Shakyra Jean

Jennifer Byrd

WGST 3050

17 March 2020

Annotated Bibliography

Abstract:

America has huge abduction and sex trafficking rates. This is a huge problem and it seems as if

this isn’t a problem to the people in society. Rates are especially high for minorities. There are

over 25,000 unsolved sex trafficking cases in the US right now and nothing is done about it. I

have hopes to try to find a solution to this problem, even in efforts to prevent this problem from

spreading and protecting people at risk.

Source One
https://www.npr.org/2011/09/19/140291208/calif-community-takes-action-against-sex-

trafficking

MLA Citation:

Tejada, Denise. “Calif. Community Takes Action Against Sex Trafficking.” NPR, NPR, 19 Sept.

2011, www.npr.org/2011/09/19/140291208/calif-community-takes-action-against-sex-

trafficking.

Main Idea: In the San Antonio neighborhoods of California, sex trafficking has always been a

problem since several motels moved into the community. In this article, All Things Considered

and Youth Radio collaborated on an investigative series from young people’s point of view on

what it’s like being sex trafficked and how police combat to solve this problem.
Solutions: Unfortunately sex trafficking is more common then it seems, happening in locations

such as at bus stops, in front of homes, or even in front of schools. Even worse, “school district

officials say it’s hard to prevent because the pimps just look like regular guys.” Nhuanh Ly,

program coordinator for Banteay Srei, a group that works with neighborhood girls to build self-

esteem and teach them how to avoid being recruited by pimps, says that the first step to solving

this problem is for families to have frank conversations about early dating and sex. Although it

can be awkward, Ly states that, “a common response for parents is to try and shut their children

away from seeing this. But the reality is that it’s so visible and it’s so prevalent that we can’t do

that.” Parents of many daughters residing in San Antonio state that getting rid of motels where

sex trafficking take place would not solve the problem altogether but would be considered a big

accomplishment.

Source Two
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=207901614

MLA Citation:

“Finding And Stopping Child Sex Trafficking.” NPR, NPR, 1 Aug. 2013,

www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=207901614.

Main Idea: In this NPR, we learn that in the year of 2013, the FBI had rescued over 100 children

from prostitution, and arrested over 150 pimps who allegedly trafficked them. Along with NPR

Justice Correspondent Carrie Johnson and Malika Saada Saar of Rights4Girls, host Michel

Martin learns more about sex trafficking and how to stop it.

Solutions: This article was very complex in comparison to my first source, however, introduces

listeners what the real underlying problem to sex trafficking really is. Saada Saar states, “is we

really look at this issue of child trafficking in America, it’s another lens through which to
understand how broken our foster care system is. Many of these girls, especially, have been put

in multiple placements, and many of these girls in those different placements have been abused.”

Furthermore, over 60 percent of kids that have been recovered from sex trafficking have some

type of familiarity with or involvement with either group homes or the foster care system.

Because of the abuse that comes from the foster care system, traffickers are able to lure young

girls with promises of money and affection, leaving the girls trapped in a very abusive cycle.

Saada Saar admits that sex trafficking is a hard problem to solve as that most of the time, girls

are at the wrong place at the wrong time. The FBI were able to locate many traffickers through

undercover operations, in which they pretended to be men looking for dates. Saada Saar

concludes this NPR segment stating that the problem is not the prostitution itself, but the

violence girls face by the time she reaches 18.

Source Three
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01221.x

Citation:

McClain, Natalie M, and Stacy E Garrity. “Sex Trafficking and the Exploitation of Adolescents.”

Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 40.2 (2011): 243–252. Web.

This source explains the how sex trafficking and exploitation is the modern-day slavery. Humans

are being transported in and out of borders to do hard work like move drugs, prostitute and

commit many different crimes. This has so many problems and is a very big problem. Sex

trafficking can cause so many issues to individuals such as STD’s, STI’s, mental disorders,

unwanted pregnancy, death, etc. This article also explains the warning signs of sex trafficking

and how to use your resources to help prevent the situation.

Source Four
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300799

Citation:

Hargreaves-Cormany, Holly A, Terri D Patterson, and Yvonne E Muirhead. “A Typology of

Offenders Engaging in the Sex Trafficking of Juveniles (STJ): Implications for Risk

Assessment.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 30 (2016): 40–47. Web.

This article dug into an experiment involving juveniles and the linking of sex trafficking. It

explains how some juveniles have a need for love and relationship that they build a false loving,

toxic attaching relationship with their abuser. This causes so much emotional trauma to minors.

Using juvenile’s is an easy way for predators to manipulate their prey since they believe that they

are easy targets for more trauma.

Source Five
Citation:

Mletzko, Deborah, Lucia Summers, and Ashley N Arnio. “Spatial Patterns of Urban Sex

Trafficking.” Journal of Criminal Justice 58 (2018): 87–96. Web.

Spatial Patterns of Urban Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking is the fastest growing types of organized crimes. Most victims of sex trafficking

are homeless or runaway youths, the type of people who need help. Traffickers see these traits as

an opportunity to find their next victims. Traffickers provide these victims with the things that

the lack and long for and in return victims feel the obligation to give them what they want in

return. Statistics also show that most victims are minorities including black and Latino

individuals.
Solution: Help lower the number of youths on the streets. Find them new homes, financial help

and enforce new regulations for minors homecare.

Source Six
Citation:

“Disrupt Rape Culture.” Ms. Magazine, Winter, no. 2020, 2020, p. 4.

This source talks about the rape culture dealing with youths. There is an organization called

“FORCE” that helps to get to the root of rape culture in efforts to eliminate and prevent future

occasions. The organization participated in a three-day event that included programs that helped

survivors heal from past abuse and prevention. I related rape culture to sex trafficking because in

a lot of instances traffickers are in abusive relationships with their kidnappers as well as some

victims of rape. All victims are forced to indulge in unwanted sexual activity. The issue of rape

and sex trafficking are very huge issues and there needs to be more precautions and safety

executed to help victims and possible victims in our society.

Source Seven
Citation:

Baker, Carrie. “No Such Thing as a 'Child Prostitute'.” Ms. Magazine, Fall, no. 2019, 2019, pp.
29–33.

This source shows the relationship between a trafficker and his victim. At the time, the young

victim, who was only 14 years old, was very vulnerable and clueless to what was going on. The

trafficker used a woman to get the young victim comfortable and posed as someone who could

help her future dreams and be a father figure considering she lost her father. He would gradually
see her and gave her $300 every time they met up. He eventually asked her to do sexually things

and she felt as if she was required to do these things because of the money he was giving her. To

a 14-year-old struggling girl this could be very easy to fall into these traps. So many sick

predators take advantage of unwitting young girls.

Solution: Educate young girls and boys on how any why we need to stay away from strangers.

Educate them on the signs of what predators may look like. In these types of situations another

solution can be to do better to help families financially that may be in poverty.

Source Eight

Citation:

Mameli, P.A. Stopping the illegal trafficking of human beings. Crime, Law and Social Change

38, 67–80 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019876429551

All in all, humans are being trafficked all over the world. From Europe to America, Africa to

America, etc. This has been going on since the slave trade but now, it’s basically like a sex slave

trade. These rates are constantly increasing and not much is being done to stop it. There is little

to no police force being applied to these problems which is why numbers are increasing.

Solution: Thorough checks through cargo and just border control. Instead of just looking for

drugs officials need to be looking for other illegal matters such as this one. Police and higher

officials need to add more severity and seriousness to these problems and create safe

environments for these victims as it is their job to do.

Source Nine

Citation:

TedX.“Trafficking: Seeking Solutions to a Hidden Crime.” YouTube, 29 Apr. 2016,

https://youtu.be/Mv_6nU6OvQk

Many people who are in these trafficking situations are very vulnerable and feel they have no

escape. Worldwide, there are 21 million people being trafficked. Out of those 21 million people

80% are women and 50% are children. Only 1% of those victims actually escape from their

traffickers. Markella Papadouli speaks about the trafficking issues on a global aspect. Lots of

foreign travelers are sucked into sex trafficking because of vulnerability. This doesn’t mean

willingness to be trafficked but manipulated. Traffickers find targets who they believe can be

their next victim and provide them with the things they desperately need, the easiest way to fall

victim in this situation.

Solution: In the video, Markella Papadouli speaks about the bystander effect. We must stop

seeing these crimes and not speaking up on it. There are so many traffickers and victims who

look like average people, so people don’t want to intrude into other people’s business even if

they feel something isn’t right. We must start acknowledging the signs and helping these victims

gain their freedom back.