Internship Report 2019-20

INTRODUCTION
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organisation for a specific period of
time. Once confined to engineering graduates, the term is now used for a wide range of
placements in business, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically
undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a
particular field. Employers benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees
from their best interns, who have known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long
run.

Internships for professional careers are similar in some ways, but not as rigorous as
apprenticeships for professions, trade and vocational jobs. The lack of standardization and
oversight leaves the term “internship” open to broad interpretation. Interns may be high school
students, college and university students or post-graduate adults.

Typically, an internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the intern
and the organization. Internships are used to determine if the intern still has an interest in that
field after the real-life experience. In addition, an internship can be used to create a professional
network that can assist with letters of recommendation or lead to future employment
opportunities. The benefit of bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already
familiar with the company, their position and they typically need little to no training. Internships
provide current college students the ability to participate in a field of their choice to receive
hands on learning about a particular future career, preparing them for full-time work following
graduation.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 1

Internship Report 2019-20

COMPANY PROFILE
Raksha Engineers began as a general works contractor in 2010. Over the years, the group as
undertaken many challenging projects and accumulated skills, know-how and experiences in
design and build solutions, project management services, building trades and related engineering
works.

Today, Raksha Engineers take the role of main contractor for small to medium size projects and
performs project management services to coordinates specialist trades for residential or
commercial projects. We also provide design inputs and engineering solutions as value-add
services to our clients.

Our objective is to provide our clients with an “I am assured” experience when we are chosen to
execute their projects. Our emphasis on clear communication and follow through procedures
ensures that client’s objectives are top priority in the planning and execution of all our processes.

Our project management and execution philosophy is:

 Create detail schedule and resources plan to meet client’s project objective.
 Communicate clearly with all project stakeholders.
 Track project progress and fine-tune deviations.
 Supervise closely on quality of work done.
 Complete the project on time.

Our Vision:

To be a respectable building contractor delivering beyond expectation, always.

Our Mission:

To procure projects at competitive pricing, provide safe working conditions and deliver quality
work within reasonable time frame.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 2

Internship Report 2019-20

CHAPTER-1

SITE-1: CONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING AT BOGADI,

MYSURU
Table 1: Project description

Name of the site Commercial building at Bogadi 2nd stage

Mysore

Construction company Raksha Engineers

Ramakrishna Nagar Mysore

Type of the infrastructure Commercial Building

Total area of site 4000sq.ft

Total budget of the project 3 Crore

Fig.1.1: Bogadi Site

1.1 Reading and Interpreting Drawings

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 3

Internship Report 2019-20

Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical, quantitative and
visual description of the project to the contractor. The drawings are a two-dimensional
representation of the physical structure that meets the objectives of the owner. They are also
known as plans or blueprints.

Drawings at the construction site include:

1. Architectural drawing
2. Structural drawing
3. Sanitary drawing
4. Electrical and installation drawing.

. The basic rules in reading a drawing involve:

 Read the cover sheet which contains the project name, the architect’s name, address
and contact information, project location and date.
 Go through the index of plan sheets and their contents, abbreviation key, a scale bar
with and plan scale indicated.
 Understand the architectural sheets that will be numbered in the approximate order of
construction.
 Civil engineering drawings (C) include plot or site plans, utilities, grading, and
landscape details.
 Structural drawings (S) include foundation, structural steel, building support system,
and roof framing system along with sections and details.
 Architectural drawings (A) include floor plans, elevations, building sections, door and
window schedules, and room finishes. The floor plan is an important drawing because
it provides the most important information and acts as a reference for the location of
additional sections and details. The floor plan shows floor finishes, walls, doors,
stairways, fire places, built‐ in cabinets and mechanical equipment. Elevations are
views of the exterior features of the building.
 The Electrical drawings (E) include the electrical wiring, lighting plan etc.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 4

Internship Report 2019-20

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 5

Internship Report 2019-20

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 6

Internship Report 2019-20

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AT THE SITE

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 7

Internship Report 2019-20

Safety of all the people at the site is of at most importance to company. Hence, each person
entering the site will be briefed about the safety request and preventive measure to be taken for
safe and efficient operation.

 And social accountability.

 Providing and ensuring safety for people lives, environment, property, machinery and
equipment, products and services.
 Provisions of necessary information, awareness and training to all the employees.
 Prevention of Environment, Health, Safety, Incidents, Injury and ill health through pro-
active measure like contractors in order in order to carry out their task in a safe and
responsible manner. Periodic assessments and audits, organize health check for
employees.
 Avoid engaging child labour, forced and compulsory labour, discrimination and follow
the practice of freedom of association and right to collective.

Fig.1.6 Safety precautions at site for labours

INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 8

Internship Report 2019-20

Site work

In this section of my report, I will try to describe activities and practices that were done in my
hosting company during my internship time I was able to see the practical works starting from
excavation to some superstructure working. I used to observe all the methods of working as well
as participate in all the activities that have done in the site to achieve my task and to find out the
practical knowledge. I will try to describe the activities in my intern time into two parts:

 Substructure working and

 Superstructure working

Substructure works

Substructure is a part of the building located below the ground level. By the time I arrived at the
site, the setting out had already been completed. Different works had been carried out, these
works include in this sub topic. Firstly, preparation of the project site is done. This is the first
stage in construction work and then further works like as follows are carried on.

Earthwork excavation

 Excavation is the first and major activity of the construction project. Excavation is done
to required depth such that hard strata are available to bear the load from structure.
 First and foremost work in excavation work is marking, the location and width of footing
or excavation is marked in site as shown in figure as per in the column drawing provided
by designer.
 Marking can be done either by using survey equipments or manually by knowing the
distance between the footings using tape.
 Equipment generally used for excavation is necessary excavation is done with man
power.
 The depth of foundation that would excavated in our internship site is 1.5m for isolated
footing.
 Chemical is sprayed on surface of excavated ground to prevent the attack of termites.

Foundation

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 9

Internship Report 2019-20

Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which transmits the load of the
structure, together with the effect of live loads and pressure, to the material on which the
structure rest, soil strata, in such manner that the underlying material is not stressed beyond its
safe bearing capacity . Generally, the foundation is placed below the ground level to increase the
stability of a structure or building. Thus the objective of providing foundations may be outlined
as follows

 To distribute and transmit the total load coming on the structure or building to a large
area of underlying support.
 To prevent excessive settlement and differential settlement of the structure
 To provide stability to the structures against many disturbing dynamic forces, i.e., wind,
rain, earth quake, etc.

The type of structure and the nature of the underlying soil are two main governing factors in
selection of the material and type of foundation. In our site the foundation type consist of
isolated footings and the material used for construction of this foundation is reinforced concrete.

Fig.1.7 Footing marking

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 10

Internship Report 2019-20

1.2 FOOTING REINFORCEMENT

Fig.1.8 Footing Reinforcement

Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced
reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as nearly uniform as
possible. Size is calculated based on the load on the column and safe bearing capacity of soil.
Here SBC of soil is 200KN/m2

 In this isolated square footing, reinforcement in each direction is distributed uniformly

across the full width of the footing.
 PPC was laid on the ground before the reinforcement for footing mat. This was provided
to give a firm solid base for footing. PCC of grade M15 (1:4:8) thickness of 6 inches was
laid.

Concrete cover blocks were used to provide clear cover of 40mm

to the reinforcement.

A cover block is essentially a spacer that is used to lift the rebar

matrix off the ground so that the concrete may flow underneath the
rebar and also, to protect the steel reinforcement bars from
environmental effects to prevent the corrosion.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 11

Internship Report 2019-20

Fig.1.9 Cover block

1.3 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

Fig.1.10 Column reinforcement

RCC column is a vertical structural member which transfers superimposed loads from beam and
slab directly to the footing.

When marking of column location is done, the reinforcement of columns are placed according to
the structural drawing. The reinforcement of the column, to be built above the footing was tied to
footing reinforcement using binding wires. Initially a master ring was laid and tied to the footing
mat using the binding wires. Verticality was checked using the plumb bob.

Longitudinal reinforcement

 Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal reinforcement bars must be at least 0.8%

of the gross section area of the column.
 Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal reinforcement bars must not exceed 6% of
the gross section area of the column.
 The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 12

Internship Report 2019-20

 Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and six in
circular column.
 Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed
300mm.
Transverse Reinforcement
 It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.
 The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar.
 6mm.
Pitch of Lateral Ties
 The least lateral dimension of the compression members.

 Sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars

 300mm
 48 times diameter of lateral ties.

1.3 SHUTTERING

Fig.1.11 Footing shuttering Fig.1.12 Column shuttering

Footing Shuttering:

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 13

Internship Report 2019-20

Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh concrete when placed in
structural member until the concrete has set. Formwork size and shape depends on the type and
dimension of the footing.

For example: Footing size of 1.5mx1.5m and depth of 1.3m.

=1.5 x 1.3

=1.950m2

Four sides area = 4 x 1.950

= 7.80m2

Column Shuttering:

Formwork for column is done after tieing the reinforcements. The type of Formwork used for
columns is partial shuttering. In this type, four different plates of shuttering is arranged in proper
manner with the help of clamps and Tie rods.

Procedure
 Initially clean the plywood members and apply oil to them.
 Based on the starter concrete the plywood members should be placed.
 Proper bracing at equal intervals should be done. So, that the members are stiff and hold
together.
 At last in order to prevent the sway of the columns proper support should be given on all
sides of the formwork.
Checks Should Be Made Are
 The formwork should be well placed and firm i.e. no movement should be there.
 The shuttering should satisfy the plumb.
 The diagonals should be equal for the column formwork.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 14

Internship Report 2019-20

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 15

Internship Report 2019-20

CONCRETE CASTING:
Concrete was placed in its final position well before initial setting time, so as to leave sufficient
time for proper compaction. Concrete from the RMC was unloaded from transit mixer on to the
receiving platform and if any visible segregation of concrete was remixed manually by spade &
shovel before placement. The concrete was then pumped into the footing shuttering.

Fig.1.13 Concrete from RMC mixer

Before laying any subsequent layer of concrete, the previous layer was fully compacted using
needle vibrator. The vibrations cause the mixture to liquefy, reducing the internal friction of the
mix components of cement, aggregate, and water. This allows the mix to move around more
easily. This helps to ensure that enough concrete gets into every little nook and cranny and
eliminate voids. Furthermore, the vibrations and liquefaction help to allow air bubbles to escape.

Fig.1.15.Concrete pouring and vibrating

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 16

Internship Report 2019-20

3.7 COLUMN STARTER

A starter for a column is the lowest part of a column, which is cast before the casting of the
whole column. It has same width and length of column section and relatively smaller height of
around 50 mm as shown in Fig.1.16.This starter helps mainly to adjust the form work of a
column vertically and ultimately sufficiently gap is remained between column reinforcement and
shuttering.

The advantages of having a starter are:

1. It is easier to establish & verify the center line of the starter than that of the column.
2. It is easier to fix the column shuttering if the starter is already in place.
3. The chances of column formwork becoming skew are eliminated.

Fig.1.16. Column Starter

COLUMN CONCRETING:
Concreting of RCC column should start from the centre of vertical bars and go towards the ends.
After placement of sufficient quantity, concrete should be vibrated at regular intervals so that the
concrete spreads evenly on all sides.

Over vibration of concrete should be avoided. Over vibration of concrete leads to segregation of
coarse aggregate which settles at the bottom making the mix weak. If the concreting has to be
stopped for the day, all upper surface of column should be made rough by wire brush after initial
setting of concrete for joints with later pour of concrete.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 17

Internship Report 2019-20

DE- SHUTTERING:
After the concrete has attained the required strength; the reinforcements are removed from
the hardened concrete for the next items of work to be conducted such as chiseling and plastering
works. Slab and beam formworks are removed after the 21st day while column formworks are
removed after twenty four hours. When removing formworks great attention is given for safe
removal of formwork components as they are reused again. Most of the time; formwork
components are disconnected when preparing formwork for the next floor above the existing one
since the members have similar dimensions and hence are easy to use. Another activity
conducted following the demolishing of formworks is chiseling work which is pre requisite for
the plastering work. Chiseling works are conducted sub contract workers who perform these
activities after form work removal. They use hand tools to chisel the surfaces of structural
members such as slab ceilings, beams and columns. The following steps were used in formwork
removal (de-shuttering) and chiseling work.
 First; the vertically supporting formwork members are removed.
 The horizontal members together with the beam formworks are removed giving attention
to minimize occurrence of accidents.
 The top formwork material is then taken down by ensuring they are removed safely
without deformation and breaks.
 After the formwork is taken away; chiselers will start their activity by separating their
specific tasks and identifying structural components to be chiseled.

CURING:
Curing shall start 24hrs after finishing the de-shuttering. Curing shall be continued depending on
the temperature. In case of normal temperature curing shall be done for 7 days. In case moderate
temperature curing should be done for 10 days. In case of high temperature curing should be
done for 15 days.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 18

Internship Report 2019-20

FORMWORK FOR BEAM AND SLAB:

Formwork for reinforced concrete slabs depends on the type of slabs to be constructed. The slabs
can be structural slabs supported on a steel or concrete structural frame.

 Formwork should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of fresh concrete
plus any constructional live loads.
 Rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.
 Economical in terms of the total cost of the forms and the concrete surface finishing
when required.
 Sufficiently watertight to avoid leakage at the joints.

Formwork materials:

1. Timber.
2. Metals.
3. Plastics.

Fig.1.17 Formwork for slab and beams

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 19

Internship Report 2019-20

SLAB AND BEAM REINFORCEMENT:

 The reinforcement work for the slab, beam and mechanical, electrical, plumbing
works are carried simultaneously.
 Proper cover should be maintained for the slab bottom and sides.
 The electrical pipe lines should be laid as per the drawings by the MEP
department.
 Where ever the reinforcement crosses one over another it should be tied with the
binding wire of 18 gauge.

Chairs:
Chairs in RCC structures are provided to ensure the correct spacing between the top mat
and bottom mat of the reinforcement during placing of concrete, as per the bar bending schedule/
reinforcement plans.

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 20

Internship Report 2019-20

CHAPTER-2

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar bending schedule, commonly referred as BBS is a comprehensive list that describes the type,
size, length, number and bending details of each bar in a reinforcement drawing of a structure.
This process of listing the type, size, length and number of bar is called “Scheduling”. This leads
to an estimation of the quantity of steel, which translates the cost requirements for steel work.

Sl.No Description Dia(mm) Numbers Number Cutting Total length of Total

of rods length rod in metre weight
1 Footing
F1(x-x) 12 4 15 2.13 145.80 129.470
F1(y-y) 12 4 15 2.13 145.80 129.470
F2(x-x) 12 6 16 2.28 249.60 221.645
F2(y-y) 12 6 16 2.28 249.60 221.645
F3(x-x) 12 2 18 2.6 104.40 92.707
F3(y-y) 12 2 18 2.6 104.40 92.707

2 Column
C1 20 3 2 5.50 33 81.51
20 3 2 6.50 39 96.33
16 3 2 5.50 33 52.14
16 3 2 6.50 39 61.62
Lateral ties 8 3 28 0.98 82.32 32.516
8 3 28 0.98 82.32 32.516
Master ring 8 3 4 1.42 17.04 6.7308

C2 20 1 2 5.50 11 27.17
20 1 2 6.50 13 32.11
16 1 2 5.50 11 17.38
16 1 2 6.50 13 20.54
Lateral ties 8 1 28 0.98 27.44 10.8388
8 1 28 0.98 27.44 10.8388
Master ring 8 1 4 1.42 5.68 2.2436

C3 25 1 2 5.50 11 42.46
25 1 2 6.50 13 50.18
20 1 2 5.50 11 27.17
20 1 2 6.50 13 32.11
Lateral ties 10 1 28 0.98 27.44 16.930
10 1 28 0.98 27.44 16.930
Master ring 8 1 4 1.42 5.68 2.243

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 21

Internship Report 2019-20

C4 25 1 2 5.50 11 42.46
25 1 2 6.50 13 50.18
20 1 2 5.50 11 27.17
20 1 2 6.50 13 32.11
Lateral ties 10 1 28 0.98 27.44 16.930
10 1 28 0.98 27.44 16.930
Master ring 8 1 4 1.42 5.68 2.243

C5 25 4 2 5.50 44 169.84
25 4 2 6.50 52 200.72
20 4 2 5.50 44 108.68
20 4 2 6.50 52 128.44
Lateral ties 10 4 28 0.98 109.76 67.72
10 4 28 0.98 109.76 67.72
Master ring 8 4 4 1.42 22.72 8.9744

CHAPTER 3

ESTIMATION AND COSTING

For all engineering works it is required to know beforehand the probable cost of construction
known as the estimated cost. In preparing an estimate, the quantities of different items of works
are calculated and cost of quantities are calculated. The rates in estimate provide for the complete
work, which consists of the cost of materials, cost of transport, cost of labours, cost of
scaffolding, cost of tools and plants, cost of water, taxes, reasonable profit of contractor etc..

Example:

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 22

Internship Report 2019-20

Centre line: (Wall thickness=0.3m)

CL (x-x) = 0.3/2 + 2.28 + 0.125 + 1.2 + 0.3 +1.2 + 0.125 + 2.28 + 0.3/2

= 7.8m

= 7.8 * 2 = 15.6m

CL(y-y) = 0.3/2 + 3.65 + 0.3/2

= 3.95 * 3 = 11.85m

Total = 15.6 + 11.85

= 27.45m

Centre line: (Partition wall = 0.125m)

CL (x1-x1) = 0.125/2 + 1.2 + 0.3/2

= 1.41 * 2 = 2.82m

CL (y1-y1) = 0.3/2 + 1.82 + 0.125/2

= 2.032 * 2 = 4.065m

Total = 2.82 + 4.065

= 6.885m

Sl.n PARTICULARS No. L B D Quantity Remarks

o
1 Earthwork

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 23

Internship Report 2019-20

a)Main wall 1 26.25 1.2 1.5 47.25m3

b)Partition wall 1 5.08 0.9 0.6 2.74 m3
2 PCC
a)Main wall 1 26.45 1 0.15 3.96 m3
b)Partition wall 1 5.485 0.7 0.15 0.575m3
3 Footing
a)Concrete 7 1 1 1 7 m3
b)Steel 417.6Kg
4 SSM (MW)
a)1st coarse 1 26.55 0.9 0.45 10.75 m3
b)2nd coarse 1 26.75 0.7 0.45 8.42 m3
c)3rd coarse 1 26.95 0.5 0.45 6.06 m3
SSM (PW)
1.317 m3
a)1st coarse 1 5.855 0.5 0.45
5 Column
a)Concrete 7 0.3 0.3 4.65 2.929 m3
b)Steel 229.92Kg
6 Plinth beam
a) Concrete 1 32.805 0.5 0.1 1.640m3
b)Steel 522.8Kg
7 Brick wall
a)Main wall 1 27.15 0.3 3 24.43 m3
b)Partition wall 1 6.635 0.125 3 2.488 m3

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 24

Internship Report 2019-20

Department of Civil Engineering GEC, Kushalnagar Page 25