Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Alexander Sotaquira

Group 203058A_49

1057572375

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 03-04

Introduction
Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency, the
signal energy and electromagnetic properties of different media.
These variations will be analyzed in this work, in addition to the basic principles that
define the way in which the different media reflect electromagnetic signals and
influence their propagation.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency,
signal energy, and electromagnetic properties of different media. The modes of
propagation of electromagnetic waves are:
 Direct propagation mode occurs when there is a visual between the sender
and the receiver, this type of propagation is called propagation in line of sight.

This mode of propagation is the most efficient, since there is no loss of energy due to
reflection.

Figure 1. Direct propagation mode

 Terrestrial reflection propagation mode corresponds to the fact that the

ground plane acts as an equipotential, that is, a reflective surface, it is very
common in radio frequency (RF) applications.
 Figure 2. Terrestrial reflection propagation mode

• Propagation mode by atmospheric reflection: the different layers of the

atmosphere, due to their different density and ionization level, reflect the medium and
high frequency signals (MF-HF-VHF) as conductive surfaces. Higher frequency waves,
such as UHF and higher, are no longer reflected, so they are not propagated by this
type of reflection. commonly used in radio broadcasting and by radio amateurs.
Atmospheric reflection makes it easier for waves to reach receivers over great
distances, overcoming the curvature of the earth and line of sight, so that signals
from Europe, Asia or Oceania can be tuned under certain atmospheric conditions.

Figure 3. Propagation mode by atmospheric reflection

There are other modes of propagation, such as installing multiple repeater systems in
line of sight, such as on microwave links or using satellite retransmission.

Figure 4. repeater systems in line of sight

Figure 5. microwave links or using satellite retransmission

 Multiple reflection propagation mode: EM signals also propagate by

reflection on the walls of buildings, tunnel bridges or structures typical of the
urban landscape, the only necessary condition for this type of propagation is
that the signal wavelength is comparable to the dimensions of the reflective
structure or considerably less.
In places where the topography is rough or there are very high mountains with
deep valleys, electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency can also propagate
in this way.
 Figure 6. Multiple reflection propagation mode

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

Taking into account that electromagnetic waves originate naturally by the state of
agitation of the dipoles of the structure of matter, when they are excited by heat or
another form of energy, the way in which the different components of the electric field
and the relationship that exists between them, is called polarization of the wave.
The polarization mode of a wave is characterized by the phase difference and
amplitude between the transverse components of the electromagnetic field that
generate the electromagnetic waves.
Several cases of polarization can be considered: Linear Polarization, Circular
Polarization, Elliptical Polarization.
• Linear polarization:
• Circular polarization:

 Elliptical polarization:

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

From the Law of Snell follows the appearance of an interesting phenomenon, which
occurs when the refractive index of the substance in which the wave originates (n1) is
greater than the substance to which it tries to pass (n2).
The angle formed by the refracted ray with the normal to the interface is defined by
Snell's Law:

Where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of means 1 and 2, respectively. Since the
relation n_1/n_2 is a number greater than 1, this means that the product can be
equal to 1 for angles θ_1 less than π/2.

When this happens, the refraction angle becomes equal to π/2 and there is no
refracted ray, that is, all the energy of the incident ray returns to the medium from
which it comes. This condition is called internal total reflection and can be presented
in optics, but also with all types of electromagnetic waves.
To find the angle of critical incidence from which total reflection is presented, we start
from Snell's Law by making the sine of the refraction angle equal to the unit:

In this condition:

The critical angle can also be obtained in terms of the intrinsic impedances for non-
magnetic media.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

When analyzing the expression for the reflection coefficient TM there is a special
condition called total refraction.

When the sum of the angles of incidence and refraction is 90º, the Reflection Fresnel
coefficient is canceled in the TM mode (the tangent tends to infinity), which means
that the parallel electric field is not reflected, but is completely refracted.
In an incident wave with TM polarization, this means that there would be no reflected
wave, but in a wave with TEM polarization, the reflected wave would have only TE
polarization.
This form is called polarization by reflection and, unlike other modes of polarizing
electromagnetic waves, occurs only for a angle of incidence.

Unlike total reflection, total refraction does not occur from a specific angle, but at a
specific angle, if the angle of incidence varies slightly the phenomenon no longer
occurs.
The angle at which this condition occurs is called the Brewster angle.
The Brewster angle can be obtained by using the expression of the reflection
coefficient TM as a function of the refractive indexes:

For this to be accomplished, it is required that:

 Insomuch as:

At complementary angles, the cosine of one angle is the sine of

the other, therefore

Replacing:

Where it comes from:

Depending on the intrinsic impedances of the media:

Unlike the critical angle of total reflection, the Brewster angle is presented for any
combination of the refractive indices n1 and n2.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Refraction is the change in direction a wave undergoes as it passes from one material
medium to another. It only occurs if the wave impinges obliquely on the separation
surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices. Refraction
originates from the change in the speed of propagation of the wave, when it passes
from one medium to another.

Application exercises:
 2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=1201 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected power P−¿
1 and the transmitted power P2 to the
¿ +¿¿

wall.
F=49 MHz
N2= 105 Ω

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

n1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω

n2 =105 Ω

p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

Reflection coefficient
n2−n1 105Ω−377 Ω −272 Ω
Γ= = = =−0.56=0.56
n2 +n1 105Ω + 377Ω 482 Ω

Reflectance
2 2
R=|Γ| =|0.56| =31,85 %
Transmittance

T =1−R=1−31,85 %=68,15 %
reflected power

¿
Transmitted power

¿
 2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=1201 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20 cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.
f =49 Mhz
p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

n1 =120 π Ω

n2 + j n1 tan ( βx )
input impedance ∶n ¿=n1
n1 + j n2 tan ( βx )
w n0
phase constant : β= =w=2 πf
c0 n
n0 =120 π Ω
c 0=3∗10 m /s
8

n2 =105 Ω

First wall

coefficient of reflection on the first face of the wall

n¿ −naire
T 1=
n¿ + naire
T 1=1+T 1

Transmittance and reflactance

T 1=1−|Γ | 2
1

R1=1−T 1

Second wall
naire −n pared
reflection coefficient :T 2=
naire + n pared
Transmittance∧reflactance
T 2=1−|Γ | 2
2

R2=1−T 2

Transmited Power=T 1=T 1 T 2

w
Initially the value of β=w √ μ0 ε 0 ε r = ε
c0 √ Γ

120 π 2 n 0
εΓ= ( 105
=
n ) ( )
=12,89

2 π∗49∗106
β= ∗√ 12,89=3,685 rad /m
3∗108
β=3,685 rad /m
 120 π + j105 tan (3,685∗0,2 )
n¿ =105 Ω∗
[ 105+ j 120 tan ( 3,685∗0.2 ) ]
calculated : ( 59,17891−97,53941i )Ω

reflection coefficient
n ¿−n aire
Γ 1=
n¿ +n aire
Γ 1=−0,64632−0,36815 i=0,744 ←150,3° >¿

transmission coefficient
τ 1 =1+ Γ 1=0,64632−0,36815i

percentage of power transmitted ¿ the wall :

2
T 1=1−|Γ 1| =1−( 0,744 )2=44,67 %

The power emitted from the emitter to the wall is 44.67%.

Coeficiente de la segunda cara de la pared

n aire−n pared 120 π −105
Γ2 = = =0,5643
naire +n pared 120 π +105
transmittance equals ¿ :
2
T 2=1−|Γ 2| =1−( 0.5643 )2=0,6815=68,15%

The power emitted from the emitter to the wall 2 is 68,15%.

Potencia transmitida del generador al receptor

T T =0,4467∗0,6815=0,3045

De la totalidad de la potencia emitida por el emisor, el 30,45% llega al receptor.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.
 Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC (101)mm thick and that
at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material
is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

n 1=1.31 Hielo
n 2=1.00029 Aire
n 3=?
n 4=1.5 (Vidrio)

For the ice and air layer we have:

θa =44,9 °

Width=105 mm
To know the horizontal distance you can start from the vertical distance and the
angles of incidence and refraction.
You can approximate the horizontal distance as the sum of the distance traveled in air
and distance traveled in water:
d=d 1+ d 2+ d 3

As the angle of incidence is known, the angle of refraction can be obtained:

n1
senθr = sen θ a
n2
1,31
senθr =
1.00029
1,31
θr =sin−1
1.00029
θr =68,11 °

Having the angle of refraction, the value of h1 is calculated,

105 mm
cos 68,11 °=
h1
105 mm
h 1= =104,99 mm
cos 68,11 °
entonces,
d 1=104,99 mm∗tan 68,11 °
d 1=261,32 mm

In the case of the air layers and the unknown, proceed to perform the calculations.
To find the critical angle of incidence from which total reflection occurs, we start from
snell's law making the sine of the angle of refraction equal to unity.
sen θ2=1

When calculating the value of n3 we obtain,

 n2
sen θc =
n3
n2
n3 =
sen θc
n3 =2,49

So distance 2 is:
d 2=105 mm∗tan 21,89 °=42,19 mm
Applying Snell's law to the last layer unknown material and Glass:
2,49∗sen 21,89 °=1,5 sen θd

( 2,49 ) sen(21,89 ° ) 0,25

sen θd = = =0,1666
1.5 1.5
θd =44,24 °

Replacing in the formula of d3 is obtained:

d 3=105 mm∗tan 44,24 °=102 , 26 mm
the distance d would be:
d=d 1+d 2+d 3=261,32 mm+ 42,19 mm+102,26 mm
d=405,77 mm

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
activity, it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning
obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.
To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid
superficiality and simplicity.

Bibliography

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519-524). Recuperado de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
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Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas electromagnéticas . Banda ancha
fija inalámbrica. (págs. 31-51). Recuperado de
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Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Ley Snell [Video]. Recuperado de

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140