• Electrostatic energy: 0

Welec   d
2
E
2
• Likewise magnetostatic energy can be shown to be:
1
Wmag   d
2
B
20
 Total energy stored/vol in an em field:
1 1 2
u    0 E 
2
B 
2 0 
Let us consider a charge configuration having charge q that produces E, and B at a time t

Let us assume that

• q moves around through a distance ds in time dt with a velocity v
 work done according to Lorentz’s force law by the em forces on the moving charge :
          
   
F . ds  q E  v  B . v dt  qE. v d t  q v  B . v dt
 Work done/time:
 d s      
F.
dt
 
 q E  v  B . v  qE. v

We know that q =  d and J =  v

(mobile) vol charge density

In a vol V, rate of work done on all charges

 
dW
 
  E . J d
dt V
Now E . J ?
Work done/time/vol  power delivered/vol
Consider the product rule
        
   
. E  B  B.   E  E .   B 
 
    B           B
 
  . E  B  B .
t
 E.  B     
 E .   B   . E  B  B .t
From Maxwell-Ampere law by taking dot product with E and dividing all through by 0:
 
     1     E
  B  0 J  0  0
E
 E. J 
0

E .   B  0E . 
t
t

1      B 
 
  . E  B  B . 
0  t 
We can write  
 B 1  2  E 1  2
B. 
t 2 t
B ; E.  
t 2 t
E  
  
  1
E. J 
0
 
  
 . E  B 
1

0

B.
B
t

 0E .
E
t
 
We had dW
 
  E . J d
dt V
      
   
 
Applying divergence theorem to the vector E  B  v :  . E  B   . v d   v . d a
V
S
We get
 
 
dW 1   1 1 2
 E  B . d a     0 E 
2
B  A 
dt 0 S
t V 2  0 
Surface bounding the vol V

Work-energy theorem in electrodynamics and is called Poynting’s theorem:

Work done/time on the charges by the electromagnetic force is equal to the decrease in energy
remaining in the fields, less the energy that flowed out through the surface
Energy/time/area transported by the fields is known as Poynting vector:
 1  
S EB
0
 
Energy flux density
 
S . d a ? Energy/time crossing the infinitesimal surface da
Again from Eq. (A) in the last page

dW d  
   u d    S .d a
dt dt
 
  
 . S d
If = 0 u  
 In empty space    . S
t

This is continuity eq for energy representing conservation of em energy

        i  t  k . r 
It can be shown that  k E  H k E r , t   E 0 e
H and E  i  t  k x x  k y y  k z z 
   E0 e
 k, E, H are mutually perpendicular to each other    E y Ez 
 E x     
For a plane wave with E along x direction & propagation along z
  z y 
E  x̂ E0 cos  t  k z    i  H x

 i k y E 0 z  k z E 0 y e 
 
 H along y direction i  t k . r 
 k
 H  ŷ H 0 cos  t  k z   ŷ E0 cos  t  k z   
  k E x
 
 

  Hx 
i k E x  
  k i 
     
  

k E x  

called “intrinsic impedance” of the medium Likewise Hy,z can be obtained
Thus   
S  E  H will be

 k
 S E02 cos 2  t  k z  ẑ


will be along the z the direction

   
 S  EH
k
 ẑ E02 cos 2  t  k z 

EM energy flows along z direction and an amount of energy
k
E02 cos 2  t  k z 

crosses a unit area perpendicular to the z axis per unit time
For em wave at optical frequencies
   1015 sec-1
cos2 term fluctuates with extreme rapidity and any detector will detect only its time average value
 T
1
cos  t  k z   Lt (T  )
2
  t  k z  d t
cos 2

2T T

 ...   time average

cos2 t

cos t
Total energy stored/vol in em fields was shown to be
1 1 2
u    0 E 
2
B 
2 0 
For a plane wave with E along x direction

E  x̂ E0 cos  t  k z   E y  E z  0

B  ŷ B0 cos  t  k z   Bx  Bz  0

1 1 2
 u   0 E0 cos  t  k z  
2 2
B0 cos 2  t  k z 
2 20
Recollect
k
H0  E0 k 1
 0   0 H 0  E0  E0
 c 
 k 1
  0 H 0  E0  E0   0  0 E0
 c
= B0

B02  0 E02
   Electric and magnetic energy densities are equal!
20 2

1 1 2
 u   0 E0 cos  t  k z  
2 2
B0 cos 2  t  k z 
2 20

1
  u    0 E  cos  t  k z     0 E02
2
0
2

2
Intensity  energy crossing per unit area per unit time
 u  v  Energy/vol x distance/time V N

vel of the wave m C
1 4  C m  2
2
C 2  N . m
2

 I   0 E0 c  0.5  8.854  3 10 

2
E
2  0 2
2  N.m s  V
3 x 10 8 m/s
8.854 x 10-12 C2 /N.m2  N.m 2
W. s W
2 
 2 
N.m.s.V s.V V2
 I  (1.33 10 3 W/V 2 ) E02
Thus for a 100 W bulb, I at a distance of 10 m:
100 1
 2  7.96 10  2 W/m 2 ; 4  steradien: total solid angle over
4  10 which light is emitted by such a bulb

 7.96 10 2 
E0   3 
V/m  7.74 V/m
 1.33 10 
 In contrast for a laser beam of 105 W,

Area at the focused (by a lens) spot  10 10 m2

105
 Power per unit area: I  10  1015 W/m 2
10
I
= (1.33 x 10 -3 W/ V2 ) (E0)2
1
 10 15
 2
 E0   3 
 0.87 109 V/m
1.33 10 

Extremely high !!

Such high field is comparable to inter-atomic force which hold the atoms together in a molecule