BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

What are Somatic Cells?

Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell, typically the regular
type of body cells other than the reproductive cells. That means,
somatic cells are only involved in the asexual reproduction.

Somatic cells are diploid in humans, containing two sets of

homologous chromosomes. During asexual reproduction, somatic
cells are produced by mitosis, creating identical two copies of new
cells from a single mother cell. Mitosis brings about their growth,
repair and cloning

However, some species contain haploid somatic cells.

Haploid somatic cells can be found in species, which
develop alterations of generations.

Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem cells in the
zygote are differentiated into distinct types of somatic cells, which
are capable of creating structures like organs in multicellular
organisms. The differentiation of stem cells into a particular
somatic cell type in the body depends on the time of
differentiation and environmental factors. Functions of the
differentiated somatic cells can be completely different from each
other. An adult human body may contain around three trillion of
somatic cells in the body. They are differentiated into form neuron
cells, blood cells, muscle cells, liver cells, etc. Neurons come
together to form the nervous system. Blood cells are a part of
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and stomach
cells are involved in the formation of the digestive system.

What are Gametes?

WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure1
WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure1
Gametes:Gametesareeithermaturemaleorfemalegermc
ells,whicharecapableoffusingwithanothergermcells
oftheopposingsex,formingazygote.
Ploidy
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontaindiploidgenome.
Gametes:Gametescontainahaploidgenome.
HomologousPairs
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontainhomologouschromosome
pairs.
Gametes:Gametescontainindividualchromosomes.
Reproduction
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareinvolvedinasexualreproduct
ion.
Gametes:Gametesareinvolvedinsexualreproduction.
MaleandFemaleCells
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsaresameinbothsexes.
Gametes:Gametesaredifferentintwosexes;malegametes
arecalledasspermsandfemalegametesarecalledas
ova.
Production
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareproducedduringasexualrepr
oductionbymitosis.
Gametes:Gametesareproducedduringsexualreproduction
bymeiosis.
NumberofDaughterCellsperOneCellDivisionCycle
SomaticCells:Twoidenticaldaughtercellsareproducedfrom
asinglestemcell.
Gametes:Fourdaughtercellsareproducedfromasingleger
mcell
Gametes:Gametesareeithermaturemaleorfemalegermc
ells,whicharecapableoffusingwithanothergermcells
oftheopposingsex,formingazygote.
Ploidy
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontaindiploidgenome.
Gametes:Gametescontainahaploidgenome.
HomologousPairs
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontainhomologouschromosome
pairs.
Gametes:Gametescontainindividualchromosomes.
Reproduction
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareinvolvedinasexualreproduct
ion.
Gametes:Gametesareinvolvedinsexualreproduction.
MaleandFemaleCells
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsaresameinbothsexes.
Gametes:Gametesaredifferentintwosexes;malegametes
arecalledasspermsandfemalegametesarecalledas
ova.
Production
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareproducedduringasexualrepr
oductionbymitosis.
Gametes:Gametesareproducedduringsexualreproduction
bymeiosis.
NumberofDaughterCellsperOneCellDivisionCycle
SomaticCells:Twoidenticaldaughtercellsareproducedfrom
asinglestemcell.
Gametes:Fourdaughtercellsareproducedfromasingleger
mcell
Gametes:Gametesareeithermaturemaleorfemalegermc
ells,whicharecapableoffusingwithanothergermcells
oftheopposingsex,formingazygote.
Ploidy
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontaindiploidgenome.
Gametes:Gametescontainahaploidgenome.
HomologousPairs
SomaticCells:Somaticcellscontainhomologouschromosome
pairs.
Gametes:Gametescontainindividualchromosomes.
Reproduction
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareinvolvedinasexualreproduct
ion.
Gametes:Gametesareinvolvedinsexualreproduction.
MaleandFemaleCells
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsaresameinbothsexes.
Gametes:Gametesaredifferentintwosexes;malegametes
arecalledasspermsandfemalegametesarecalledas
ova.
Production
SomaticCells:Somaticcellsareproducedduringasexualrepr
oductionbymitosis.
Gametes:Gametesareproducedduringsexualreproduction
bymeiosis.
NumberofDaughterCellsperOneCellDivisionCycle
SomaticCells:Twoidenticaldaughtercellsareproducedfrom
asinglestemcell.
Gametes:Fourdaughtercellsareproducedfromasingleger
mcell
Gametes are either mature male or female germ cells, which are
capable of fusing with other germ cells to form the opposite sex,
forming a zygote.

In eukaryotes, all multicellular organisms undergo sexual

reproduction by producing gametes, in order to create offspring.
Gametes are restricted to reproductive organs of the multicellular
organisms. They usually contain a single set of chromosomes and
are called haploid. During sexual reproduction, gametes are
produced by meiosis of germ cells located in gonads.

Gametes are morphologically distinct depending on the sex. In

humans, male gametes are known as sperms and female
gametes are known as ova. Since gametes are haploid, the fusion
of two gametes of opposite sexes would regenerate the diploid
zygote. Therefore, half of the total DNA is contributed by each
parent to the offspring. After fertilization, the zygote contains two
sets of homologous chromosomes, each set coming from one
parent

Mutations in gametes can also occur during replication.

They can be insertions, deletions of nucleotides in DNA or
even chromosomal aberrations. These mutations are carried
out to the offspring through gametes. Then, the offspring may
contain variations in alleles compared to their parents. The most
favorable characters will be selected by natural selection.

DIFFERENCES

1. Definition

Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell, typically the regular
type of body cells other than the reproductive cells

WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure
WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure
WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure
WhatareSomaticCells
Somatic cells are any type of a biological cell,
typically the regular type of body cells other than the
reproductive
cells. Thatmeans,somaticcellsareonly
involvedintheasexualreproduction.Somatic
cellsarediploidinhumans,
containing two sets of homologous chromosomes. During
asexual reproduction, somatic cells are produced by
mitosis,creatingidenticaltwocopies ofnewcellsfrom
asinglemothercell. However,somespeciescontainhaploid
somaticcells.Haploidsomaticcellscanbefoundinspecies,
whichdevelopalterationsofgenerations.
Somatic cells are originated from stem cells. The stem
cells in the zygote are differentiated into distinct types
of
somaticcells,which are capable ofcreatingstructures
like organs in multicellularorganisms.Thedifferentiationof
stem cells into a particular somatic cell type in the
body depends on the time of differentiation and
environmental
factors. Functions of the differentiated somatic cells can
be completely different from each other. An adult
human
bodymay contain aroundthree trillion ofsomatic cells
inthe body.They are differentiatedintoform neuron
cells,
bloodcells,musclecells,livercells,etc.Neuronscometoget
hertoformthenervoussystem.Bloodcellsareapartof
the cardiovascular system. Cells like liver cells and
stomach cells are involved in the formation of the
digestive
system.Redbloodcellsinthecardiovascularsystemaresho
wninfigure
Gametes: Gametes are either mature male or female germ cells,
which are capable of fusing with another germ cells of the
opposing sex, forming a zygote.
2. Ploidy (the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell)
Somatic Cells: Somatic cells contain diploid genome.
Gametes: Gametes contain a haploid genome.
3. Homologous Pairs
Somatic Cells: Somatic cells contain homologous chromosome
pairs.
Gametes: Gametes contain individual chromosomes.
4. Reproduction
Somatic Cells: Somatic cells are involved in asexual reproduction.
Gametes: Gametes are involved in sexual reproduction.
 5. Male and Female Cells
Somatic Cells: Somatic cells are same in both sexes.
Gametes: Gametes are different in two sexes; male gametes are
called as sperms and female gametes are called as ova.
6. Production
Somatic Cells: Somatic cells are produced during asexual
reproduction by mitosis.
Gametes: Gametes are produced during sexual reproduction by
meiosis.
7. Number of Daughter Cells per One Cell Division Cycle:
Somatic Cells: Two identical daughter cells are produced
from a single stem cell.
Gametes: Four daughter cells are produced from a single
germ cell.