Mousa 1

Austin Mousa

Mrs. Cox

English 101 Period 3

12 February 2020

Annotated Bibliography

Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). Prevalence and Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol

Use and Binge Drinking in the United States. ​Alcohol Research: Current Reviews,​ ​35(​ 2),

193–200.

“In 2011, 27 percent of 8th graders, 50 percent of 10th graders, and 64 percent of 12th graders

reported having used alcohol in the past 12 months. The corresponding rates for alcohol use in

the past 30 days were 13 percent, 27 percent, and 40 percent, respectively. Furthermore, 4

percent of 8th graders, 14 percent of 10th graders, and 25 percent of 12th graders reported having

been drunk within the past month. Finally, binge drinking in the past 2 weeks was reported by 6

percent of 8th graders, 15 percent of 10th graders, and 22 percent of 12th graders” (Patrick

2013).

“Alcohol use during adolescence typically is reciprocally related to risk factors across

development, such that problems that contribute to alcohol use may get worse with continued

alcohol use” (Patrick 2013).

This article focuses on the development of underage drinking and binge drinking among

teens and adolescents. It mentions signs of prevalence and predictors to see if a young adult

is at risk for the causes and effects of alcohol usage. The influences from school, family,

peers and religion also play a big part in the consumption of alcohol at a young age.
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Finally, it talks about the short term and long term consequences of underage and binge

drinking.

Friese, B., Grube, J. W., & Moore, R. S. (2013). Youth Acquisition of Alcohol and Drinking

Contexts: An In-Depth Look. ​Journal of Drug Education​, ​43​(4), 385–403.

“Several youths described parents purchasing alcohol for them and their friends, but requiring

the teenagers to chip in money to do so” (Friese 2013).

“There were some instances of youths knowing about small commercial outlets that sold to

minors, but they charged more for alcohol or engaged in some form of risk management” (Friese

2013).

In this article, it discusses how teens obtain alcohol through a test that was done with 47

youths. After all of the data was collected, the conductors realized that teens received

alcohol in a social or commercial way. Some common ways are: asking a stranger of age to

buy it for you, having parents that allow you to drink under their supervision, stealing

from a store, using a fake ID or going to a store that doesn’t ask for ID, and finally, going

to a party that has alcohol provided. Knowing where teens are getting alcohol, it provides

us with in-depth information about how they are using social relationships to circumvent

policies designed to limit their access to alcohol.

Seaman, P., & Ikegwuonu, T. (2011). “I Don’t Think Old People Should Go to Clubs”: How

Universal Is the Alcohol Transition amongst Young Adults in the United Kingdom?

Journal of Youth Studies​, ​14​(7), 745–759.

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“Current trends in alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom indicate per capita alcohol

consumption is currently at a level not seen since the early part of the last century” (Seaman

2011).

“However, exploring differences in the opportunity to enact taken-for-granted alcohol and

life-course related norms highlights the limits of universal understanding of young adulthood

across different socio-economic experiences of this age group in the United Kingdom” (Seaman

2011).

There is a difference in lifestyles between the United States and other countries. In this

article, it directs its attention towards the relationship between alcohol and the United

Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the legal drinking age is 18, so teens are exposed to

different experiences and opportunities at a younger age. This discusses the transition into

adulthood with the role of alcohol involved.

Saylor, D. K. (2011). Heavy Drinking on College Campuses: No Reason to Change Minimum

Legal Drinking Age of 21. ​Journal of American College Health​, ​59​(4), 330–333.

“Such heavy alcohol use among American college students has received considerable attention

because of high alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, and is widely considered a public health

concern with serious immediate and long-term consequences. It is not only associated with death

and injury (particularly from motor vehicle accidents), but also risky sexual behavior, increased

risk of physical or sexual assault, and violence” (Saylor 2011).

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“In the decades since the United States implemented the 1984 Uniform Drinking Age Act, there

has been a reduction in youth alcohol use and a dramatic decrease in underage alcohol-related

traffic injuries and fatalities in the United States” (Saylor 2011).

Currently, there has been a significant reduction in alcohol usage in the past decade because

of the Uniform Drinking Age Act of 1984. We are still seeing underage kids abuse alcohol

in college because of the easy access. The article is defending the side of not lowering the

alcohol drinking age because of the dramatic traffic injuries and other fatalities in the

United States.

Engs, R. C. (n.d.). Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered. Retrieved from

https://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/cqoped.html

“The legal drinking age should be lowered to about 18 or 19 and young adults allowed to drink

in controlled environments such as restaurants, taverns, pubs and official school and university

functions. In these situations responsible drinking could be taught through role modeling and

educational programs. Mature and sensible drinking behavior would be expected” (Engs).

“This increase in abusive drinking behavior is due to "underground drinking" outside of adult

supervision in student rooms and apartments where same age individuals congregate and because

of lack of knowledge of responsible drinking behaviors” (Engs).

In this research by Ruth Engs of Indiana University, she takes the side of lowering the

drinking age to ultimately try and avoid harmful situations caused by drinking. Things like

throwing up, skipping class, getting into a car accident, or fighting someone else have
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happened while under the influence of alcohol. Engs says that if we lower the age to 18 or

19, and teach people how to drink responsibly, these consequences can be reduced.

Turner, J., Perkins, H. W., & Bauerle, J. (2008). Declining Negative Consequences Related to

Alcohol Misuse among Students Exposed to a Social Norms Marketing Intervention on a

College Campus. ​Journal of American College Health​, ​57​(1), 85–94.

“National surveys of college students report either no decrease or even slight increases in

negative consequences between 2001 and 2005” (Turner 2008).

“Despite publicity, interventions, and inestimable millions of dollars spent to curb college

drinking, prevalence rates of high-risk drinking and related consequences have changed little

since 1993” (Turner 2008).

James turner mentions that there has been little to no decrease or slight increases in

negative consequences due to alcohol between 2001 and 2005. There are obviously harmful

side effects of alcohol on a person’s body, but in this article, it talks about the decrease in

harmful situations. For example, drunk driving incidents and sexual assault cases that

involve alcohol can be decreased with the right publicity and intervention practices in the

United States.

Griggs, B. (2015, January 4). Should the U.S. lower its drinking age? Retrieved from

https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/16/us/legal-drinking-age/index.html
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“Experts say lowering the drinking age remains a tough sell to politicians worried about

re-election. A ​2007 Gallup poll​ found that 77% of Americans opposed lowering the drinking age

in all states to 18” (Griggs 2015).

“And he proposes that American teens be eligible for an alcohol permit -- not unlike a driver's

license -- upon turning 18, graduating from high school and completing an alcohol-education

course. They would need the permit to buy beer, wine or liquor, and the state could revoke the

permit for those convicted of alcohol-related offenses such as drunk driving” (Griggs 2015).

“The ​NHTSA estimates​ that raising the national legal drinking age from 18 to 21 has saved more

than 500 lives each year” (Griggs 2015).

This article argues against lowering the age limit for alcohol usage. The data collected from

surveys show us that about 75% of people in the United States are against lowering the age.

This is because of the statistics that put fear into people’s minds. It is a fact that when the

national drinking age went up from 18 to 21, there were less car accidents related to drunk

drivers.

Glaser, G. (2015, February 10). You Must Be 21 to Drink? Retrieved from

https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/02/10/you-must-be-21-to-drink/return-the

-drinking-age-to-18-and-enforce-it

“We don't hand teenagers car keys without first educating them about how to ​drive​. Why expect

21-year-olds to learn how to drink responsibly without learning from moderate models, at home

and in alcohol education programs?” (Glaser 2015)

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“Raising the drinking age to 21 hasn't reduced drinking -- it’s merely driven it underground, to

the riskiest of settings” (Glaser 2015).

This article supports the decision to lower the drinking age to 18. It explains that even

though the United States raised the age to 21 back in the 1980’s, it has just increased the

level of drinking in “underground” areas. This is making it even more dangerous for

underage teens to experience drinking. Overall, teens need to be educated beforehand on

how to drink.

Mandal, S. (n.d.). Reasons to Challenge the Drinking Age. Retrieved from

https://www.youthrights.org/issues/drinking-age/reasons-to-challenge-the-drinking-age/

“Once you turn 18, you are legally an adult. With this freedom, comes many responsibilities.

You can enter into legal contracts, be tried as an adult and be sent to an adult prison, and raise or

adopt children. Eighteen-year-olds are employed in a number of jobs where other people’s lives

are at stake, such as ​EMTs or firefighters​. And of course, they take on one of the most dangerous

jobs in the world: active military duty. “If you’re old enough to fight and die for your country,

you’re old enough to have a beer” (Mandal).

“The United States is one of only a handful of countries (and the only Westernized one) that sets

its drinking age to 21. And yet this higher drinking age has not put us ahead of other developed

countries in any measurable way” (Mandal).

The National Youth Rights Association gave many valid reasons as to why the drinking age

should be lowered to 18. The United States has already experienced what it was like to have
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the drinking age at 18, and since it has been raised, there hasn’t been a significant change

in things. If anything, raising the drinking age has made things worse for the country

rather than achieve the goal that was trying to be established.

Effects of Alcohol on the Body and the Brain. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/alcohol/effects/

“Alcohol’s effects on the brain can be felt quickly. Not only can drinking cause temporary

complications such as memory loss and coordination, it can also lead to long-term side effects

that are sometimes irreversible” (Effects of Alcohol on the Body and the Brain).

“The heart is extremely vulnerable to the negative effects of alcohol consumption. Over time,

heavy drinking can weaken the heart, impacting how oxygen and nutrients are delivered to other

vital organs in your body. Excessive alcohol consumption can increase triglyceride levels – a

type of fat in your blood. High levels of triglycerides contribute to the risk of developing

dangerous health conditions such as heart disease and diabetes” (Effects of Alcohol on the Body

and the Brain).

This article gives an in depth description of the effects of alcohol on your brain, heart, liver,

and pancreas. Also, the short term and long term side effects are included to give a

perspective on why it is so harmful to drink. Finally, the website leads viewers to ways to

stop alcohol addiction and how to get treatment.

Minimum Legal Drinking Age in Other Countries - Drinking Age - ProCon.org. (n.d.). Retrieved

from https://drinkingage.procon.org/minimum-legal-drinking-age-in-other-countries/
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“Of the 190 countries, 61% have a drinking age of 18 or 19 years old. The United States and 11

other countries have an MLDA of 21 years old, the highest MLDA of all the countries where it is

legal to drink” (Minimum Legal Drinking Age in Other Countries).

“The charts below contain the Minimum Legal Drinking Ages (MLDAs) and related data for 190

independent states recognized by the US State Department as of July 15, 2015” (Minimum Legal

Drinking Age in Other Countries).

This article is based off of a map and a chart of the world. It displays 190 countries, and

then divides them up by the minimum legal drinking age or MLDA. The most populated

age group is in the 18-19 range with 116 countries. The United States falls in the 21 and up

range with only 11 other countries. For example, in Finland their law includes an

off-premise age minimum is 18 for beer and wine/20 for spirits, while alcohol is completely

banned in Yemen.

Boyas, J. F., & Marsiglia, F. F. (2019). Alcohol Use among Latinx Early Adolescents: Exploring

the Role of the Family. ​Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education​, ​63​(2), 35–58.

“Parental monitoring practices would be significantly associated with adolescent alcohol use.

The findings suggest that youth who perceived that their parents do not allow them to do what

they wanted was significantly associated with lowered alcohol use” (Boyas 2019).

“Support was also found for the hypothesis that being offered a drink by a family member

significantly impacts a youth’s refusal skills. Specifically, being offered alcohol by a family
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member significantly reduces a youth’s ability to refuse, which increases their likelihood of

alcohol use” (Boyas 2019).

This article was based off of a research test that wanted to know if cultural background

and family experiences played a role in the use of alcohol in teens. Boyas found evidence

that supported his claim; more parental guidance can reduce alcohol consumption. Some

teens have turned to alcohol for a coping mechanism because that’s the same tendencies

they see in their parents.

McCartt, A. T., Hellinga, L. A., & Kirley, B. B. (2010, April). The effects of minimum legal

drinking age 21 laws on alcohol-related driving in the United States. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20497803

“Surveys tracking alcohol consumption among high school students and young adults found that

drinking declined since the late 1970 s, and most of the decline occurred by the early 1990’s”

(McCartt 2010).

“Recent efforts to lower MLDAs to 18 and issue licenses to drink upon completion of alcohol

education have gained local and national media attention. There is no evidence that alcohol

education can even partially replace the effect of MLDA-21” (McCartt 2010).

There is no sure evidence that lowering the age will reduce car accidents in today’s society.

If anything, this could increase risk on the roads, as well as long term health side effects.

McCartt says that keeping the MLDA at 21 will reduce problematic drinking issues. This

topic has been gaining a lot of state and national news due to the severity of it.
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Hill, D. S., & Rutgers, T.S.U.P.N.C. of A. S. (1991). ​Facts on College Alcohol Education

Programming. Clearinghouse Fact Sheet.​

“Despite increases in the minimum legal drinking age, national studies show that 82 to 92

percent of college students consume alcohol, with about 20 percent considered as heavy drinkers.

Students who drink may have particular needs for focused education or intervention, but all

students can benefit from education regarding the full range of alcohol usage” (Hill 1991).

“An initial step in alcohol education is to establish a task force or committee which will assess

the needs of the target population and explore areas such as funding sources, staffing, and goals.

Also important is an institutional policy on alcohol use” (Hill 1991).

Hill discusses the importance of alcohol education for the youth. Although there has been a

decrease in alcohol consumption, there should be courses or interventions to help benefit

the students. Hill explains how a college campus should set up their education system for

this particular “course.” Even though this may cost money to provide the education, it is an

investment into students' lives, and is very important for their future.

CDC - Fact Sheets-Minimum Legal Drinking Age - Alcohol. (2018, August 3). Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/minimum-legal-drinking-age.htm

“Excessive drinking contributes to more than 4,300 deaths among people below the age of 21 in

the U.S. each year” (CDC 2018).

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“More than 90% of the alcohol consumed by those under age 21 is consumed by binge drinkers

(defined as 5 or more drinks per occasion for boys; 4 or more drinks per occasion for girls)”

(CDC 2018).

The CDC released a fact sheet that displayed the statistics about alcohol related incidents.

Most included driving, suicide, and sexual encounters. This gave many reasons to keep the

alcohol drinking age at 21 years old. The article also talked about the concerns of liquor

stores not enforcing the 21 year old policy.