, evaporation and crystallization.
Ex. Halite, Calcite, Gypsum

Organic Deposit rock: Formed exclusively

from remains of organisms (plant/ animals)
deposited in a thick layer

Organic Deposit

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4. Texture of Sedimentary rocks 4. Texture of Sedimentary rocks

Crystalline Texture:
The texture refers to the Crystals are visible and form a interlocking network (like igneous crystalline
Size, Shape, packing, Sphericity, Fabric texture).

Clastic Texture:
Grains do not interlock but piled
together and cemented. Overall rock is
generally porous and not very dense.

Microclastic Texture: Microcrystalline Texture:

Similar to clastic texture but the clast No crystals are visible but the rock is composed by interlocking microscopic
are not visible to the eye. crystals. Such rocks are dense and nonporous.

Bioclastic Texture:
Similar to clastic texture except that all
of the clast or grains are fossils.

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5. Structure of Sedimentary rocks Bedding and Stratification

Stratification can be subdivided into bedding and lamination, depending
Sedimentary rocks are always found in bedded nature
upon the thickness of the strata,

Strata between 1 cm to 100 cm are

known as beds,

Strata less than 1 cm thick are

known as laminations,
Lamination

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Mechanical Origin structures

These structures are developed due to physical process operating
at the time of deposition of the sediments. Various mechanical
structures are-

1. Stratification
2. Lamination
3. Graded Bedding
4. Cross Bedding
5. Current Bedding
6. Mud Cracks
7. Rain Prints
8. Ripple Marks

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Mechanical Origin structures Mechanical Origin structures

Due to shallow water action-
Asymmetric or Symmetric

Graded Bedding: If there is a

gradual decrease in the
particles size in a beds, the
bigger particles are settled at
the bottom and the finer
towards the top.

Formed due to drying of fine

Current Bedding: Some times
grained sediments- sun cracks
the beds are deposited slightly
inclined to the major bedding
plane (due to change in the
depositional energy and Due to the movements of
direction). organism on the surface of loose
sediments developed impression.

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Mechanical Origin structures

Look at the scale

Herring bone
cross
stratification

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Chemical origin structures Organic/ Biogenic structures

Many Chemical rocks are formed due to the Chemical process such Some existing structures developed in the sedimentary rocks gives space,
as, evaporation, precipitation, crystallization. in which organic source material gets accumulated and compacted to
form rock (Mostly fossilferrous).
1. Concertionary structure
1. Tracks
2. Nodular structure/ Oolitic and Pisolitic structures
2. Burrows (called bioturbation) Trace
3. Geode structure fossils
3. Trails
May alter sediments so thoroughly that
other structures are disrupted or destroyed.

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Fossiliferous sedimentary rocks Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

A very basic classification of all sedimentary rocks is based on the type of
material that is deposited and the modes of deposition

1. Clastics: Clastic rocks mainly

comprise of broken fragments of
older rock (sand, silt etc.)

2. Non-Clastics: Formed due to

organic matters/ Chemical
activity, evaporation and
precipitation of sea water.

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019 Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared for academic understanding of the students about Sedimentary rocks. DR ATUL KUMAR PATIDAR, 2019

Sedimentary Rocks
1. Formation of Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary Rocks
 Weathering
 Deposition
Video Link:
 Transportation
 Consolidation Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks
2. Lithification of deposited sediments • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etu9BWbuDlY
 Compaction
Identifying Sedimentary Rocks -- Earth Rocks!
 Cementation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3eR19ZfBqE
3. Classification of Sedimentary rocks
4. Texture of Sedimentary rocks
5. Structure of Sedimentary rocks
 Mechanical structure
 Chemical structure Description of certain important sedimentary rocks is given in S. K. Garg Page (146-153)
 Organic structure
6. Varity of Sedimentary rocks

Thank you