Diesel-Vehicles Emission Control

in Japan

Environmental Management Bureau,

Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Masayuki KOIWA

Presentation Overview
1. Background of Motor Vehicle Emission Control

2. Framework of Emission Control

3. Tightening Emission Standards for New Models

4. Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

5. Promoting Low Emission Vehicles

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 Background of
Motor Vehicle Emission Control

Attainment rate of EQS for air pollution

(Road side)
（SPM）
） （NO2）
85.7
400
350 450
300 400
Nunber of Stations

Nunber of Stations

350
250
300
200 250
150 200
100 150
100
50
50
0 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002
2003
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Number of Attained 215 199 151 123 301 Number of Attained 310 316 317 345 365
Stations Stations
Total Number of 282 301 319 359 390 Total Number of 394 395 399 413 426
Monitoring Stations Monitoring Stations
Attainment rate(%) 76.2 66.1 47.3 34.3 77.2 Attainment rate(%) 78.7 80.0 79.4 83.5 85.7

（ EQS:Environmental Quality Standards)

　・SPM...
　・ Daily average is 0.10 mg/m3 or less
　・NO
　・ 2…Daily average is in a range from 0.04 to 0.06 ppm or below

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Non-attainment Areas of SPM EQS (‘03)

（General） （Roadside）

Rate of attainment
at monitoring stations
0 ～ 30％
30 ～ 60％
60 ～100％
100 ％

Non-attainment Areas of NO2 EQS (‘03)

Non attainment area (1)

at general and roadside stations
Non attainment area (13)
only at roadside stations

All the stations attain the EQS (33)

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 Emissions by Source Category (‘00)

Ｄ/agri G/mini-sized
Ｄ/agri truck
0.7%
1.6% 3.0%
Ｄ/indus Ｄ/car Ｇ/S.V.
4.7% 2.9% G/car
Ｄ/const 9.3%
Ｄ/indus 9.1%
9.6% Ｄ/small-sized Ｄ/car
9.2%
truck gasoline 3.0%
special
10.3% vehicles
vehicle Ｄ/small-sized
Ｄ/others special 13%
15% vehicles truck
9.9% 6.1%
ＰＭ Ｄ/const 32% ＮＯｘ
76,000
76 18.7% 950,000
950
ton
thousand thousand
ton
ton
ton
diesel
Diesel vehicle Ｄ/others vehicles
85% 6.9% 54%
Ｄ/mid-sized
Ｄ/mid-sized truck
truck 38.1%
55.6%

PM NOx

„ Roadside PM & NOx pollution remains severe.

　→The national government aim is to meet NO2
　　 & SPM standards mostly by 2010.

„ Prime minister Mr. Koizumi is promoting the most advanced

environmental measures in the world.

„ A Governments have lost in several judgment at courts

about health impact of air pollution by diesel-vehicles
emission.

Diesel vehicle emission control shall

be promoted more strongly

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 Framework of
Emission Control

Motor Vehicle Pollution Control

Measures in Japan
1. Tightening Emission Standards for New
Models

2. Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

　　(
　　 to ban old vehicles to be registered in
Metropolitan areas)

3. Promoting Low Emission Vehicle

　　 (Hybrid, CNG, FCV, etc.)

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 Tightening Emission Standards
for New Models

Systems for Exhaust Emission

and Fuel Quality Regulation
Recommendation of Central Environmental Council

（Ministry of Environmental）
Air Pollution Control Law（ ）
<Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Reg.> <Fuel Quality Reg.>

Permissible Limits of Motor Vehicle 　 Establishment of permissible limits on

Exhaust Emissions the automotive fuel quality

Road Vehicle Act Law of the Quality Control of Gasoline

(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and Other Fuels
↓ (Ministry of Economic,Trade and Industry)
Safety Regulation for Road Vehicles ↓
Establishment of compulsory standards
for gasoline and diesel fuel

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 History of Emission Standards
（Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles)
1974 100
1977 85

1979 70
1983 61

1988-1990 52
1994 100
1994 43
1997-2000 36 1997-1999 33
2003-2004 26 2003-2004 24
2005 4 0.027g/kwh
2005 14 2.0g/kwh
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
（％）
（％）
（Particulate Matters） （Nitrogen Oxides）

International Comparison of Future

Emission Standards on HD vehicles
0.2 0.15

Japan
USA USA'05
0.15 (0.18/3.38)
(0.13/5.4) (0.13/3.2)
ＰＭ（g/kWh）
ＰＭ（g/kWh）

0.1

0.1
EU
(0.1/5.0) 0.05 Japan'05
EU'08 EU'05
0.05 (0.03/2.0) (0.03/3.5)
(0.027/2.0)

0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
USA'10 USA'07
ＮＯｘ（g/kWh） (0.013/0.27) (0.013/1.6) ＮＯｘ（g/kWh）

Around 2003 2005 - 2010

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 Estimated Effect of Tightening Standards
（ten thousand t/year） （ten thousand t/year）
7 70

6 60 Ｇ Passenger cars

5 50 Ｇ Mini-sized trucks
Total Emissions

Total Emissions
Ｇ Other
4 40
Ｄ Passenger cars
3 30
Ｄ LD trucks
2 20 Ｄ HD trucks

1 10 Ｄ Other

0 0
2000 2010 2000 2010
Year Year

（Particulate Matters） （Nitrogen Oxides）

History of maximum sulfur content

in diesel fuel
1976 5000

1992 2000

1997 500
2003
2004 50 Voluntary Action
2004
2005
2007 10
2007
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
(ppm）

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International Comparison of Future
Maximum Sulfur Contents in Diesel Fuel
500ppm
(0.05wt%)
JPN：
US：
350ppm
(0.035wt%) EU：

Voluntary Voluntary
Action
Action
50ppm
(0.005wt%)
15ppm
10ppm
(0.001wt%)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Discussion in CEC
for Future Emission Standards
„ 　The 7th report of CEC
July 2003　
„ Oct. 2003 Start of discussion about diesel-
vehicle emission reduction beyond 2005
„ ～ Hearing from
Jan. 2004～
„ Motor vehicle manufacturer
„ Motor vehicle equipment manufacturer

„ Catalyst manufacturer

…..e.t.c.
„ Early 2005? 8th report of CEC?

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Points of this discussion

„ NOx emission level at engine out

„ NOx reduction ratio by NOx absorber
catalyst
„ Durability of NOx absorber catalyst
„ Possibility of urea-SCR
„ Who arrange urea supply facility?
„ How to protect of tampering?
„ When beyond 2005 regulation start to
enforce.

Automobile NOx/PM Reduction

Law

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 Emission Standards of
Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law
The standards are equivalent That means…
to…
Diesel passenger NOx: 1978 Gasoline vehicle To use gasoline Vehicles
cars PM: 2005 Diesel vehicle (You can also choose
CNGV, LPGV)
Buses, -1.7t NOx: 1988 Gasoline vehicle
trucks, (GVW) PM: 2005 Diesel vehicle Nowadays, few diesel
etc. vehicles meet the standard
1.7-2.5t NOx: 1994 Gasoline vehicle
(diesel, PM: 2005 Diesel vehicle
gasoline,
2.5-3.5t NOx: 1995 Gasoline vehicle
LPG)
PM: 2005 Diesel vehicle
3.5t- NOx: 1998-99 Diesel vehicle To use recent diesel
PM: 1998-99 Diesel vehicle vehicles
(You can also choose
CNGV, LPGV)

Emission Reduction Plans (for NOx)

200,000 54% Cut

(Since ’97)
Hyogo
150,000 Osaka
Mie
Aichi
100,000
Kanagawa
Tokyo
50,000 Chiba
Saitama

0
'97 '01('00) '05 '10

65
Emission Reduction Plans (for PM)

25,000
85% Cut
(Since ’97) Hyogo
20,000
Osaka
15,000 Mie
Aichi
Kanagawa
10,000
Tokyo
Chiba
5,000 Saitama

0
'97 01('00) '05 '10

Promoting Low Emission

Vehicles

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Low Emission Vehicles
„ Definition
‰ Electric, Natural gas, Methanol, and Hybrid Vehicle
‰ Low emission and low fuel consumption GV,DV
‰ Next generation vehicle (i.e. Fuel cell vehicle)

„ Tax incentive for 50%,70% reduction from standards in

2005 and low fuel consumption
„ Prevailing rapidly
(71% of new vehicle sold in 2003 is LEV)
„ All major auto-makers announced most of GPC become
LEV before 2005

Fuel Cell Vehicles

„ Most promising clean cars for future

„ Zero emission
„ First cars are on the market in Japan and US
„ Japanese government introduces 8 FCVs

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Thank you for your attention!!

MOE Homepage:
http://www.env.go.jp/en/index.html

My E-mail address:
MASAYUKI_KOIWA@env.go.jp

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