1.

Introduction

1.1 Overview

 Originally published in 1973 under the authority of §311 of the Clean

Water Act, the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation sets forth
requirements for prevention of, preparedness for, and response to oil
discharges at specific non-transportation-related facilities.
 To prevent oil from reaching navigable waters and adjoining
shorelines, and to contain discharges of oil, the regulation requires
these facilities to develop and implement Spill Prevention, Control,
and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plans and establishes procedures,
methods, and equipment requirements.

MARPOL contains 6 annexes, concerned with preventing different forms of

marine pollution from ships:
 Annex I – Oil
 Annex II - Noxious Liquid Substances carried in Bulk
 Annex III - Harmful Substances carried in Packaged Form
 Annex IV – Sewage
 Annex V – Garbage
 Annex VI - Air Pollution

 In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act amended the Clean Water Act to
require some oil storage facilities to prepare Facility Response Plans.
On July 1, 1994, EPA finalized the revisions that direct facility owners
or operators to prepare and submit plans for responding to a worst-
case discharge of oil, and finalized the amendments in 2002.

1.2 Reporting Incident

 MARPOL 73/78 is one of the most important international marine

environmental conventions. It was designed to minimize pollution of
the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. Its stated
object is: to preserve the marine environment through the complete
elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the
minimization of accidental discharge of such substances.
 The requirements for reporting pollution or potential pollution
incidents as contained in MARPOL.

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  Details of who to report such incidents to, are provided in Shipboard
Oil Pollution Emergency Plans (SOPEP).
 Relevant contact points are provided in the notice on reporting
MARPOL incidents
 For ships in a port at the time of an incident, or probable/potential
incident, notification should also be made to the local authorities
 This will ensure compliance with Commonwealth/State/Territory
legislation obligations and that the relevant local contingency plan is
activated in a timely manner.

Purpose of Reporting
 The purpose of the MARPOL reporting obligations is to enable the
Maritime Safety Authority and other responsible agencies to be
informed quickly and accurately about actual or potential cargo losses
or accidental spillages. This will enable any necessary response
actions or assistance to be initiated promptly.
 These reports are to be submitted in the standard format adopted by
IMO for this purpose
 It should be noted that the reporting format for Oil or Noxious Liquid
Substances (NLS) is different to that for packaged dangerous goods.

When is MARPOL Incident reporting required?

 A comprehensive requirements for a report in the required format to
be made to the nearest coastal , without delay, when an incident
involves:
 A discharge above the permitted level or probable discharge of oil or
of noxious liquid substances for whatever reason including those for
the purpose of securing the safety of the ship or for saving life at
sea.
 A discharge or probable discharge of harmful substances (see note)
in packaged form, including those in freight containers, portable
tanks, road and rail vehicles and shipborne barges.
 A discharge during the operation of the ship of oil or noxious liquid
substances in excess of the quantity or instantaneous rate permitted
under the present Convention.
 Damage, failure or breakdown of a ship of 15 metres in length or
above which:
– affects the safety of the ship; including but not limited to
collision, grounding, fire, explosion, structural failure, flooding
and cargo shifting; or
– results in impairment of the safety of navigation; including but
not limited to, failure or breakdown of steering gear, propulsion

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 plant, electrical generating system, and essential shipborne
navigational aids; or

Who is responsible for MARPOL reporting?

 The master or other person having charge of any ship involved in an
incident is required to make the report. If this cannot be done, then
the owner, charterer, manager or operator of the ship, or their agent
is responsible for making the report.
 All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are
subject to its requirements, regardless of where they sail and
member nations (as of 31 December 2005, 136 countries,
representing 98% of the world's shipping tonnage), are responsible
for vessels registered under their respective nationalities.

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2. MARPOL Annex I - Prevention of Pollution by Oil

2.1 Principles of Environmental Protection

Arguments between:

 Principles – are propositions that describe rights, and are goals which
shall be reached as far as possible invoked to solve a problem of rule,
with a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment which is balanced and sustainable development. In sum,
the objectives apparently adopt a double approach: Environmental
Protection and Sustainability.
 Policies – are propositions that describe goals.
 The protection of the world's oceans from pollution is an
environmental dilemma of immense international concern and
overwhelming complexity. Marine ecosystems, while able to
assimilate large amounts of contamination, are nonetheless fragile
and extremely dynamic. Recent highly publicized events and disasters
such as the Exxon Valdez tragedy have brought the realization that
the marine environment is not a "black hole" into which contaminants
disappear forever.
 Humans often fail to realize the awesome power and limitless value
that the sea holds. Indeed, the world's oceans produce seventy to
eighty percent of the planet's oxygen and house almost eighty
percent of all animal and plant life.

2.2 Oil Pollutants

 Marine contamination originates from many sources, including the

atmosphere, land-based sources, materials dumped at sea ("ocean
dumping"), and the means which serves as the focus of this
Comment: pollution from ships, or "vessel-source pollution".
 Main anthropogenic flows of oil pollution into the marine environment
come from land-based sources (refineries, municipal wastes, river
runoff, and so on) and transportation activity (tanker oil
transportation and shipping).

6 (six) types of pollution, namely:

 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Noise pollution

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  Land pollution
 Radioactive pollution
 Thermal pollution

Air Pollution is indication of disturbances to the composition of

compounds in the atmosphere, summarized as:
 Excess emission of gases/vapors into atmosphere
 Saturation of chemical compounds/particulates
 Rate of dissipation < (smaller than) rate of absorption through
various cycles (i.e. carbon and nitrogen cycle)
 Emergence of new chemical reactions of reactive and non-
biodegradable compounds.

Oil Pollutants
 Some effects of air pollution.
 Global warming
 Acid rain
 Smog and
 Ozone depletion

Major sources that lead to air pollution:

 Motor vehicle exhaust
 Heat and power generation facilities
 Industrial processes
 Auto manufacturing
 Fertilizers plants
 Building demolition
 Solid waste disposal
 Solvent evaporation
 Volcanic eruption
 Fuel production
 Roadway construction
 Electrical components manufacturing
 Extraction of metals

Water pollution
 Liquid pollution occurs in the oceans, lakes, streams, rivers,
underground water and bays, in short liquid-containing areas. It
involves the release of toxic substances, pathogenic germs,
substances that require much oxygen to decompose, easy-soluble
substances, radioactivity, etc. That become deposited upon the
bottom and their accumulations will interfere with the condition of

5
 aquatic ecosystems. For example, the eutrophication: lack of oxygen
in a water body caused by excessive algae growths.

Major sources that lead to water pollution

 Petroleum products
 Synthetic agricultural chemicals
 Heavy metals
 Hazardous wastes
 Excess organic matter
 Sediment
 Infectious organisms
 Air pollution
 Thermal pollution
 Soil pollution

Soil pollution or land pollution involves the following mechanism:

 Deposition of solid waste
 Accumulation of non-biodegradable materials
 Toxification of chemicals into poisons
 Alteration of soil chemical composition (imbalance of chemical
equilibrium to soil medium)
 By as much, land pollution of this (has amass globally), everyday
threatening the very foundation and mechanical support of every
matter on earth.

Major sources that lead to land pollution

 Agriculture
 Mining and quarrying
 Sewage sludge
 Dredged spoils
 Household
 Demolitions and constructions
 Industrial

 This particular pollution is ever increasing with due to the rise in the
utilization of heavy duty machineries of industrial facilities and
vehicles, synonymous to the increase in the standard of living in most
countries. We make sounds practically every seconds of our day, but
to the extend it has reached an unfavorable high intensity which had
cause many disturbances and irritation to others.

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Major sources that lead to noise pollution
 road traffic noise
 air traffic
 rail traffic
 neighborhood and domestic noise
 incompatible land use
 industrial noises

 Despite the advantage of nuclear as a clean energy, the big concern

is the waste resulted from nuclear reaction, which is a form of
pollution, called radioactivity. Radioactivity is a form of radiation (an
energy that travels through space). Some elements in this world are
naturally radioactive while some others are made to be. Radioactivity
is emitted when a radioactive element become unstable and begin to
decay. When an element decays, it emits energy and small particles.

There are commonly three types of radiation, namely:

 Alpha particles, can be blocked by a piece of paper and human skin.
 Beta particles can penetrate through skin, while can be blocked by
some pieces of glass and metal.
 Gamma rays can penetrate easily to human skin and damage cells on
its way through, reaching far, and can only be blocked by a very
thick, strong, massive piece of concrete.

Major sources that lead to radioactive pollution

 nuclear power plants
 nuclear weapon
 transportation
 disposal of nuclear waste
 uranium mining

 Thermal Pollution – This has become an increasing and the most

current pollution, owing to the increasing call of globalization
everywhere. Heat produced from industries is a major contribution to
the pollution, much to the operation of the heavy industries which
produces high amount of heat energy. In view of the pollution, global
temperature had increased significantly.

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Major sources that lead to thermal pollution :
 power plants creating electricity from fossil fuel
 water as a cooling agent in industrial facilities
 deforestation of the shoreline
 soil erosion

2.3 Preventing Oil Pollution

 To reduce future hydrocarbon discharges and impacts to

environment will require reducing the likelihood of catastrophic spills,
improving the cleanup effectiveness and response time when spills do
occur, and reducing chronic hydrocarbon release, like those
associated with stormwater discharges and vessel operation with
improved navigation aids and tracking.
 Important physical and chemical properties of oils that will affect the
behaviour and effects of oil in water and aquatic environments are its
surface tension, specific gravity, and viscosity. The composition and
characteristics of an oil, together with a number of circumstances
relating to the time and place of the spill, the amounts of oil, weather
conditions etc. will determine how persistent the oil will be, how it
will spread, whether it will evaporate or sink, etc
 From an oil spill response point of view, crude oils can be classified
on a scale from light, volatile oils, over non-sticky oils to heavy, sticky
oils and non-fluid oils.
 Similarly, refined products can be classified from lightweight gasoline
and kerosene over lightweight and medium-weight fuel oils to
medium-weight and heavyweight fuel oils/bunker oils.
 Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine
environmental conventions. It was designed to minimize pollution of
the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. Its stated to
preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of
pollution by oil and other harmful substances and to minimize
accidental discharge of such substances.

2.4 Oil Prevention Equipment

 Bilge water is an almost unavoidable product in ship operations. Bilge

water that is generated in proximity to shipboard equipment (such as
in the engine room) often contains oil and its direct discharge would
result in undesirable transfer of waste oil to the marine environment.
By international agreement under the MARPOL convention, most
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 commercial vessels need to be fitted with an oily water separator to
remove oil contaminants before bilge water is pumped overboard.
 Oily water separator equipment has been a shipboard requirement
since the 1970s but recently it has become evident that oily water
separators have not been as effective as it should, mainly because of
improper operation of this equipment by crewmembers (sometimes
called the magic pipe).

Oil Water Separator and Filtering Unit

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Anti-Pollution Equipment
1 Oil spill kit
2 Spill boom
3 SOPEP equipment

 the procedure to be followed by the master or other persons having

charge of the vessel to report an oil pollution incident;
 a list of authorities and other persons to be contacted in the event of
an oil pollution incident;
 a detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by
shipboard personnel to reduce or control the discharge of oil;
 the procedures and point of contact on board for coordinating
shipboard activities with national and local authorities in combating
the pollution.
 training, drill and plan review procedures;
 ship specific information.
 Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships [MARPOL] - which applies in most maritime nations, all
vessels over 400 gross tons and all tankers over 150 gross tons must
have on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan – [SOPEP] -
as approved by the vessel’s flag state administration.

2.5 Oil Disposal

 Oil is an incredibly useful substance, which is why it is found

throughout the industrial world. It is also a very destructive
substance when allowed to enter ecosystems through improper
disposal. Most oil can be recycled, keeping it out of the waste stream
altogether. Oil that cannot be recycled must be disposed of in an
environmentally responsible manner in order to minimize its harmful
effects.

Waste oil regulations are set forth in guidelines designed by the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 "used" oil – can be re-refined to elongate its lifespan.
 "waste" oil – is a product that is known to contain more than the
limiting threshold of any of the hazardous wastes containing high
concentrations of chemicals.

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Action to take before any waste be disposed
 Comply with EPA standard and regulations
 In accordance with the state regulation
 The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class,
whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to
reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different
methods.

Methods of disposal
 Landfill – A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a
hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste
materials.
 Incineration – high temperature waste treatment systems are
sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert
waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.
 Energy recovery – harnessed directly by using them as a direct
combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of
fuel.
 Resource Recovery – source separation and collection followed by
reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and
compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste.
 Avoidance and reduction methods – Methods of avoidance
include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items
instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable.

Waste management concepts

 Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce,
reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.
 Polluter Pays Principle – is a principle where the polluting party pays
for the impact caused to the environment.

Waste hierarchy
 Prevention
 Minimization
 Re-use
 Recycling
 Energy recovery
 disposal

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Oil Pollution Act of 1990
 was passed by the 101st United States Congress, and signed by
President George H. W. Bush, to mitigate and prevent civil liability for
future oil spills off the coast of the United States.
 The law stated that companies must have a "plan to prevent spills
that may occur" and have a "detailed containment and cleanup plan"
for oil spills.

Oil Prevention Drills

Principal aims of SOPEP

 Is a requirements in accordance with the regulation of Annex I of
ICPP from ships 1973 as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating
thereto MARPOL 73/78.
 The purpose of this plan is to provide guidance to theMaster and
Officers onboard vessel with respect to the steps to be taken when a
pollution incidents occured or is likely to occur.
 Its primarypurpose is to set in motion the necessary actions to stop
or minimize the discharge and to mitigate its effects.
 SOPEP is to providedto assist personnel in dealing with an
unexpected discharge of oil.
 Effective planning that ensure the necessary actions are taken in a
structured, logical, safe and timely manner.

Regulation 37 - Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan

 Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above and every ship
other than an oil tanker of 400 gross tonnage and above shall carry
on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan approved by the
Administration.
 Such a plan shall be prepared based on guidelines.
 A plan may be combined with the shipboard marine pollution
emergency plan for noxious liquid substances required under
regulation 17 of Annex II of the present Convention.
 All oil tankers of 5,000 tonnes deadweight or more shall have prompt
access to computerized shore-based damage stability and residual
structural strength calculation programs.
 The goal is to prevent any spills from occurring. Utilizes rigorous
maintenance and work practices, safety-conscious design, job-
specific training, and detailed incident investigation procedures to
minimize the risk of an oil spill.
 In the unlikely event that an accidental release should occur, an
strategic response plans in place and personnel dedicated to
emergency response
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  Prevention and remediation to ensure that any release is quickly
addressed and mitigated.

Oil Record Book

 All Cargo vessels where MARPOL Convention is applicable must have
an oil record book, where the chief engineer will record all oil or
sludge transfers and discharges within the vessel. This is necessary in
order for authorities to be able to monitor if a vessel's crew has
performed any illegal oil discharges at sea.

How to use the record book

 In every entry – Chief Engineer must record tank number, location,
type of oil, description of operation, and quantity. For every
operation a combined numerical and letter coding is applied.

Forms and Documentation

 General Arrangement Plan
 Tank Plan
 Fuel Oil Piping Diagram
 Training and drill procedures
 Plan review procedures
 Record keeping procedures

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3. MARPOL Annex II - Control of Pollution by Noxious
Liquid Substances in Bulk

Noxious Liquid Substance in Bulk

 Annex II contains requirements applicable to ships carrying noxious

liquid substances (NLS) in bulk. These requirements deal with
categorizing NLS; discharging of NLS residues or mixtures; pumping,
piping and unloading arrangements; reception facilities; unloading
procedures, including efficient stripping and tank washing; cargo
record book; surveys.
 International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of
Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; compliance with the International
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) or the Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals
in Bulk (BCH Code) by chemical tankers; carrying and discharging oil-
like NLS; procedures and arrangements manuals; and shipboard
marine pollution emergency plans.

Construction Requirements
 Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)
were adopted by the IMO in October 2004, reflecting the changes to
MARPOL Annex.
 The incorporate revisions to the pollution categories, ship type and
carriage requirement.
 Ships constructed after a986 carrying substances listed in chapter 17
of the IBC Code must be fully compliant IBC Code chemical takers.

NLS Categories

A noxious substance is one that is harmful or damaging to living things. A

good synonym is deleterious.
 Category X – Substances considered a major hazard to either
marine resources or human health.
 Category Y – Substances considered a hazard to either marine
resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other
legitimate uses of the sea.
 Category Z – Substances considered a minor hazard to either
marine resources or human health and therefore justify less stringent

14
 restrictions on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the
marine environment.
 Category OS – Substances considered not to be a hazard to sea.
The discharge of bilge or ballast water or other residue or mixtures
containing these substances are not subject to any discharge
requirements of MARPOL Annex II.

Methods in Marking
 Chemicals which are carried in packaged form or in solid form or in
bulk are regulated by Part A of SOLAS Chapter VII - Carriage of
dangerous goods which includes provisions for the classification,
packing, marking, labeling and placarding, documentation and
stowage of dangerous goods, with particular reference to the
segregation of incompatible substances.

Packaging and Handling

15
Effects of various types of NLS Pollutants

Additional Info
 Care should always be taken when working with noxious substances.
Follow correct procedures at all times.
 Every noxious material should have an MSDS describing the
properties of that material, ways in which it is noxious, and a
description of how to prevent and treat the damage the material
could do to humans.

Books
 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for
Dangerous Chemicals
 International Bulk Chemical Code

Double Hull Requirement

 A double hull is a ship hull design and construction method where the
bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight
hull surface.
 Forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which
forms a redundant barrier to seawater in case the outer hull is
damaged and leaks.

Segregated Ballast Requirement

Regulation 18 - Segregated ballast tanks

 Every crude oil tanker of 20,000 tonnes deadweight and above and
every product carrier of 30,000 tonnes deadweight and above
delivered after 1 June 1982, as defined in regulation 1.28.4, shall be
provided with segregated ballast tanks.
 The capacity of the segregated ballast tanks shall be so determined
that the ship may operate safely on ballast voyages without recourse
to the use of cargo tanks for water ballast except as provided for;
 In no case shall ballast water be carried in cargo tanks.
 In the case of crude oil tankers, the additional ballast permitted in
paragraph 3 of this regulation shall be carried in cargo tanks only if
such tanks have been crude oil washed in accordance with regulation
35 of this Annex before departure from an oil unloading port or
terminal.

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Effects of Various types of NLS Pollutants
 Chemical tankers constructed before 1 July 1986 should comply with
the requirements of the Code for the Construction and Equipment of
Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk.
 Evaluation of Hazardous Substances Working Group, giving a
resultant Hazard Profile which indexes the substance according to its
bio-accumulation; bio-degradation; acute toxicity; chronic toxicity;
long-term health effects; and effects on marine wildlife and on
benthic habitats.

Control of Pollution by NLS in Bulk

 These regulations apply the Annex II discharge provisions in coastal
waters; however, stricter discharge provisions are applied in internal
waters. The regulations also incorporate the provisions of the IBC
Code or the BCH Code for those ships that carry dangerous chemicals
that are not necessarily noxious liquid substances.
 Ships may integrate their shipboard oil pollution emergency plan with
the shipboard marine pollution emergency plan for noxious liquid
substances.

International Rules on NLS Pollution Prevention

 It governs the design and equipment of ships; establishes system of
certificates and inspections; requires states to provide reception
facilities for the disposal of oily waste and chemicals.
 It covers all the technical aspects of pollution from ships, except the
disposal of waste into the sea by dumping, and applies to ships of all
types, although it does not apply to pollution arising out of the
exploration and exploitation of sea-bed mineral resources.

Precaution to Prevent NLS Pollution

 The pollution prevention approach seeks to increase the efficiency of
a process, thereby reducing the amount of pollution generated at its
source.
 It is reducing or eliminating waste at the source by modifying
production processes, promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic
substances, implementing conservation techniques, and re-using
materials rather than putting them into the waste stream.

17
Hazards in improper handling petroleum products
 Static electricity – in one form or another is a phenomenon of nature
and often results in electrostatic discharges that can cause fires and
explosions.
 Flammability of Vapor-Air Mixtures – the flammability of a
hydrocarbon vapor-air mixture depends on its vapor pressure, flash
point and temperature.
 Spark Gap – a spark results from the sudden breakdown of the
insulating strength of a dielectric (e. g., air) that separates two
electrodes of different potentials.

Unloading Procedure
 Require each person (i.e., carrier or facility) who engages in cargo
tank loading or unloading operations to perform a risk assessment of
the loading and unloading operation and develop and implement safe
operating procedures based upon the results of the risk assessment.

Stripping Procedure
Test procedure for determining the stripping quantity
 The stripping quantity of a tank must be determined by testing the
tank under the procedures of a tank having similar geometry, internal
structure, and piping system.

When testing a tank for stripping quantity, the owner or operator of the
ship shall proceed
1) Make arrangements with the Officer in Charge, Marine
Inspection, for a Coast Guard Marine Inspector to witness the
stripping test.
2) Clean and gas free the tanks to be tested.
3) Determine the least favorable values of list and trim for
drainage within the range allowed
4) Maintain the ship's list and trim during the test
5) Load the tank with enough water so that unloading the water
simulates the final stages of unloading a full tank of cargo.
6) Pump out the water and strip the tank using the procedures
specified in the approved Procedures and Arrangements
Manual.
7) After shutting the manifold valve, open any cargo pump foot
valve to allow water trapped in the cargo pump to drain into
the tank.
8) Open all valves in Stripping Procedure, the piping system
except the manifold valve and allow the water to drain into the
tank.
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 9) Squeegee or sweep the water drained under paragraphs (b)(7)
and (b)(8) of this section and any water that stands in puddles
on the tank floor to the tank's low point or sump and collect in
the container required using the equipment required.
10) With the manifold valve still closed, drain any water
remaining in the piping system on the ship's side of the cargo
transfer manifold valve into containers, and add this water to
that collected from the tank.

Pre-Washing Procedure
 Set up the tank washing system and fresh water heating
arrangements before washing.
 Pressure test the washing system prior to use which is marginally
above working pressure.
 Decide which method of inerting is most appropriate : dilution or
displacement.
 All fixed and portable detection and analizing equipment has been
checked, calibrated and ready for use.

Cargo Record book

Risk and Hazard

 Hazardous and Noxious Substances – Is likely to create hazards to
human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage
amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.
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 – Flammable, Explosive, Toxic, Corrosive, Reactive
– Acute and chronic toxicity on marine organisms
– Long term health effects on humans
– Effects on marine wildlife, and on benthic habitats
– Effect on other marine resources

Safety Precaution when Handling

 Maintaining chemical safety requires care in ordering, storing, using,
and disposing of chemicals. Chemical safety is the responsibility of
everyone.
 careful selection of all reagent chemicals.
 accurate assessment of relative hazards of chemicals.
 proper labeling and storage of all chemicals.
 safe use of all materials.
 proper disposal of all materials.

Action in Emergency Situations

 In dealing with an unexpected discharge of oil or other noxious liquid
substance, set in motion the necessary actions to stop or minimize
the discharge and to mitigate its effects. Effective planning ensures
that the necessary actions are taken in a structured, logical, safe and
timely manner.

Analyze Treatment Plan

 Consider the physical properties of the substance
– Solubility
– Density
– Water reactivity
– Solidification
– Compatibility
 Containment and other response techniques (e.g. Dispersing,
absorbing, neutralization)
 Isolation procedure
 Decontamination of personnel
 Disposal of removed oil, NLS and clean-up materials

Common sources of Chemical waste

 Chemical waste – is made from harmful chemicals mostly produced
by large factories.
– organic solvents are chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvent
waste
– Innocuous aqueous waste (such as solutions of sodium
chloride)
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 – Elemental mercury, spent acids and bases
– Broken glassware are usually collected in plastic-lined
cardboard boxes
– used hypodermic needles as medical waste

Handling chemical waste onboard

 Improper handling of waste could be costly, because waste disposal
is a political issue as well as an engineering one.
Disposal Methods
– Avoidance
– Recycling
– Energy Recovery
– Landfilling

International Rules on NLS

 As amended by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) concerning
regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (Annex I) and
Regulations for the prevention of Pollution by NLS in Bulk (Annex II).
 The principles and procedures ensure correct use of the appropriate
equipment involved in the prevention of marine pollution to
effectively protect the marine environment against pollution by
noxious liquid substances carried in bulk in ships

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4. MARPOL Annex III - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form

Introduction
 The maritime industry’s most important concerns are safety of
personnel and prevention of marine pollution for a smooth cargo
transportation and marine operation at high seas. International
Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced SOLAS – Safety of life at sea
& MARPOL- The International Convention for Prevention of Marine
Pollution from Ships, for safeguarding human life and marine
environment from all kinds of pollutions.

Criteria of Harmful Substance

 These Regulations give effect to the 2006 revised Annex III of the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
adopted by the International Maritime Organization on 2 November,
1973 and as amended by its Protocol adopted on 17 February, 1978
and as further amended under resolutions adopted by the Marine
Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International
Maritime Organization.
 The Regulations define what constitutes a harmful substance and
prohibit the carriage of harmful substances unless done in
accordance with provisions for packing, marking and labeling,
documentation and stowage.
 “harmful substances” means those substances which are identified as
marine pollutants in the IMDG Code

Carrying Harmful Substances in Packaged form

 “packaged form” means any of the forms of containment specified for
harmful substances in the IMDG Code.
 Empty packaging which have been previously used for the carriage of
harmful substances shall be treated as harmful unless adequate
precautions have been taken to ensure that they contain no residue
that is harmful to the marine environment.

Identification of HS in packaged form

Criteria for the identification of harmful substances in packaged form.
 Category: Acute 1
– 96 hr LC50 (for fish),
– 48 hr EC50 (for crustacea)
– 72 or 96 hr ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants)
1 mg/l and/or 1 mg/l and/or 1 mg/l

22
  Category: Chronic 1
– 96 hr LC50 (for fish)
– 48 hr EC50 (for crustacea)
– 72 or 96 hr ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants)
1 mg/l and/or 1 mg/l and/or 1 mg/l

and the substance is not rapidly degradable and/or the log Kow 4 (unless
the experimentally determined BCF < 500).
Identification of harmful substances in packaged form

 Category: Chronic 2
– 96 hr LC50 (for fish)
– 48 hr EC50 (for crustacea)
– 72 or 96 hr ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants)

>1 to 10 mg/l and/or>1 to 10 mg/l and/or>1 to 10 mg/l

and the substance is not rapidly degradable and/or the log Kow 4 (unless
the experimentally determined BCF <500), unless the chronic toxicity
NOECs are > 1 mg/l.

Hazards to Humans & Aquatic Life

Hazard statements for the labeling of containers under the GHS, along
with:
 Identification of the product;
 One or more hazard pictograms (where necessary)
 A signal word – either DANGER or WARNING – where necessary
 Precautionary statements – indicating how the product should be
handled to minimize risks to the user (as well as to other people and
the general environment)
 The identity of the supplier (who might be a manufacturer or
importer)

23
Chemical Tankers

Loading and Discharging

 Each hazard statement is designated a code, starting with the letter

H and followed by three digits, (e.g. H201: Explosive; mass explosion
hazard). Statements which correspond to related hazards are
grouped together by code number and this code is used for reference
purposes.

24
Packages Containing HS

25
Hazards to Humans & Aquatic Life Methods in Marking

Physical hazards
 H200: Unstable explosive
 H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard
 H202: Explosive; severe projection hazard
 H203: Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
 H205: May mass explode in fire
 H220: Extremely flammable gas
 EUH059: Hazardous to the ozone layer

Health hazards
 H300: Fatal if swallowed
 H301: Toxic if swallowed
 H302: Harmful if swallowed
 H303: May be harmful if swallowed
 H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
 H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
 H310: Fatal in contact with skin
 EUH071: Corrosive to the respiratory tract

26
Signed Certificate / Declaration and Manifest

27
Prevention of Pollution at sea by HS

Consideration to size, construction and equipment of the vessel

 Certain harmful substances may, for sound scientific and technical
reasons, need to be prohibited for carriage or be limited as to the
quantity which may be carried aboard any one ship. In limiting the
quantity, due consideration shall be given to size, construction and
equipment of the ship, as well as the packaging and the inherent
nature of the substances.
 The Annex states that "appropriate measures based on the physical,
chemical and biological properties of harmful substances shall be
taken to regulate the washing of leakages overboard, provided that
compliance with such measures would not impair the safety of the
ship and persons on board." (MARPOL Annex III, Regulation 7 (1))
 The Annex applies to all ships carrying harmful substances in
packaged form, or in freight containers, portable tanks or road and
rail tank wagons.
 The regulations require the issuing of detailed standards on
packaging, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity
limitations, exceptions and notifications, for preventing or minimizing
pollution by harmful substances.

Procedures relating to PSC

 Authorities will inspect as many ships as possible in conjunction with
routine PSC inspections.
 All deficiencies found, will be recorded by the port State. Action taken
may vary from instructing the master to rectify before departure or
within a certain period, to detention of the ship until deficiencies have
been rectified.
 If, consequent on an inspection of a ship by an officer pursuant to his
powers under this Regulation, the officer confirms that the master or
crew are not familiar with the procedures referred to, the Minister
shall take such steps (which he is hereby empowered to take) as will
ensure that the ship shall not sail from the port until such time as the
master or crew or, as the case may be, both the master and crew
have become familiar with those procedures.

PURPOSE OF CIC
 The CIC is to ensure that ships carrying harmful substances (marine
pollutants) are provided with relevant documents and information
corresponding to the harmful substances (marine pollutants) carried
onboard; whether emergency procedures to be employed in the
event of an incident involving harmful substances (marine pollutants)
28
 are in place and whether the crew are aware of it. It is also to ensure
that marine pollutants are marked, stowed and secured appropriately
on board.

Possible grounds for detention:

1. The ship does not have a valid DOC and is carrying dangerous goods.
2. The ship has a DOC but it does not cover the goods in question or
the goods were not stowed in accordance with the approved stowage
plan.

IMDG Code

Characteristics and properties of a substance

 What is a toxic substance?
– is a substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects.
These are general concern about chemicals like polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin, which can be found at some
hazardous waste sites.
 Health effects: toxic or hazardous?
– Chemicals can be toxic because they can harm us when they
enter or contact the body. Exposure to a toxic substance such
as gasoline can affect your health.
– Chemical physical properties: can explode, burn or react easily
with other chemicals, can be toxic, hazardous, or both.

Application and understanding

 The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code was
developed as a uniform international code for the transport of
dangerous goods by sea, covering the matters as packing, container
traffic and stowage, with particular reference to the segregation of
incompatible substances.

29
  Amendments to the provisions (United Nations Recommendations)
are made every two year cycle which sets the basic requirements for
all the transport modes.
 Classes, divisions, packing groups
– Code are assigned to one of the classes 1-9 according to the
hazard or the most predominant of the hazards
 Class 1: Explosives
 Class 2: Gases
 Class 3: Flammable liquids
 Class 4: Flammable solids
 Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
 Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances
 Class 7: Radioactive material
 Class 8: Corrosive substances
 Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

Exceptions & other applicable Reg.

 Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods
– Part A - Carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form.
Includes provisions for the classification, packing, marking,
labeling and placarding, documentation and stowage of
dangerous goods.
– Part A-1 - Carriage of dangerous goods in solid form in bulk -
covers the documentation, stowage and segregation, and
requires reporting of incidents involving such goods.

Carriage of dangerous goods

 Part B - covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying
dangerous liquid chemicals in bulk and requires chemical tankers to
comply with the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).
 Part C - covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying
liquefied gases in bulk and gas carriers to comply with the
requirements of the International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code).
 Part D includes special requirements for the carriage of packaged
irradiated nuclear fuel, plutonium and high-level radioactive wastes
on board ships and requires ships carrying such products to comply
with the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged
Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive
Wastes on Board Ships (INF Code)

30
EXCEPTIONS
 Jettisoning of harmful substances carried in packaged form is hereby
prohibited, save where it is necessary for the purpose of securing the
safety of the ship or saving life at sea.
 Subject to the provisions of the Act and regulations, appropriate
measures based on the physical, chemical and biological properties of
the harmful substances concerned shall be taken to regulate the
washing of leakages overboard, but no such measures shall be taken
that would impair the safety of the ship and persons on board.

31
5. MARPOL Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage
from Ships

Introduction
 Annex IV contains a set of regulations regarding the discharge of
sewage into the sea, ships' equipment and systems for the control of
sewage discharge, the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for
the reception of sewage, and requirements for survey and
certification. It also includes a model International Sewage Pollution
Prevention Certificate to be issued by national shipping
administrations to ships under their jurisdiction.
 Sewage means:
– Drainage and other wastes from any form of toilets, urinals,
and WC scuppers;
– Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via
wash basins, wash tubs and scuppers located in such premises;
– Drainage from spaces containing living animals; or
– Other waste waters when mixed with the drainages defined
above,
– Sewage mixed with water is also termed as Black Water.

Sewage treatment
 Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process
of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage,
both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical,
and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe
fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated
sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).
Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage
effluent for drinking water.

ISPP Certificate
 All eligible international ships are required to carry an International
Sewage Pollution Prevention (ISPP) certificate under the requirement
of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL) Annex IV. The ISPP certificate certifies the sewage
systems on board an international ship comply with MARPOL
requirements.
 ISPP certificate are issued to ships:
– greater than 400 gross tonnes
– certified to carry more than 15 persons.

32
Sewage system
 Different sewage system used onboard
 Ships can have large retention tank and could be discharged into
open sea at least 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.
 Ships can have comminuting and disinfecting equipment along with
the small retention tank depending on the number of persons
onboard could be discharged into sea not less than 3 nautical miles
from the nearest land.
 Ships can have a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of the type
approved by the Administration. Effluent water from this equipment
could be discharged anywhere into sea subjected to the conditions
that it should not contain any visible solids, excess chlorine used for
disinfections and cause discoloration of water.

Sewage treatment plants on ships are of two types:

 Chemical sewage treatment plant
 Biological sewage treatment plant

Sewage Treatment
 The equipment consists of a grinder cum filter in which causes the
sewage to break into smaller particles and separates solids from
liquid.
 The sludge containing solids is disinfected using chemicals and
retained in the small retention tank,
 The liquid effluent is disinfected using chemicals filtered again using
fine filters.
 The effluent thus free from solids and any bacteria could be re-used
for flushing of the toilets.
 The use of membrane technology to separate solids and the bacteria
so as to avoid use of chemicals for disinfecting the effluents water
from membrane which is 99.5% clean and could be re-cycled for any
use onboard except for drinking purposes.

33
Discharging Connection
 Hydraulic hose crimper connector
 Quick connect hose couplings

Discharging of sewage
 Discharging of sewage
– The main objective of the Act is to protect marine and coastal
environment from deliberate and negligent discharges of ship-
sourced pollutants into coastal waters; sewage being one of the
ship-sourced pollutants.

Types of Waterways
 Prohibited discharge waters - are those waters where absolutely no
sewage may be discharged. These include the waters of a boat
harbour, a canal, a marina, river and designated areas.
 Smooth waters - are the designated limits of coastal waters that are
within ½ nautical mile (nm) from land and include the waters of
rivers, creeks, streams and lakes, and the waters within breakwaters
or revetments.

Sewage is Allowed/Permitted

Discharge requirements of the treated sewage

 Grade C - is the lowest level of treatment and may be discharged in
all waters outside of prohibited discharge waters, provided that such
discharges occur more than ½ nm (926 m) from sensitive areas.
 Grade B - is a higher level of treatment and may be discharged
outside of prohibited discharge waters provided that discharges occur
more than 700 m from sensitive areas.

34
 Grade A - is the highest form of sewage treatment and there are no
precautionary discharge distances applicable (where discharge is
allowed). Sewage may be lawfully discharged into all waters outside
of prohibited discharge waters.

35
6. MARPOL Annex V - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage
from Ships

The Garbage

Overview
 Garbage from ships can be just as deadly to marine life as oil or
chemicals.
 The greatest danger comes from plastic, which can float for years.
Fish and marine mammals can in some cases mistake plastics for
food and they can also become trapped in plastic ropes, nets, bags
and other items - even such innocuous items as the plastic rings used
to hold cans of beer and drinks together.
 It is clear that a good deal of the garbage washed up on beaches
comes from people on shore - holiday-makers who leave their
rubbish on the beach, fishermen who simply throw unwanted refuse
over the side - or from towns and cities that dump rubbish into rivers
or the sea. But this attitude has changed along with greater
awareness of the environment.

Decay process can take months or years, as the following table shows:

Time taken for objects to dissolve at sea

 Paper bus ticket – 2-4 weeks
 Cotton cloth – 1-5 months
 Rope – 3-14 months
 Woolen cloth – 1 year
 Painted wood – 13 years
 Tin can – 100 years
 Aluminum can – 200-500 years
 Plastic bottle – 450 years
Source: Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association (HELMEPA)

Reporting an Incident of Pollution

 Reporting ship sourced pollution
– Report Maritime Oil and Chemical Spills Immediately.
– If you witness a vessel polluting, you can report the incident to
the local port/marine/transport authority. Provide relevant
details of the incident such as when and where the incident
occurred, the name of the vessel, type and extent of pollution
and any other information which you may think pertinent.

36
  There are strict requirements relating to the type of waste and the
distance from land where the disposal may take place, and be
determine whether the discharge/disposal is illegal.

The following pollution activity should be reported:

– Any quantity of oil. If oil can be seen then it is likely to be an
illegal discharge. Oil includes waste oil, fuel oil, sludge, lube oil
and additives etc
– Any discharge from a ship involving washings of chemical or
dry cargoes
– Any plastic material
– Garbage disposed of in the sea within 12nm of land (garbage
includes food, paper, bottles etc)

Disposal of Garbage

Current Practice
 Discharge Conditions Table
– Oily waste from cargo tanks - More than 50 nautical miles from
the nearest land; and Oil content less than 15 parts per million.
 All vessels in all waters – 0-3nm no dumping of garbage (Note:
exception for small amounts of food waste associated with tourist
and fishing activities).
 All vessels in all waters – > 3-12 nm from nearest land, Garbage that
has been ground or comminuted to particles (except from plastic
products),
 All vessels in all waters – > 12-25 nm from nearest land, Food wastes
and all other garbage . This includes domestic waste, cargo residues,
maintenance and operational waste and incinerator ashes (except
from plastic products), soot machinery deposits, scraped paint, deck
sweepings, etc. This category includes cargo hold washing water.
 All vessels in all waters – > 25-50nm from nearest land. Dunnage,
lining and packing materials which will float, eg: pallets, cardboard,
plywood (except from plastic products),
 All vessels in all waters – Nevertheless, all boat operators should be
aware of two basic MARPOL principles:
– No plastics thrown into the sea.
– No garbage discharged within 12 nautical miles from the
nearest land.

37
Special Areas

The Special Areas designated under MARPOL Annex V are :-

 Mediterranean Sea
 Black Sea
 Baltic Sea
 Red Sea
 North Sea
 Gulfs Area
 Antarctic Area ( S of 60o South)
 Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea

Penalties and Apprehensions

 It prohibits the dumping of any plastic into the water anywhere, and
restricts the dumping of other forms of garbage within specified
distances from shore. Violators of any of the regulations issued to
implement Annex V are liable for a civil penalty of up to $25,000 for
each violation, and criminal penalties of up to $50,000 and/or
imprisonment for up to 5 years.

38
Incinerators

Shipboard incinerators
 The Marine Environment Protection Committee 40th Session on 25
September 1997 adopted a Standard Specification for Shipboard
Incinerators (see resolution MEPC.76(40)). The specification covers
the design, manufacture, performance, operation and testing of
incinerators designed to incinerate garbage and other shipboard
waste.

Special Requirements

Waste segregation is the proper separation of waste,

 The non biodegradable, &
 The biodegradable

Thrash in color coding

39
  Disposal of Garbage
– Proper means of waste disposal is crucial to public health and
the environment. This helps maintain a cleaner environment
and reduces the chances of spreading diseases, the probability
of contamination of the soil and groundwater.

Alternatives for disposing of waste

 Composting – It is a natural process in which plant and other organic
wastes are broken down biologically to produce a nutrient-rich
material.
 Recycling – is one of the best ways of waste management. It helps in
reducing pollution, saving natural resources and conserving energy.
 Garbage incinerator – is used for industrial and household waste,
biological and agricultural waste, according to the kinds, components,
heat, states, moisture content and other factors of the wastes. to
ensure burning stability and to meet the treatment requirements of
the wastes.

Record Book

Garbage record book

 must carry a current garbage record book that is readily available for
inspection at all reasonable times.
 Previous garbage record book must be kept for at least 2 years
onboard from the date of last entry readily for inspection.

40
MARPOL regulations, every ship has to maintain records of the following:
 Oil record book – In two parts.
– The discharge of engine room bilges and
– The discharge of oil cargo wash from the slop tanks.
 Cargo record book – It is applicable for all types of ships especially
for chemical tankers carrying Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk.
 Garbage record book – Any discharge or incineration operation of any
garbage.
 Entries of GARBAGE RECORD BOOK
– Name of Ship
– Date: from, to
– Discription of garbage
– Entries in the Garbage Record Book
When garbage is discharged into the sea/reception facilities.
(i) Date and time or discharge
(ii) Position of the ship (latitude and longitude). Note
for cargo residue discharges, include discharge
start and stop positions.
(iii) Category of garbage discharged
(iv) Estimated amount discharged for each category in
M3
(v) Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.

 When garbage is incinerated:

– Date and time of start and stop of incineration
– (ii) Position of the ship (latitude and longitude)
– (iii) Estimated amount incinerated in M3
– (iv) Signature of the officer in charge of the operation.

 Accidental or other exceptional discharges of garbage

– Time of occurrence
– (ii) Port or position of the ship at time of occurrence
– (iii) Estimated amount and category of garbage
– (iv) Circumstances of disposal, escape or loss, the reason
therefore and general remarks.

 Receipts
– The master should obtain from the operator of port reception
facilities, or from the master of the ship receiving the garbage,
a receipt or certificate specifying the estimated amount of
garbage transferred.
– The receipts or certificates must be kept onboard the ship with
the Garbage Record Book for two years.
41
Garbage Reception Facility

 Procedure
– To ensure the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for
the reception of garbage, without causing undue delay to ships,
and according to the needs of the ships using them.
– Provision of receptacles for garbage. Segregation of various
types of garbage may be useful or in some cases necessary
(quarantined wastes).
– A regular collection service.
– Recycling and/or final disposal of garbage.

Regulation 6

Exceptions apply to:

a) The disposal of garbage from a ship necessary for the purpose of

securing the safety of a ship and those on board or saving life at sea;
or
b) the escape of garbage resulting from damage to a ship or its
equipment provided all reasonable precautions have been taken

42
 before and after the occurrence of the damage, for the purpose of
preventing or minimizing the escape; or
the accidental loss of synthetic fishing nets, provided that all
reasonable precautions have been taken to prevent such loss.

PSC Inspection Report

 The authorities (PSCO)will carry out inspections or visit onboard a
ship in order to check the validity of the certificates and documents,
furthermore satisfy themselves that the crew and the overall
condition of ship equipment, machinery spaces, the accommodation,
hygienic condition meet the onboard operational requirements.
 Whenever that there are clear grounds for believing that the
condition of ships equipment or crew does not substantially meet the
requirement, the PSCO will endeavor to ensure possible effort for the
rectification of all deficiencies detected.
 Notification will be given to the responsible authority of the flag state
concerned.
 In the case of deficiencies are not rectified which are clearly
hazardous to safety or the environment, the authority will detain the
ship or will stop the operation in relation to be found sub-standard
and the detention order or stoppage will not be lifted until the
hazard been removed and corrected.

43
7. MARPOL Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from
Ships

Introduction
 MARPOL Annex VI, first adopted in 1997, limits the main air
pollutants contained in ships exhaust gas, including sulphur oxides
(SOx) and nitrous oxides (NOx), and prohibits deliberate emissions of
ozone depleting substances.
 Although air pollution from ships does not have the direct cause and
effect associated with, it causes a cumulative effect that contributes
to the overall air quality problems and also affects the natural
environment, such as though acid rain.

Air Pollution can be Prevented

 The main changes to MARPOL Annex VI are a progressive reduction
globally in emissions of SOx, NOx and particulate matter. The global
sulphur cap is reduced initially to 3.50% (from the current 4.50%).
 Progressive reductions in NOx emissions from marine diesel engines
installed on ships.
 The revised measures are expected to the regulations for ozone-
depleting substances, volatile organic compounds, shipboard
incineration, reception facilities, and fuel oil quality.

Pollutants from Combustion

Chemical Compound NOx

 Nitrogen oxide can refer to a binary compound of oxygen and
nitrogen, or a mixture, (N2O), nitrogen(I) oxide
 In atmospheric chemistry and air pollution and related fields, nitrogen
oxides refers specifically to NOx (NO and NO2).[1][2]
 N2O is stable and rather unreactive at room temperature, while NO
and NO2 are quite reactive but nevertheless quite stable when
isolated.
 Nox - refers to NO and NO2. They are produced during combustion,
especially at high temperature.

 Harmful to human health

44
  React with water to make nitric acid, which may end up in the soil,
where it makes nitrate, which is of use to growing plants.

 Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the chemical compound with

the formula SO2. It is a poisonous gas that is released by volcanoes
and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide
unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel.

 Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as

NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain.[2]
 Sulfur dioxide is typically produced in significant amounts by the
burning of common sulfur-rich materials including wool, hair, rubber,
and foam rubber such as are found in mattresses, couch cushions,
seat cushions, and carpet pads, and vehicle tires.

Industrial reactions
 Treatment of basic solutions with sulfur dioxide affords sulfite salts:
SO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO3 + H2O
 Sulfur dioxide is the oxidising agent
SO2 + 2 H2S → 3 S + 2 H2O

 Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present in an

internal combustion engine. If exactly enough air is provided to
completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the
stoichiometric mixture, an important measure for anti-pollution and
performance-tuning reasons.
 If combustion is complete, very little unburned fuel is left. If
combustion is incomplete, (either learner or richer) various pollutants
are produced.

45
  three primary pollutants caused by poor combustion. These include
carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides
(NOx).

Air Pollutants
 Air Pollutants from other sources in the form of gases and finely
divided as solid and liquid aerosols.
– Aerosols are loosely defined as “any solid or liquid particles
suspended in the air”

Air pollutants can also be of primary or secondary nature.

 Primary air pollutants are the ones that are emitted directly into the
atmosphere by the sources (such as power-generating plants).

 Secondary air pollutants are the ones that are formed as a result of
reactions between primary pollutants and other elements in the
atmosphere, such as ozone.
 characteristics of air pollutants is their transboundary nature - they
can easily travel and affect the areas far away from their points of
origin.

46
 Types of gaseous air pollutants:
– Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NOx) are the primary air
pollutants, and ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant (though
there are negligible)
 Other important gaseous pollutants are:
– ammonia, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating
odor. It is a dangerous air pollutant because it is corrosive to organic
materials and it irritates the eyes, nose and lungs.
 Sources of sulfur dioxide emissions
– Energy Production
– Transport
– Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
 Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas.
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gas of reddish-brown color with a distinct
sharp, biting odor.
 Combustion of fuels always produces both NO2 and NO, and almost
90% of the NOx combustion product is in the form of NO which is
then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the air.

 Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas which is highly toxic to

humans.
 The combustion of carbon-based fuels produces carbon dioxide
(CO2).
– Not all such combustion is complete, and this leads to the
production of carbon monoxide (CO).
 Motor vehicles and industry are among the largest anthropogenic
sources of carbon monoxide emissions.
– The most common type of fatal poisoning
 Ammonia is a colorless, pungent, hazardous caustic gas composed of
nitrogen and hydrogen. Exposure to very high concentrations of

47
 gaseous ammonia in the air may result in lung damage and even
death.

Major sources:
 Livestock – contributes more than 50% of all emissions
 Fertilizer application
 Oceans
 Vegetation
 Biomass burning
 Air Pollutants
 Other ships Pollutants
 Solid Waste – dumping of unground garbage
 Toxic chemicals – generated by cruise ships waste products from
photo developing, dry cleaning, painting and other activities.
 Any oil coming from a ship
 Emissions from ships diesel engines

MARPOL Annex VI Development

Development/Requirements
 March 31, 2008 and April 4, 2008, the MEPC approved a number of
proposed amendments to the MARPOL Annex VI regulations, which
deal with the reduction of harmful air emissions from vessels, the
emissions of sulfur oxide (“SOx”), nitrogen oxide (“NOx”), particulate
matter, and certain ozone depleting substances.

Conclusions and Recommendations

 These amendments are expected to be formally adopted at Marine
Environment Protection Committee (“MEPC”) in October of this year
and will enter into force in early 2010.

Survey / Certification

The Harmonized System

The system covers survey and certification requirements of the

International Convention for - the SOLAS, 1974, the Load Lines, (LL) 1966
and the ICPP from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978
relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78),
As well as the International Code for the Construction and Equipment - of
Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code), of Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases
in Bulk (IGC Code).
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 HSSC sets standards for the periods of validity and surveys :
– a one-year standard interval between surveys, based on initial,
annual, intermediate, periodical and renewal surveys as
appropriate.
– necessary flexibility for the renewal survey may be completed
within three months before the expiry date of the existing
certificate with no loss of its period of validity.
– a maximum period of validity of five years for all certificates for
cargo ships
– the extension of certificates limited to three months to enable a
ship to complete its voyage
– flexible system for inspection of the outside of the ship’s
bottom
 a minimum of two inspections during any five-year period
of validity of the Cargo Ship Safety Construction
Certificate;
 the interval between any two such inspections shall not
exceed 36 months.
 Survey Types
– Initial Survey - a complete examination, before the ship is put
into service.
– Periodical Survey - a certificate to ensure that they are in a
satisfactory condition,
– Renewal Survey - leading to the issue of a new certificate.
– Intermediate Survey - fit for the ship’s intended service.
– Annual Survey. A general inspection
 Examples of violations/deficiencies
– illegal discharges of sludge and oily water and the failure to
report a hazardous condition prior to a destination port call.
– Recurring failures in a piece of equipment or machinery such
that the reliability is considered unsatisfactory.
– Excessive or accelerated wear, erosion, or corrosion determined
through inspection.
– evidence, if any, that the ship has emitted any of the
substances covered by this Annex in violation of the provisions
of this Annex.
 Corrections
– should indicate the date completed. The date indicated for
completion of the corrective action must be appropriate to the
level of the deficiency(ies).
– form should be signed and dated by the provider or supplier
representative or the laboratory director.

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 – Completion form indicate the name and address of the facility
identified on the official certification record.

Instances to Apprehension

Other instances onboard that will contribute to its apprehensions by PSC

 Open traditional registers would be (by choice) the most obvious
targets for beneficial owners wishing to avoid revealing their
identities. (Anonymity can be sought by owners for a variety of
reasons).
 Some institutional arrangements involving dependencies, overseas
territories and jurisdictions with special constitutional and/or
administrative arrangements, for beneficial owners seeking
anonymity to achieve their objectives. (E.g. ships can be used in a
number of ways by terrorists).

IAPPC Schedule
 According to Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from
Ships, all ships of 400 grt and above engaged on international
voyages may be required to produce specific documentation (where
applicable) to a port state control officer.

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MARPOL 73/78, Annex VI
Regulation for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

Flow Chart - Certification Procedure and Responsibilities

Regulations in Chapter 2

Provisions
 Related amendments to the Supplement of the IOPP (International
Oil Pollution Prevention) Certificate, covering in particular oil
separating/filtering equipment and retention and disposal of oil
residues were also adopted.

Preventive Action
 The prevention of air pollution requires joint action by many agencies
to tackle the different sources. Often international agreement is
required in the case of pollutants.
 Regulations prescribe a variety of polluting processes and Process
Guidance Notes specify standards for enforcement by Local
Authorities and the Environment Agency.
 Air Quality Management Areas where targets are unlikely to be met
and to develop Air Quality Strategies in partnership with business,
industry and the public.
 Never throw, run or drain or dispose into the water, air, or land any
substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form that shall cause pollution.

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 The introduction of unleaded petrol, in the case of motor cars, an
increasing proportion of vehicles are fitted with catalytic convertors.

 should monitor air emissions regularly and take measures to ensure

compliance with the prescribed emission standards.
 should strictly follow applicable government regulations on pollution
control

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Oil Rigs

Special Requirements for oil rigs

 Fixed or floating platforms when engaged in the exploration,
exploitation and associated offshore processing of sea-bed mineral
resources and other platforms shall comply with the requirements of
this Annex applicable to ships of 400 gross tonnage and above other
than oil tankers.

Installation and Equipment

 Impacts on the Marine industry:
– International legislation requiring use of low sulfur fuels by
ships at sea means significant changes for engine builders,
lubricant providers and many ship owners.
 The use of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) greatly reduce the
amount of NOx emissions that is released.

Pollution Control Equipment

The SOx Scrubber cools the hot gas stream and uses random dumped
packing, a mist eliminator, and a liquid distribution system to remove SOx
through absorption and neutralization.
Incineration processes often use ‘pre-dedusting’ plant upstream of the
main flue gas treatment process, which allows collection of recyclable
material in some cases, and reduces the quantity or toxicity of Flue Gas

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Treatment (FGT) residues in others while reducing load on downstream
FGT.
Pollution Control Equipment
The fuel injection system is one of the most important parts of a marine
diesel engine. A fuel injection system does the work of providing the right
amount of fuel to the engine cylinder at the right moment.
This timing device helps to have a perfect atomization of the fuel. The
device is known as fuel injector.

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