PROCEEDINGS, 8th ITB International Geothermal Workshop 2019
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, March 20–21, 2019
FLUID CHARACTERISTIC AND STRUCTURE CONTROL OF GEOTHERMAL
MANIFESTATION APPEARANCE IN TANGKUBAN PARAHU GEOTHERMAL FIELD,
WEST JAVA
Muhammad Dzulfikar Faruqi 1*, Istifari Husna Rekinagara1, Anggit Chandra Prasetyo1, D.F. Yudiantoro1
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Geological Engineering Department UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
Jl. SWK 104 Lingkar Utara, Yogyakarta, 55283
e-mail: dzulfikarfrq@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Mount Tangkuban Parahu has a geothermal
prospect that needs to be developed. Mount
Tangkuban Parahu is located at the north of
Bandung, West Java. Geothermal potential of
Mount Tangkuban Parahu was indicated by the
appearance of geothermal manifestation such as
fumarole, hot spring, and altered rock. This
research aim to know the relation between structure
lineament and the appearance of geothermal
manifestation around Mount Tangkuban Parahu,
and also to know about the fluid characteristic of
Tangkuban Parahu geothermal system. This
research used structure lineament analysis, fault-
fracture density method and geochemical analysis
of fumarole and hot springs. Based on structure
lineament analysis, the major lineament has an
orientation of North East – South West (NE – SW)
and there is also a radial pattern of a structure
called caldera structure around the Mount
Tangkuban Parahu body. And based on the fault-
fracture density method, the high-density value has
a good correlation with lineament analysis with the
value of 1,92 – 4,51 km/km2. On the other hand,
the fluid characteristic of Tangkuban Parahu
geothermal field is immature water based on Na-K-
Mg ternary diagram. Based on SO4-HCO3-Cl
diagram, the most of hot spring sample is located
on peripheral water and the sample of Domas
Crater fumarole fluid is located on SO4 path which
is volcanic and steam heated water. Therefore, the
fluid characteristic of Tangkuban Parahu
geothermal field related to the groundwater system
and the fluid of Domas crater was related to a
volcanic and steam heated activity. From all the
result above, we can get a conclusion that structure
lineaments have a good correlation with the
appearance of geothermal manifestation around
Mount Tangkuban Parahu, or it can be said that the
structure controlled the appearance of geothermal
manifestation.
Keywords: FFD, geochemistry, geothermal
manifestation , lineament structure, Mount
Tangkuban Parahu,.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has abundant geothermal potential as its
location lies on ring of fire. Kamojang, as the first
success geothermal power plant Indonesia located
in West Java, had produced 30 Mwe that makes
West Java become a “pioneer” for geothermal
development in Indonesia. According to Fadillah
et. Al., (2013), West Java become the biggest
province that had geothermal potential with 6.101
MW or baout 22% from 29 GW geothermal
potential in Indonesia.
Tangkuban Parahu is one of the active volcanoes
in West Java, Indonesia with elevation of 2,084
meters (a.s.l.). It has twelve craters: Pangguyungan
Badak, Oldest Upas, Younger Upas, Youngest
Upas, Oldest Ratu, Younger Ratu, Youngest Ratu,
Ecoma, Baru, Djoerig, Domas, and Siluman
(Nasution et al., 2004). Geothermal potential can
be indicated by the appearance of geothermal
manifestation such as fumarole, hot spring, and
altered rock. In addition, geological and
geochemical data also become the important thing
to analyse the geothermal potential. The structural
geology on the area usually controls the appearance
of geothermal manifestation. We use Fault and
Fracture Density (FFD) method to determine the
relation between structure and geothermal potential
that indicated by surface manifestation based on
lineament density. This lineament ia assumed as
weak zone that associated with fault or fracture that
bocems a pathway of fluid to move from a
reservoir until it appears on the surface as a
manifestation.
In this area, there are some geothermal
manifestations such as hot springs, fumaroles, and
solfatara. Fluid geochemistry is an important
method because it can analyse and determine the
type and characteristics of fluids, predict reservoir
temperature, and sub-surface hydro-geochemical
conceptual model.
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This research aim to know the relation between
structure lineament and the appearance of
geothermal manifestation around Mount
Tangkuban Parahu and also to know about the fluid
characteristic of Tangkuban Parahu geothermal
system.
METHOD
Faullt and Fracture Density (FFD)
Image analysis can be applied in determining the
prospect area of geothermal energy, the method
used in this study is the Fault and Fracture Density
(FFD). Lineaments density from satellite imagery
can show areas that have geothermal potential in
Mount Tangkuban Parahu. Fault and Fracture
Density (FFD) method is carried out by delineating
lineaments in the image using the Geomatica
application. The lineaments are most likely a
geological structure (fault and fracture) and
morphological lineaments. After delineating
lineaments then a smooth process and Kriging was
performed using Arc Gis to produce an FFD map.
The image used in this method is ALOAlos Palsar
which is sourced from the Alaska Satellite Facility.
Geochemistry Water Samples
Hot spring geochemistry analysis is important to be
done. The hot spring water samples mostly
collected from around Mount Tangkuban Parahu.
Then we analyze the hot spring water samples to
determine the fluid characteristic and its reservoir
estimation temperature.
Figure 1: Research flow diagram.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Tangkuban Parahu located on 30 km north of the
city of Bandung, the provincial capital of West
Java, Indonesia. Geographical position of
Tangkuban Parahu is located on Latitude 6° 46′ 12″
S and Longitude 107° 36′ 0″ E.
Tangkuban Parahu is a volcano that formed in the
youngest phase of Sunda - Tangkuban Parahu
volcanic system which has a long and complex
geological history. According to Soetoyo and
Hadisantono (1992), Tangkuban Parahu volcanic
rocks divided into 7 (seven) volcanic unit groups,
from old to young, namely Tertiary Volcano,
Sunda Pre-Volcano, Sunda Volcano, Kandangsapi
Volcano, Dano Volcano, Bukittunggul Cone Group
- Manglayang, and Tangkuban Parahu Volcano. In
addition, there are fluvial rocks and lake deposits as
non-volcanic rock deposits. Volcanic rocks that are
estimated to be Tertiary age are exposed on the
south-western lower slope and the northeast middle
slope forms the morphology of hill ridges,
therefore it is not covered by younger volcanic
deposits.
Figure 2: Research Location Index Map (Google
Earth)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Direction of Structural Lineaments
The major lineament and ring structures identified
based on satellite photographs can be used as
evidence of the Tangkuban Parahu geological
structure complex. Based on the structure
lineament analysis, it has orientation of North East
– South West (NE – SW) and there is a radial
pattern of structure called caldera structure around
the Mount Tangkuban Parahu body (Fig. 3). The
structure of the caldera is clearly visible in the
central area of Tangkuban Parahu which shows a
large volcanic activity with extensive area. In the
southern part of Tangkuban Parahu, there is a
lineament of west - east (W – E) direction structure
which is the Lembang Fault. There is also a
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structure with an orientation of northeast -
southwest which is characterized by a row of
valleys and heat release in the Ciater region and
minor structures in the northern part indicated by a
row of small hills and distribution of hot spring
manifestations. This lineaments data is used to
make FFD maps.
Figure 3: Lineaments Map Tangkuban Parahu
Mountain based on Alos Palsar Image.
Association of Fault and Fracture Density with
The Geothermal Manifestation
FFD Map used to predict the recharge area. In
geothermal systems, geothermal fluid will flow up
through the permeable zone which generally comes
from the geological structure so that the greater
level of structural density, the greater the level of
permeability (Yuda et al, 2014). Therefore, the area
with the highest structural density is assumed to be
the recharge area that has the good permeability.
The biggest FFD value of more than 1.92 km / km2
are in several areas (Fig. 4). The high permeability
zone is located around a volcanic complex.
The Tangkuban Parahu geothermal manifestation is
located around a volcanic complex. This
distribution is found in three areas, they are Central
Tangkuban Parahu, North of Tangkuban Parahu,
and South of Tangkuban Parahu area. Most
manifestations are located at a high density value
so it can be concluded that geothermal
manifestations in the Tangkuban Parahu area are
controlled by regional structures.This is consistent
with the geological structure that functions as a
migration pathway. The heat produced by magma
can pass through volcanic complex and show heat
control of geothermal distribution in the area.
Geothermal manifestations in the Center of
Tangkuban Parahu such as Domas Crater and Ratu
Crater are fumaroles. This is related to the structure
of an active volcano or caldera structure that
develops due to the activity of volcanism in that
area. Lembang Fault Structure located in the
southern part of Tangkuban Parahu. This fault
clearly controls geothermal manifestations in the
Maribaya, Kancah and Cimanggu areas. This fault
may be related to tectonic compression from the
south of Java for some time now. The
manifestations in the northern part are related to the
minor structure which is shown by the distribution
of small hills and fracture complexes in the areas of
Batugede, Batukapur and Ciracas, besides that
there are also manifestations in the Ciater area
caused by fault that direction northeast – southwest
(NE – SW). The Ciater hot spring are probably
associated with this fault.
The Geothermal manifestations on Tangkuban
Parahu appear on the surface due to high fault and
fracture intensity. This can be evidenced by the
discovery of manifestations which are in the
lineaments zone structure.
Figure 4: Fault and Fracture Density (FFD) Map
Tangkuban Parahu Mountain.
Fluid Characteristic
Based on the geochemical analysis, we do the
calculation using both of water data. Water element
chemicals data we input on the worksheet on
Powell Water Ms. Excel are Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg,
SiO2, B, Cl, F, SO4, HCO3, NH4, As, and Fe. From
our calculating on water chemical data, we can get
some diagrams to analyze the fluid characteristic
and reservoir temperature.
Table 1: Hot spring geochemistry calculation.
Geochemistry data was got from
Nasution (2004).
From SiO2, log (K2/Mg) Graphic (Fig.5), we can
see that data from spring 3, 4, 6, and 8 are
classified as immature water. It means that this
fluid is from volcanic fluid and shallow
groundwater that influenced by volcanic gases like
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H2S and SO4. From chemical data above, spring
number 2, 4, 5 contain of limestone. It can be
interpreted there is bicarbonate water that come
from shallow groundwater and affected by volcanic
gases that contains much of CO2 and it will be react
with H2O.
Giggenbach’s triangular diagram classify the fluid
in terms of mature water (chloride), steam-heated
water (acid-sulphate), peripheral water
(bicarbonate), and volcanic water (acid chloride-
sulphate) based on major anions on the fluid.
Figure 5: SiO2, log (K2/Mg) Graphic.
From the Na – K – Mg diagram (Fig.6), we can see
that springs 2, 3, 4, and 5 are classified as immature
water. It means that this fluid is from volcanic fluid
and shallow groundwater that influenced by
volcanic gases like H2S and SO4. Therefore, springs
number 6, 7b, and 8 are classified on partial
equilibration. It means that the fluids are affected
by groundwater.
Figure 6: Na-K-Mg Diagram
Based on Cl – SO4 – HCO3 (Fig. 7) we can see that
springs 4a and 4b are classified on SO4 (steam
heated water). It means that this fluid characteristic
on springs 4a and 4b contains rich of SO4, that
coming from volcanic fluid and shallow
groundwater that influenced by volcanic gases like
SO4. This gas will flow to vadose zone (above
water flow surface), therefore it becomes steam
heated water type. Spring 5 and 7a classified to
mature water, it contains rich Cl. Because when the
groundwater flowing up and contact by wall rock,
probably rich of feldspar. And the last is springs 1,
2, 6, 7b, and 8 is classified as peripheral water. It
contains rich of HCO3, can be interpreted that the
fluid type is bicarbonate water. It comes from
shallow groundwater and affected by volcanic
gases that contains much of CO 2 and it will be react
with H2O.
Figure 7: Cl-SO4-HCO3 Diagram
Based on Cl – Li – B Figure 8, we can conclude
that most of fluid from springs are contains of rich
Cl. From our interpretation, when the groundwater
flowing up and contact by wall rock, probably rich
of feldspar. Spring 2b and 4b contains of rich Li.
Springs 4a contains of rich B, so it can be
interpreted that this fluid is coming from source
that close to the reservoir or heat source.
Figure 8: Cl-Li-B Diagram
Based on the piper diagram Figure 9, most of the
fluid type of 15 chemical data are classified Na + K
and HCO3. Therefore, this geothermal field consist
of bicarbonate water that coming from groundwater
and influenced by volatile gas from magmatic with
rich of CO2.
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Figure 9: Piper Diagram
Reservoir Temperature Estimation
We got the result calculation of 15 data of spring
chemical data from many parameters (Table 2),
therefore the temperature is variant. Meanwhile, we
take 4 parameters to make conclusions of
geothermometer we got. They are Na/ K
Giggenbach (1988), K/ Mg Giggenbach (1986),
Na/ K Fournier (1979), and Na – K – Ca. The
estimation reservoir temperature is 3230C, 890C,
3190C, 1530C.
Based on Hochstein Classification (1990),
temperature 3230C and 3190C are classified as high
enthalpy. It is located on the closest zone with
reservoir. Intermediate enthalphy showed by 1530C
and low enthalphy is 890C. This low enthalpy is
located on surface manifestation that far from
reservoir.
Table 2: Calculation of Reservoir Temperature
Estimation
CONCLUSION
The Tangkuban Parahu geothermal manifestation is
located around a volcanic complex. This
distribution is founded in three areas, they are
Central Tangkuban Parahu, North of Tangkuban
Parahu, and South of Tangkuban Parahu area.
The Geothermal manifestations on Tangkuban
Parahu is appeared on the surface due to the high
intensity of fault and fracture. This can be
evidenced by the discovery of manifestations
which are in the lineaments zone structure.
Fluid characteristic of Tangkuban Parahu
geothermal field is immature water based on Na-
K-Mg ternary diagram. And based on SO4-HCO3-
Cl diagram, most of hot spring sample located on
peripheral water, and the sample of Domas Crater
fumarole fluid located on SO4 path which are
volcanic and steam heated water. It can be
concluded that the fluid characteristic of
Tangkuban Parahu geothermal field related to
groundwater system and the fluid of Domas crater
was related to volcanic and steam heated activity.
Tangkuban Parahu geothermal field is classified as
high enthalpy (3190C - 3230C) (Hochstein, 1990).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to Nasution (2004). From his
geothermal manifestation data in Mount
Tangkuban Parahu, we can learn and study about
the geochemistry and fluid characteristic of this
field. And also special thanks to our lecturer, Mr.
Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro and PANGEA 2015 who
always give support and motivation
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