INSIGHTSIAS IPM TEST SERIES-2020

Test IPM 1 Synopsis

1. ''The Anglo-Japanese treaty marks a milestone in emergence of Japan as

Asiatic Power''. Comment. Also Explain how did Japanese occupation of
South East Asian countries during Second World War gave boost to
nationalism in the region?

What to look
for?
Introduction • Any data relevant to event
Body • Since ''Comment'' is the directive
• Look for Substantiation of Quoted words with
examples
• Ensure that Both Parts asked in question are
addressed
Conclusion • Can either contain Judgement or Opinion related to
event

• Introduction
o Anglo-Japanese treaty was a result of British Government Abandoning the
policy of 'splendid isolation'
o A Diplomatic Milestone that was signed in 1902, and officially terminated
in 1923
• Body
o The following events show how Japan emerged as Asiatic Power:
 Both nations now assisted each other in safeguarding their
respective interests in China and Korea
 Increased Prowess of Japan, as it was First time an European nation
had allied with an Asiatic power against a Western Rival
 Alliance was directed against Russian Expansionism
 Increased security for Japanese, as each party of the treaty promised
to localise any war
 Alliance made Japan serve in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) by
discouraging France from entering war on Russian side(France was
Russia's Ally)
 Renewal of this alliance in 1905, resulted in Japan's participation in
Word War 1 on side of allies
 With this alliance, Japanese Domination in Korea was tacitly accepted
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8 PHYSICS 1 GOVERNMENT JOBS
9 COMMERCE ACCOUNTANCY 2 LEARN YOGA & MEDITATION
10 ANTHROPOLOGY 3 LEARN ENGLISH
11 LAW 4 BEST DELAS & OFFERS
12 PHILOSOPHY 5 IAS HINDI BOOKS
13 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTANCY 6 PDFs FOR ALL EXAMS
14 MEDICAL SCIENCE 7. WORLD DIGITAL LIBIRARY
1.CHENNAI STUDENTS 2.BANGLORE STUDENTS 3. CURRENT AFFAIRS
CONTACT FOR ADVERTISEMENT IN ABOVE CHANNLES
ADMIN1: ADMIN2:
 o How Nationalism was boosted in South East Asia, after Japanese
Occupation?
 It was because of following Japanese Policies:
• Exploitation of Vital Natural resources in region for national
defence, like Coal, Rice, Rubber, Timber, Sugarcane and Fish
• Placing of troops in the occupied territories
• Cultural and Geographical Changes
• They sought to change the common local language to
Japanese
• It introduced the customs and signs prevalent in Japan
• Granting of Monopoly and control of news publications in
region--> Taking away of freedom of speech
• Suppression of Resistance movements
• Invasion was accompanied by destruction and loss of life,
property
• Conclusion
o The alliance visibly had differences along Racial Questions. Hence Alliance
could not sustain longer, after Paris Peace Conference (1919-20) and
when Britain sided with USA.

2. Do you think Russian Revolution failed to achieve all that it started with and
it stood for?

What to look
for?
Introduction • Correct factual data about the Revolution
Body • Look for a constructive opinion in answer
• Look for collection of reasons/ facts that explain the
Philosophy/intent of Revolution
• Answer should be moulded to take a stand (Either Yes or
no), with substantiation
Conclusion • A largely acceptable opinion/statement related to
Revolution

• Introduction
o Russian Revolution of 1917, was against Tsar Nicholas 2, by the working
class people of Russia
o Was led by Vladimir Lenin and group of Revolutionaries called Bolsheviks
o Two phases - February and October
• Body
o Why did Revolution start?
 Slaughter of Russia during World War 1: Made revolution inevitable
in 2 ways:
• Russian armies suffered Catastrophic losses and were no longer
military match for nations of Central and Western Europe
• Hopeless disruption of Russian Economy which destroyed it
prestige as Economic power
 Rampant Corruption & Inefficiencies of imperial Autocratic Rule of
Czars
 Reactionary Policies of Tsar like Occasional Dissolution of
Duma(Russian Assembly) had spread dissatisfaction
 Condition of peasants remained in state of near-slavery
 Condition of workers: Low wages, no protection to workers--> no
rights
 Influence of Nihilism: whose leaders preached to destroy prevailing
rule and create new world
 Industrial revolution in Europe flamed fire of Revolution in Russia

o Did the Revolution Fail to achieve all that it started?

Yes No
• Historians believe the • As it did tackle the despotism of
campaign of political Tsarists
repression in Soviet Union • It dealt with the situation of the
in 1938 known as Great country, which was caught between
Purge/Great terror are the the teeth of the vice of Capitalists and
guilt part of Revolution Landowners
• Revolution's Idea of • It broke the monopoly of feudal
Socialism/Communism landlords in connection to land and
resulted in Sabotage of Power
Soviet regime in coming • It caused destruction of autocracy
decades and the ugliest capitalist regime
translated into a secure state which
granted access to free, high quality
public services, quality education,
equality of opportunity and more
basic rights

• Conclusion
 History of Revolution must be separated from social vectors, that exist in
all societies to arrive what really the Revolution achieved
 3. Extreme nationalism of the Fascist Variety has various faces in various
countries, but it has everywhere certain common characteristics. Discuss the
statement in the light of the Nazism of Germany & Fascism of Italy

What to look
for?
Introduction • What is Fascism
Body • Fascism characteristics
• Relating the above, to its form in Germany and Italy
• Directive is to 'Discuss'
• Writing should be, as if it is being conveyed to
examiner
• Details and Characteristics of Fascism
• Answer should touch both positive and negative
aspects of the point
Conclusion • No definite stand needed
• A Relevant closing statement

• Introduction
o A Fascist person is he who holds right wing views, in a political philosophy
that exalts nation and race above Individual, which came into prominence
between 1919-1945
• Body
o Common characteristics of Fascism
 Extreme Militaristic Nationalism
 Contempt for Electoral democracy
 Political and Cultural Liberalism
 Belief in natural social Hierarchy
 Rule of elites
 Presence of Stable Dictatorial power
 Forcible suppression of Opposition
 Strong regimentation of Society and Economy
 Economic self-sufficiency
o Nazism in Germany
 It was a totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler
 Had intense Nationalism, mass appeal and dictatorial rule
 It Was an anti-intellectual and not a theoretical movement, solely
emphasising will of charismatic dictator
o Fascist Italy
 Mussolini founded the movement in post war period
 Was rooted in revolutionary Nationalism with desire to restore
Italian territories
  Opposed liberalism, communism, corporatism
o Why Fascism was favoured by few?
 It prioritised the welfare of the country
 Promoted Socio-Economic equality
 Speeded up the decision making process
 Improved peace and order
o Why Fascism was opposed?
 It paved way to the abuse of power
 It prevented people from enjoying free speech
 It widened the divide between the rich and poor
 It damaged the country's Economy
• Conclusion
o As these forms of rule weren't largely accepted by people, they couldn't
sustain longer and gave way for a more egalitarian rule

4. Briefly discuss nature and demands of non-party movements witnessed

during 1970s and 1980s that demanded various rights and protested against
various injustices.

What to look
for?
Introduction • What are non-party movements?
Body • Demand and Nature of non-party movements
• Directive is to ''Discuss''
• Writing should be, as if it is being conveyed to
examiner
• Answer need not end in any definite stand
• Answer should touch both positive and negative
aspects of the point
Conclusion • A concluding/way forward statement

• Introduction
o Non-party movements are people's movements and grass roots campaign,
that traditionally participate in political process
o These movements articulate the needs of the poor and socially
marginalised by advocating changes for Governance and policy making
process
• Body
o Demands and Nature of Non-party movements :
 They insisted on integrity and ethical behaviour in their campaigns
  They usually demanded improvements in behaviour of political
parties and politicians
 They confronted new emerging issues such as Economic
Globalisation, Religious Rights
 They were known more for issue based campaigns, in order to take
on more active role in politics
 They believed in process of 'Sustained Collective Action', to carry on
protests until things got done
 Their activities had shared understanding and developed distinct
mode of protest
Examples
o All India Assam students Union(AASU)
 In 1979, this student group not affiliated to any party led an anti-
foreigner movement
 Movement was against illegal migrations and against registered
faulty voters
 Movement demanded that all those who entered after 1951 be sent
back
 Agitation followed novel methods, involved tragic events
o Chipko Movement
 Villagers protesting against the practices of commercial logging that
government had permitted
 People hugged the trees and to prevent them from being cut down
 protests marked the beginning of world-famous environmental
movement in India
o Dalit Panthers
 In early 1970s, first generation Dalit graduates, began asserting
themselves
 This was a militant organisation of Dalit youth formed in
Maharashtra in 1972
 Effective implementation of reservations and policies of social justice
were their prominent demands
o Bhartiya Kisan Union
 An agrarian struggle
 At Meerut, against Government’s decision to increase electricity
rates
• Conclusion
o Even though these movements meet lot of opposition, they are crucial for
functioning of Democracy as they act as Checks and highlight the short
comings of Government
 5. Marxian Communism is primarily the offspring of German Hegelianism and
French Socialism. Elucidate

What to look
for?
Introduction • What is communism?
Body • Directive word is ''Elucidate''
• Make things clear of what is asked in question in form
of detailed explanation with examples(if any)
Conclusion • A largely acceptable closing statement

• Introduction
o Communism is a political and Economic Doctrine that aims to replace
private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and
communal control of at least the major means of production
• Body
o Marx was influenced by Hegel's philosophy of History and science of Logic
o French socialists influenced Marx with following ideas:
 Establishing economic equality between man and man, just like how
democracy seeks to establish political equality
 Distress of existing social order, urged man to be social and not
selfish
 History of mankind was simply a single and non-repetitive process
 Belief that law of historical process could be discovered
 Marx argued that the goal of government should be to secure
freedom, equality and justice for all within the state, regardless of
the will of the majority- Idea of egalitarian Democracy
o Hegel's influence
 Marx view of Historical Materialism, is from Hegel's claim that reality
and History should be viewed dialectically
 Hegel explained that this progressive unfolding of the Absolute
involves gradual, evolutionary accretion, but at other times requires
discontinuous, revolutionary leaps—episodal upheavals against the
existing status quo
• For example, Hegel strongly opposed slavery in the United
States during his lifetime and envisioned a time when Christian
nations would radically eliminate it from their civilization.
• Conclusion
o Although Marxian ideas which seemed relevant during those times, were
criticised later, for its issues of implementation, distortion & absence of
price signals
 6. Indian newspapers cleverly fought the British measures through amusing
and dramatic reporting. What are the measures taken by the British to curb
press in Indian and how Indian press helped in arousing the sense of
nationalism in spite of such constraints?

What to look
for?
Introduction • General writing on Indian press, on how crucial
it was
Body • Direct Question
• Ensure answer writing under all asked
dimension
Conclusion • A relevant closing statement

• Introduction
o ''Right to Freedom of press'' from early 19th Century had been on high
nationalist agenda
o Press was a crucial tool in hands of Indian nationalists to mobilise masses
in early phase of struggle
• Body
o Indian newspapers' amusing and dramatic reporting:
 Indian Journalists adopted several stratagems and evolved distinctive
writing to remain outside reach of law
 Section 124A excluded writings of persons whose loyalty to the
government was undoubted
• So Indian used vitriolic writing with effusive sentiments of
loyalty to Government and Queen
 Extracts from British newspaper would be taken to tease British
Indian bureaucracy into contemplating and taking action
o Measures by British to curb Indian press
 Section 124A of IPC
• Which provided that, anyone trying to cause disaffection
against British Government in India was to be transported for
life or for any term or imprisoned up to three years.
 Censorship Press act 1799
• Imposed almost war time press restrictions, including pre
censorship
 Licensing regulations, 1823
• Starting or using a press without license was a penal offence
 Press act 1835 or Metcalfe act
 Registration act 1867
  Vernacular press Act 1878
• Directed only against Indian language newspapers
• The Act provided for the confiscation of the printing press,
paper and other materials of a newspaper if the Govt believed
that it was publishing seditious materials and had flouted an
official warning
 Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908
 Indian press Act 1910
o Indian press arousing Nationalism amidst Constraints:
 In early phase of struggle, Press was used to propagate nationalist
ideology & arousing, training, mobilisation and consolidation of
Public Opinion than on mass agitations
 Newspapers were published as rendering National/Public service, as
a means for reading/discussing in public libraries
 Newspapers became a form of political participation and Institution
of opposition to government
 Indian press criticised British Administration during Famine, lavish
expenditure, British court judgements
• Conclusion
o Thus Press aided in forging bonds of fraternity with progressive people
and greatly contributed in India's National Movement

7. Ghadarites attempted violent overthrow of British, while Home rule

leaguers launched nationwide agitation for Swaraj. Compare the
contributions made by the revolutionary Ghadarites with that of Home rule
leaguers during period of World War 1

What to look
for?
Introduction • In brief, what these two organisations were
Body • Question is demanding their contributions and not
exactly what they were
• So comparison should be mainly in terms of their
contributions
Conclusion • Summarising or a completing statement to close Answer

• Introduction
o Ghadr and Home Rule league were the Indian Reponses to First world war
in a more effective way, which had implications during inert Phase of
Indian Nationalism
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6. POLITICAL SCIENCE 5. MECHINICAL ENGINEERING
7. ECONOMICS OTHER TELEGRAM CHANNELS
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CONTACT FOR ADVERTISEMENT IN ABOVE CHANNLES
ADMIN1: ADMIN2:
• Body
o Contributions of Home rule leaguers
 Aimed to convey common man, the message of home rule as Self
Government
 Aim was to be achieved by promoting political education and
discussion through public meetings, organising classes for students
on politics, carrying out propaganda through newspapers, collecting
funds, organising social work, and participating in local government
activities
 It shifted emphasis from educated elite to masses and it permanently
deflected the movement from course mapped by moderates
 Created an organisational link between town and country, which
proved crucial in later mass national phase movement
 Created generation of ardent nationalists and prepared masses for
Gandhian politics
 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were the result of Home rule agitation
 It revived congress as an effective instrument by causing reunion of
Moderates-Extremists in 1916
 It lent a sense of urgency to the national movement
 Movement launched in 2 phases
• By Annie Besant through her newspapers 'New India and
Commonweal' and by Tilak
o Contribution of Ghadr
 Was a revolutionary group with head quarters at San Francisco
 It included soldiers and peasants who migrated from Punjab to USA
 Proponent of Militant nationalism with a secular approach
 To carry out revolutionary activities, they set up 'Swadesh sevak
Home' and 'United India house' at USA
 They were inspired by the 'Komagata Maru' incident to launch a
violent attack on British
 They committed political dacoities to raise funds
• Conclusion
o Both were at opposite ends of the Philosophy and faded away with
coming of Gandhi and hopes on Non-cooperation program
 8. Twenty Eight months of Congress rule in 1930s gave people a glimpse of
future Swaraj. Examine

What To look
for?
Introduction • Data/ Idea of when Congress rule happened
Body • Congress efforts and actions for betterment
• 'Examine' is the Directive
 So detailed explanation and implications should
be present
Conclusion • A summarising or closing statement

• Introduction
o After a series of Debate, Gandhi's passed an advise to Congressmen to
hold offices lightly and Congress condemning 1935 Act, Congress won
Majority seats in elections
• Body
o Swaraj conveyed to people in 28 months, in the following Congress'
efforts:
 Civil Liberties(Congress easing curbs):
• Emergency power laws repealed
• Ban on illegal organisations, press restrictions, newspapers,
arms lifted
• Police powers curbed
• Political prisoners and Revolutionaries released
 Agrarian reforms
• Ministries managed to legislate a number of laws relating to
land reforms, debt relief, forest grazing fee, arrears of rent, land
tenures
 Labour reforms
• Intent was to advance workers' interests while promoting
Industrial peace
• Aim to reduce strikes by advocating compulsory arbitration,
prior to striking before the established conciliation machinery
• Goodwill creation between labour and capital
• Efforts to improve workers' condition and secure wages for
them
 Social welfare reforms
• Measures for welfare of Harijans taken - temple entry, use of
public facilities, scholarships, etc
• Attention given to primary, technical and higher education and
to public health and sanitation
 • Encouragement given to khadi through subsidies --> indigenous
enterprises
• Prison reforms
• Efforts to develop planning through National Planning
committee, set up under Congress President Subhash Bose in
1938
 Other Significance
• Contention that Indian self-Government was necessary for
radical social transformation got confirmed
• Demonstration that movement could use state power to further
its ends
• Ministries controlled communal riots
• Council work neutralised hostile elements
• Myth that Indian were not fit to rule was weakened
• Conclusion
o Although people were able to perceive shape of how Independence would
be like, it didn't sustain for longer due to internal strifes, opportunism and
hunger for power inside Congress
o Congress rule came to an end in 1939, after outbreak of second World
War

9. ''Montagu-Chelmsford reform proposals introduced 'Dyarchy', but blurred

the lines of responsibility''. Critically Examine
What to look
for?
Introduction • Any Relevant detail in Brief
Body • Question has directed to 'Critically Examine''
• So detailed inspection and establishment of facts
related is needed
• Need to explain Both Pros and Cons--> In the
direction of rationale asked in question
Conclusion • An unbiased judgement; a closure statement making
answer complete

• Introduction
o Montford reforms were an extension of policy of 'Carrot and stick' and
were in line of Montagu's August statement in 1917
• Body
o Main features
 Provincial Government
 • Introduction of Dyarchy for executive in provinces
• Subjects divided into two lists - reserved and transferred
• Ministers responsible to legislature, while executive councillors
were not
• Provincial legislative council were expanded
• Communal and class electorates were further consolidated
 Central Government
• Governor general was to be chief authority
• Three out of Eight in Viceroy's executive council were Indians
• Governor-general retained full control over reserved subjects
• Bicameral legislature introduced
 On home Government front, secretary of state for India was
henceforth to be paid out of British exchequer
o Responsibility lines blurred: Drawbacks
 No responsible government was envisaged in Act at All India level
 Franchise was limited, only few percentage of people got right to
vote
 At centre, the legislature had no control over the viceroy and his
executive council
 Allocation of seats for central legislature to the provinces was based
on ‘importance’ of provinces based on military and Commercial
importance
 At provinces, division of subjects was irrational and unworkable
 The provincial ministers had no control over finances and over the
bureaucrats, which led to constant friction between the two.
 Ministers were often not consulted on important matters and they
could be overruled by the governor on any matter that the latter
considered special.
o Act also had few positive elements, such as
 Governor was the executive head in the province
 In case of failure of constitutional machinery, Governor could take
over transferred subjects
 70% of members in provincial legislatures were now to be elected
 Women were given right to vote
 Legislators could reject the budget and enjoyed freedom of speech
 Legislators at centre could ask supplementary questions, pass
adjournment motions and vote a part of budget
 Some Indians found their way into important committees including
finance
• Conclusion
o The reforms were like a Sunless dawn, unworthy and disappointing, which
did not keep up to expectations raised by August Montagu statement
 10. The Governor-Generalship of Lord Cornwallis and Lord Dalhousie constitute
a very remarkable and a highly creative period in Indian History. Discuss

What to look
for?
Introduction • Why their tenure is important?
Body • Directive is to ''Discuss''
• Writing should be, as if it is being conveyed to
examiner
• Details of why the rule of two is important
• Answer should touch both positive and negative
aspects of the point
Conclusion • Any relevant opinion on the works of the two

• Introduction
o The tenure of Cornwallis and Dalhousie is known for watermark events
and key administrative measures taken
• Body
o Lord Cornwallis period: (1789-1793)
 Third Mysore war(1790-92) and treaty of Seringapatnam(1792) -
Reduced borders of Mysore and Ceded large territories to British
 Cornwallis Code (1793) - Judicial reforms, separation of revenue
administration and civil jurisdiction
 Permanent settlement of Bengal (1793)
 Europeanisation of administrative machinery and introduction of civil
services
o Lord Dalhousie period: (1848-1856)
 Second Anglo Sikh war(1848 -49) and annexation of Punjab (1849)
 Annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu (1852).
 Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation
of princely states
 “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control) Educational
Despatch” of 1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular schools and
government colleges.
 Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of first railway line
connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.
 Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with
Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854)
reforms.
 Ganges Canal declared open (1854); establishment of separate public
works department in every province.
 Widow Remarriage Act (1856)
 o Causes of Imperialism
 Curiousness to explore unknown territory
• They saw themselves as Harbingers of change and revolution.
They believed to have got the responsibility to modernise
colonies
 Economic: Govt & private companies wanted to maximise profits,
access to resources
• Age of Industrialisation: Imperialist countries wanted as much
raw materials such as cotton for textiles, wood for ship building,
tea/opium for trade etc
 Ethnocentric: Belief that cultural values of Europeans were superior
to other nations/groups
• The white man had the duty of controlling the world and
evangelising it based on pseudo-Darwinist ideas. They thought
the western world had to civilise the rest of planet
 Political: Growing patriotism and power spurred countries to
compete with others for supremacy
 Religious: To convert more new members to their religion
• Christian Missionaries setting up Institutions in these countries
o Differences
American Imperialism European Imperialism
This was a more subtle These sent large military force to subjugate
one nations and control population
Tried to majorly Tried to control Government most of the
influence nations times
They called themselves They mainly annexed countries with profit
the Liberators motive
Not so systematic Very systematic
• Conclusion
o Whatever be the ways of conquering, all had to face wrath of oppressed
people and end their imperialist rule later

12. Give a critical account of the Agricultural Revolution in Western Europe in

the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. How did it affect the social and
economic life of the people?

What to look
for?
Introduction • Agriculture revolution in Brief
 Body • Components/Details of revolution
• Directive word is ''Critical account''
• So in the rationale, one should mention the positives
and negatives both
Conclusion • Ending should have a closure with a judgement

• Introduction
o Agriculture revolution is the unprecedented increase in agricultural
production, which led to gradual transformation from traditional
agriculture system
• Body
o Components related to this revolution
 Reallocation of land ownership to make farms more compact
 Better drainage
 Scientific methods of breeding
 Experimentation with new crops
 Systems of crop rotation
 More productive use of arable land
o Effects of Agricultural revolution
 Agricultural output grew--> more per capita food availability
 It contributed to unprecedented population growth
 Triggered migration phenomenon
 Private marketing developed; agricultural production was now for
the market than for the family
 Trading between different areas led to development of a coherent
and loosely regulated agricultural market
 Enclosure of large farm land began, deprived access to small farmers
 Capitalist farmers emerged on the scene
 It is said agriculture revolution is the prime cause of Industrial
revolution
o Negative effects of Agricultural revolution
 This rise in productivity in agriculture sector reduced the share of
labour force in agriculture
 Pay for the workers came down, due to developing capitalist
tendencies
 Gap widened between land owners, farmers and peasants
 Capitalist emergence caused inequality in the society
 Workers lost their land rights and now they were more casual
workers
• Conclusion
o Agriculture revolution had a marked impact on mankind, and it set the
stage for Industrial revolution to take off.
 13. Compare and contrast the historical background and nature of regional
aspirations and secessionist movements that are being expressed in Kashmir
and the North East since independence

What to
look for?
Introduction • What secessionist movements are?
Body • Common background and nature of the secession
movement
• Directive is to 'Compare and Contrast''
• So both similarities and Differences between Kashmir
and NE secession movement should be there in answer
Conclusion • A relevant Closing statement

• Introduction
o Secessionist movement involve withdrawal from larger entity to form a
new alliance and to achieve their aspirations
• Body
o The main reason for the secessionist movement in India were:(with
Similar Historical Background)
 Collapse of colonial system and the newly-forged independence
derived
 Renewed purpose for autonomy
 Aspirations for Vernacular recognition
 Cultural emergence and freedom to form an imposed, dominant
Indianness
o The nature of these regional Aspirations were:
 They involved armed assertions by people
 Were repressed by the government
 Collapse of political and electoral processes
 Struggles were long drawn
 Struggles concluded in negotiated settlements or accords between
the central government and the groups leading the movement for
autonomy
o Comparison
• Both areas were wracked with Violence and Bloodshed
• Main uprising was against the atrocities committed under AFSPA
1958
• Cry for separation raised, which resulted in death of so many
inhabitants
• These issue had both Internal and External Dimensions
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 •
Issues involved Identity Crisis
• Involves the issue of Kashmiri identity known as Kashmiriyat
and aspiration of people for J&K autonomy
• Involves the issue of their tribal ethnic Identity, for preservation
of culture--> Mizos and Nagas
• Both were princely states before they were accessed to Indian Union
• The initial uprising in both states were sponsored by Pakistan
• Resentment in the state because against inefficiency of
administration prevails even now
• President's rule and army action have been common instances in
both regions
• Because of neglect and backwardness, there is a demand for itra-
state autonomy
• Initial period of popular support to militancy has now given urge for
peace
• The isolation of the region, its complex social character and its
backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all
resulted in the complicated set of demands
• The vast international border and weak communication between
these states and the rest of India have further added to the
delicate nature of politics there.
o Contrast
Kashmir Secessionist North East Secessionist movement
movement
• Main reason: • Main reason for uprising:
• Historical Background, • The partition of India in 1947 had
varied ethnicity reduced the North-East to a land
• Pak sponsored locked region and affected its
terrorism economy
• Cut off from the rest of India,
the region suffered neglect in
developmental terms.
• Atrocities by infiltration of • Atrocities and Opposition from in-
militants from Pakistan state insurgents and associations

• Was locked into a war that
threatened to tear it to
pieces, and was dominated
by militancy and radicalism
• As a result of secession
movements Kashmir given
special status under Article
• War conditions didn't prevail, but a
tussle between Govt and local people
existed
• As a result of secessionist movement,
Govt took to reorganisation of states
 370 and has its own
constitution
• Mixed reaction of people
exist here now:
• some want to join
Pakistan,
• some want more
autonomy
• Some want to be part
of Indian union
• Apart from export of
terrorists from Pakistan,
migration isn't as big issue
as in North east
and granting autonomous councils for
people in the region
• People are more or less content with
state reorganisation here, with
demand for more autonomy
• Most States in this region underwent
major demographic changes due to
influx of migrants from neighbouring
States and countries.-> uprising
strengthened
• These latecomers, either from India
or abroad are seen as encroachers
on scarce resources like land and
potential competitors to employment
opportunities and political power

• Leaders mainly took to • Leaders formed union to demand for

coalition and relied on extra
constitutional powers to
fight struggle
• Demand are still difficult to
accommodate because of
need of amending
Constitutional measures
separate states. Hence Meghalaya,
Mizoram, AP formed out of Assam
• Demands for autonomy were easier
to respond to, for these involved
using the various provisions in the
Constitution for accommodation of
diversities

• Conclusion
o The above events have been successfully dealt to an extent by an Indian
approach to diversity - With the Nation not denying the rights of different
regions and linguistic groups to retain their own culture
o Hence, there's a need to balance the principles of unity and diversity
o Despite all these diversities and divergence on the one hand, and the
continued situation of conflict on the other, the plural and secular
culture of the State has remained largely intact.
 14. Explain the Tribal Panchsheel policy of Jawaharlal Nehru? Discuss in light of
this policy whether Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal
Tribes) Regulation has helped in protection of indigenous tribal?

What to look
for?
Introduction • What is Panchsheel and why?
Body • First Directive is to 'Explain'
o Should have Principles of Panchsheel
• Next Directive is to 'Discuss'
o Writing should be, as if it is being conveyed to
examiner
o Should have Provisions of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes)
Regulation
o Has this regulation helped in their protection?
o Answer should touch both positive and negative
aspects of the point
Conclusion • A relevant closing opinion/statement

• Introduction
o The Panchsheel policy was devised out of the intent of upliftment of
Tribals in a slow manner, while preserving their culture
• Body
o The principles of Panchsheel for tribal development are
 Non-imposition: People should develop along the lines of their own
genius, and the imposition of alien values should be avoided.
 TribaI rights in land and forest should be respected.
 Teams of tribals should be trained in the work of administration and
development. Introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory
should be avoided.
 TribaI areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with a
multiplicity of schemes.
 Results should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money
spent, but by the human character that is evolved.
o Provisions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal
Tribes) Regulation
 Administrator can by notification declare any area adjacent and
contiguous to the reserved area as Buffer Zone and specify the limits
of such area
 No person can establish or operate any tourism establishment or
commercial establishment in Buffer Zone
  Any person who contravenes and enters reserved area for taking
photographs or making videos, shall be punishable with
imprisonment and fined
 It protects tribals from outside interference
 No land in a reserved area shall be allotted for agricultural purposes
or sold or mortgaged to the outsiders
o The Regulation has not helped protect the lives of Tribals as:
 They face threat of illness and disease as their long isolation has left
them with no immunity to our germs
 In spite of creating Buffer Zone, there have been recorded instances
of civilising missions, settlers encroaching land, Tourists throwing
scraps of food
 Logging and poaching destroyed habitats of Onge tribe, and made
them dependent on Government supply
 Despite regulations, Andaman Trunk road passes through their
habitations
 Promotion of tourism in addition to economic development still
occurs in habitat of Jarawas
• Conclusion
o Thus, it is an occasion for the country to embrace its Human heritage, and
to empathetically try to see the world from eyes of its most vulnerable
inhabitants

15. Does failure of India’s foreign policy is the reason behind successive wars
fought during 1962 to 1971? Critically comment

What to look
for?
Introduction • Brief of Indian foreign policy
Body • Objectives and Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
• Directive is to ''Critically Comment''
o Hence need to look from both sides of Foreign
policy--> did it create good relations and did it
create war?
o Questions has asked to ''Comment'': So
substantiation with an example is needed
Conclusion • Directives used in question demand an opinion or
judgement in the end
• Introduction
o India's foreign policy has been a product of long history, marked by great
deal of consistency and continuity
o Jawaharlal Nehru stands as the architect of India's foreign Policy
• Body
o Basic Objectives of Foreign Policy
 Preservation of National interest
 Achievement of World peace
 Disarmament
 Independence of Afro-Asian Nations
o These objectives are to be achieved through following principles
 Panchsheel
• Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
• Equality and Mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
 Non alignment
• It is aimed to maintain national independence in foreign affairs
by not joining any military alliance
 Anti-imperialism, Anti-Racism and Anti-Colonialism
 Strengthening of UN
o How Indian Foreign policy aided in betterment of relations?
 The joint enunciation of panchsheel, the Five principles of peaceful
Coexistence, by the Indian prime Minister Nehru and the Chinese
premier Zhou Enlai on 29 April 1954 was a step in the direction of
stronger relationship between the two countries, which sustained
good relations between the two until 1962
o Did India's foreign policy create wars between 1962 and 1971?
 The relationship between China and India strained when Tibet was
annexed by China in 1950
• India did not oppose this openly because of its policy of Non-
interference in Neighbour's affairs
• China took advantage of India's stance during Tibetan invasion,
and attacked India along the Kashmir border, when whole world
was focused on Cold war
• As a result of India's commitment to Non-alignment, we limited
our defence expenditures
• Nehru failed to reach negotiation with China, and couldn't
restore the territorial status quo along the disputed Himalayan
Border
 • Thus, Indians army faced onslaught from People's liberation
army of China
• Conclusion
o Hence it is imperative for India to learn from it failures and evolve a strong
Foreign policy to ensure conventional security for its country and people

16. The 20th century peasant movement emerged out of discontent that left the
marked impact on the struggle for national freedom. Illustrate the role
played by peasant movements during the 19th century and how it is
different from the contribution made by the peasant movements in the 20th
century

What to look
for?
Introduction • What were the Peasant movements in Brief?
Body • Why peasant movements emerged?
• Directive is to 'Illustrate''
o Hence detailing and their role in National
freedom with an example is a must
• Differences of 19th and 20th century peasant
movements
Conclusion • A relevant closing statement

• Introduction
o Peasant movement emerged mainly as reaction to British policies causing
Agrarian Distress
• Body
o Reasons for emergence of Peasant movement:
 Colonial economic policies -
• high rents, illegal levies, arbitrary evictions and unpaid labour in
Zamindari areas
 Ruin of Handicrafts causing overcrowding of land
 New land revenue system -
• it over burdened the farmer, fearing loss of his only source of
livelihood
• This further reduced their status to tenants-at-will, share
croppers and landless labourers
 Colonial administrative and Judicial system
 Exploitation at hands of British subjects, who were only keen on
making profits
 o Illustrations of Role played by peasant movement of 19th century
(Any detailing of below movements, and how they aided national freedom
would do)
 Indigo revolt 1859-60
 Pabna Agrarian leagues 1870s
 Deccan riots 1875
o Features of 19th Century peasant movements
 Movements were unorganised. Lacked formal organisation and long
term strategy
 Demands were based on economic basis and not to end their
subordination or exploitation
 No forward looking action persisted among peasants
 Struggles were directed to specific issues and not against colonialism
as whole
 Peasantry itself provided leadership
 Absence of coherent Ideas and movements were result of
spontaneous reaction of exploitation
o Features of 20th century peasant movements
 Gandhi and other great leaders appeared as leaders to the peasant
movements
 Broader struggle was against colonialism beginning with Champaran,
Kheda and Bardoli movements
 Communal issues got intertwined with peasant issues. Ex: Mapillah
revolt
 As congress favoured interests of Zamindars and landlords,
independent organisations emerged on scene. Ex: All India Kisan
Sabha at Lucknow
 Movements started moving towards formalisation, with conferences,
meetings, raising demands and resolutions emerging on scene
o Conclusion
 These movements brought in an atmosphere of nationalism and set
the firm ground for post-independence reforms

17. ''To characterise the Quit India Movement as 'Spontaneous revolution'

would be partial interpretation, so also would be to look up at it as the
culmination of Gandhian Satyagraha movements.'' Elucidate

What to look
for?
Introduction • Why the movement?
 • What was it all about?
Body • Address both parts of question
o Not fully spontaneous
o Not fully the culmination of Gandhian
satyagraha
o Only key words and key events are mentioned as
part of answer below
o To make up to 250 words, more detailing of
mentioned events is needed
• Directive is to 'Elucidate' - So explanation should be to
make things clear with examples
Conclusion • A relevant closing statement

• Introduction
o Quit India movement was the result of Cripps' departure, calling for British
Withdrawal and non-violent, non-cooperation movement against any
Japanese invasion
• Body
o Quit India movement wasn't completely a 'Spontaneous Revolution' nor
result of Gandhi's efforts as:
 There was no mass movement against British rule after the Civil
Disobedience Movement, because of which there was great
resentment among public and Indians wanted to rise against the
foreigners
 Britain announced India to be party to the war without consulting
 Congress Working Committee condemned British action, as India
couldn't associate herself with Fascism
 CWC in Wardha planned to launch Individual Civil Disobedience
 Cripps Mission was sent to India in 1942, with constitutional
proposals to seek Indian support for the war
• The mission failed to satisfy Indian Nationalists and it turned out
to be mere propaganda device
 Hence, as a culmination of the Tempo built and condemnation
against each oppression of British, Quit India call was given as a Final
Call for the British
o Also, Quit India movement was different from other Gandhian Satyagraha
Movements as:
 It was marked with unprecedented Violence and underground
activities like looting, burning up of stations, cutting telephone lines -
which Gandhi was highly against
 Parallel Government were set up in many parts of India
  This proves that, neither Gandhi nor Congress had any legitimacy or
control over movement
• Conclusion
o Since the movement was characterised by Chaos and Violence, which is
justified above, it can be inferred that the movement was neither
spontaneous nor on Gandhian lines

18. The Cultural-Ideological struggle in the 18th Century, represented by the

Socio-Religious movements, was an integral part of the evolving national
consciousness. Critically Examine

What to look
for?
Introduction • What were these reform movement all about?
Body • Summary of these movements and their examples
• Directive is to ''Critically Examine''
o Positively explain how reforms influenced in
national consciousness
o Also explain the cons in the same rationale

Conclusion • A relevant completing unbiased judgement

• Introduction
o Socio-Religious movements had an enlightened vision that brought in the
'Renaissance' era, which decided the future course of events
• Body
o The Struggle was the result of:
 Impact of British rule and Polices
 Religious and social ills of the time
 Depressing position of Women
 Caste discrimination/Caste based Exploitation
 Opposition to western culture
 New awareness among Enlightened Indians taking shape
o Cultural-Ideological struggle manifested in following forms:
 RR Roy's Brahmo Samaj - Criticism of Caste system and Abolition of
Sati
 Atmaram Pandurang's Prarthana Samaj - For women's education and
widow remarriage
 HV Derozio's Young Bengal movement as radical, intellectual trend
among Bengal
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  J.Phule's Satyashodhak Samaj against upper caste Domination and
Brahmanical Supremacy
o These movements contributing to National Consciousness
 Movements contributed to liberation of Individual from conformity
of fear and from uncritical submission to caste practises to mobilise
masses for struggle
 Translation of religious texts into Vernacular Languages made people
think in Rational manner to think right, in direction of freedom
 Emphasis on Human Intellect's capacity to think and reason ensured
people caught what leaders tried to convey
 It gave the middle class the needed cultural roots to cling, to inspire
them to fight against imperial power
 It made people realise the special needs of modern times in terms of
scientific knowledge, secular outlook, to make them aware of ill wills
of British administration
 Reforms aimed at modernisation, rather than outright
westernisation--> Limits on intent of British policies
 Reformist efforts aimed at revival of native cultural personality,
which was distorted over years by colonial ideological Hegemony
o The negative aspects of these reform movements( in dimension of
evolving national consciousness)
 Movements had a narrow social base, namely educated and urban
middle class, while needs of peasantry and urban poor were ignored
 Radical outlook and Questions on Scriptural Authority alienated high
caste Hindus
 Hindu reformers confined their praise to ancient past, leaving the
medieval phase, which created two different class of people based
on their suffering/exploitation in each phase
 Birth of communalism arrested the consciousness efforts of these
movements
• Conclusion
o Not fully giving in to the net outcomes, this phase set a platform for
Nationalism era to begin
 19. The goal of Political Independence acquired a clearer and sharper social and
economic content with the rise of left-wing. Elucidate

What to
look for?
Introduction • Basic Understanding of left-wing
Body • Making statement given in question clearer, with an
explanation how left-wing clearly made effort to realise
goal of Political Independence is needed
• Since, Directive is to 'Elucidate', examples to go along with
explanation is must
• Left wing here doesn't fully mean the revolutionaries and
Extremist phase of struggle!
Conclusion • A closing statement as to why this trend didn't pick up

• Introduction
o Left Wing means radical/ reforming/ socialist section of political party,
which supports social equality and egalitarianism
o It developed in India in late 1920s and 1930s contributing to the
radicalisation of National movement
• Body
o How Political Independence acquired clearer, sharper content with its
rise?
 Stream of national struggle and stream of struggle for social &
Economic emancipation of supressed and exploited began to come
together
 Socialist idea acquired roots in Indian soil and Socialism became
accepted creed of Indian youth, which were symbolised by
Jawarharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
 There emerged 2 powerful parties of Left - Communist Party of
India(CPI) and Congress Socialist Party(CSP)
 The left Wing in India rallied on the ideas of Russian Revolution -
right to live freely and happily without being exploited and victimised
by wealthier and higher classes
 Ideas of left wing gained momentum, with poor outcomes of Non
Cooperation movement and Gandhian Policies
 The ideas of left Wing were propagated through:
• Pamphlet Gandhi and Lenin by SA Dange, and weekly The
Socialist
• Ghulam Hussain published Inquilab
  Student and Youth Associations were organised all over the country
to advocate radical solutions for Political, Economic and Social ills
form which the country was suffering
 Great Depression during this phase, popularised the idea of Socialism
even more
 Importance of Left wing for Independence is evident with Nehru and
Bose being elected as Congress session President from 1936 to 1939
 Nehru's Ideas of economic emancipation of masses, followed by
establishment of a Socialist society, spurted idea of socialism among
Indians
 In 1928, Nehru and Bose organised 'Independence for India League'
to fight for complete Independence and 'Socialist Revision of
Economic structure of society'
 More clarity on Political independence--> Nehru's criticism of
Gandhi's ideas
• Nehru criticism for Gandhi refusing to recognise conflict of
classes, for preaching harmony among exploiters and exploited
 Main supporting fact was that socialism recognised primacy of
political, anti-imperialist struggle so as to oust the foreigner
• Conclusion
o Although highly spirited in action, left wing couldn't completely realise
goal of Political independence, because of Government trying Indians in
Conspiracy cases and Indian revolutionaries exiling abroad

20. Examine how the Swadeshi movement made a major contribution in taking
the idea of Nationalism, in a truly creative fashion, to many sections of the
people, hitherto untouched by it. Also illustrate how the movement evolved
new methods of Mass mobilisation

What to look
for?
Introduction • Relevant facts to draw orientation, to what is asked in
question
Body • 'Examine' is the Directive
o Detailed explanation of what is asked with facts
and figures(If any)
• Ensuring the answer addresses all dimensions as asked in
question, as under below subheadings is important
• Last section asks to 'Illustrate'
 • So explanation with suitable examples, to make things
more clear
Conclusion • A related closing statement, leaving answer complete

• Introduction
o Swadeshi movement was the result of anti-partition movement, which the
British devised to divide Bengal, the nerve centre of Indian Nationalism
• Body
o The movement adopted many creative ways such as:
 Petition were submitted to government, and public meetings were
organised, propaganda were spread through Newspapers and
pamphlets
 An educated public opinion in India and England was propagated, to
exert sufficient pressure on Government to prevent implementation
of Partition
 In the meetings held in large number of towns, Pledge to boycott
foreign goods were taken
 In 1905, formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made,
with passage of Boycott resolution
 The day of partition was observed as day of mourning, with people
fasting, bathing in Ganga, walking in processions to sing Bande
mataram, people tying rakhis as symbol of unity
o Many sections of people were brought under the idea of Nationalism:
 For first time, women, students and a large section of urban and
rural population of Bengal and other parts of India became actively
involved in politics for first time
 Movement spread to other regions such as Poona under Tilak,
Punjab under Lala Lajpath Rai, Madras under Chidambaram Pillai
 Movement under Militant leadership tried to expand outside Bengal
and make it a full-fledged political mass struggle with goal of
attaining Swaraj
o Movement evolving to new methods of Mass mobilisation:
 Militant nationalists put forward several fresh ideas at
the theoretical, propaganda and programme levels.
 Political independence was to be achieved by converting the
movement into a mass movement through the extension of boycott
into a full-scale movement of non-cooperation and passive
resistance.
 The Extremists gave a call for passive resistance in addition to
swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods which would also include a
boycott of government schools and colleges, government service,
courts, legislative councils, municipalities, government titles
  Corps of volunteers or 'samitis: Samitis such as the Swadesh
Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta (in Barisal) emerged as a
very popular and powerful method of mass mobilisation, by
generating political consciousness through magic lantern lectures,
swadeshi songs, social works, training in swadeshi crafts etc
 Movement also saw creative use of traditional popular festivals and
melas as means of reaching out to masses- Tilak's Ganapati and
Shivaji festivals for swadeshi propaganda
 Traditional folk forms like jatras were used for dissemination
 There was a great emphasis given to self-reliance or 'Atmasakti' as a
necessary part of struggle against Government
 Social reforms and campaign against evils like caste oppression, early
marriage, dowry system, consumption of alcohol were included
 The major planks of the programme of self-reliance was Swadeshi or
national education
• Bengal National College, inspired by Tagore's Shantiniketan was
set up with Aurobindo Ghosh as its principal
• The National Council of Education was set up to organize a
system of education—literary, scientific and technical—on
national lines and under national control
• A Bengal Technical institute was set up for technical education
and funds were raised to send students to Japan for
advanced learning.
 Self-reliance also meant an effort to set up Swadeshi or indigenous
enterprises - swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories,
tanneries
 Breakthrough in cultural sphere - Tagore's Amar Sonar Bangla,
A.Tagore breaking domination of Victorian naturalism
• Conclusion
o Swadeshi movement was the first multi-faceted programme in ambit of
modern political idea, that the future struggles would draw heavily from
experience gained