L 7 NEPHROLOGY DR.

FOAAD

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN)

Although the tubules and the interstitium are distinct functional entities, they are
intimately related.

Injury involving one of them invariably results in damage to the other.

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis(TIN)

In approximately 70% of the cases ,acute TIN is due to a hypersensitivity reaction

to drugs, most commonly drugs of the penicillin family and NSAIDs .

15% are idiopathic and 5% are cases of tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis
(TINU) syndrome.

Drug induced acute TIN

Patients present with fever, arthralgia, skin rashes and acute oliguric or non-
oliguric renal failure. Many have eosinophilia and eosinophiluria.

Rarely, NSAIDs can cause a glomerular minimal change lesion in addition to TIN
and present as the nephrotic syndrome.

Treatment involves withdrawal of offending drugs. High-dose steroid

therapy( prednisolone 60 mg daily) is commonly given.

Patients may require dialysis for management of the acute renal failure.

Most patients make a good recovery in the kidney function, but some may be left
with significant interstitial fibrosis and a persistent high serum creatinine.

Infection causing acute TIN

Acute pyelonephritis leads to inflammation of the tubules, producing a neutrophilic

cellular infiltrate.

TIN can complicate systemic infections with viruses( hantavirus, EBV, HIV,
measles, adenovirus),

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bacteria(Legionella,leptospira,streptococci,Mycoplasma,Brucella,Chlamydia) and
others ( Leishmania, Toxoplasma).

In immunocompromised patients such as post-renal transplantation,CMV,and

herpes simplex virus can cause acute TIN in the renal graft.

Treatment involves eradication of infection by appropriate antibiotics or antiviral

agents.

. infection ‫ اال بوجود عالمات ال‬B‫مو كل واحد تعطي‬

Background of CKD = DM + SLE + smoking + NSAID + hypertension +

dyslipidemia + dehyhidration ……

Acute TIN as a part of multisystem inflammatory diseases

Several non-infectious inflammatory disorders such as Sjogren ‘s syndrome

,SLE ,and Wegener’s granulomatosis can cause acute or chronic TIN rather than
GN. Sjogren’s syndrome (dry) may additionally present as renal tubular acidosis.

These heterogenous conditions with TIN generally respond to steroids.

TINU syndrome

IN this syndrome, uveitis generally coincides with acute TIN.

It is common in children ,but has been reported in adulthood.

Among adults it is more common in females, but its cause remains unknown.

Patients presents with wt. loss, anemia and raised ESR .

A prolonged course of steroids leads to improvement in both renal function and

uveitis.

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Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

Causes are:

Common Uncommon

Reflux nephropathy Alport’s syndrome

NSAIDs Balkan nephropathy

ppi and herbal nephropathy.

DM Irradiation

Sickle cell disease or Sjogren’s syndrome

Trait

Cadmium or lead Hyperuricaemic nephropathy

intoxication.

Chronic TIN changes evolve in progressive primary glomerular or vascular

disease of the kidney,where its severity is a better predictor of long term survival
than the primary site of insult.

The patient usually either presents with polyuria and nocturia ,or is found to have
proteinuria or uraemia.

Proteinuria is usually slight( less than 1 g daily).

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Papillary necrosis with ischemic changes to the papillae occurs in a number of
tubulointerstitial nephritidis,e.g., analgesic abuse,DM,sickle cell disease or trait

Acute gone to chronic

Analgesic nephropathy

The chronic consumption of large amounts of analgesics( especially those

containing phenacetin) and NSAIDs leads to chronic TIN and papillary necrosis.

Analgesic nephropathy is twice as common in women as in men and present

typically in middle-age.

Patients are often depressed or neurotic.

Tension headace

Presentation may be with anaemia, chronic renal failure, UTIs , hematuria, or

urinary tract obstruction( owing to sloughing of a renal papilla

Chronic analgesic abuse predisposes to the development of uroepithelial tumors.

The consumption of the above analgesia should be discouraged. If necessary ,

dihydrocodeine or paracetamol is a reasonable alternative.

This may result in the arrest of the disease and even improvement in the function.

UTI ,hypertension (if presents) and saline depletion will require appropriate
management.

The development of flank pain or unexpectedly rapid deterioration in renal

function should prompt ultrasonography to screen for urinary tract obstruction due
to a sloughed papilla.

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