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Type companion cre " Bin | et val TT eon os 0 is aS 0 TMoISTURE CONTENT= Sort chas backfi foro appliotiane uch a cod 1983) which is used for heavier specified nombore ‘compaitive effet Feared orpacive ntsAttempts were also made (Wilson, 1950; HRB, 1962) to dovolop now prosedures for | optimum moistirecontent using static and kneading ‘ono of academic interest ns Sifferent from that of Procore ve oils, press sation of small pressures ean not ho effecivo in cohosive compared tosingle niyo application ana the duration of tho offrt sometimes Jn water contents the neutral stress ‘compaction will not build up ifthe aft is appli stowly 122.5. ENGINEERING BEHAVIOUR OF COMPACTID FINE-GRAINED SOILS 2.2.4, COMPACTIVE EFFORT Compactve efforts d given a ‘yolume of compacted coil under laboratory eonitions, Under fi effort is defined as compaction oftimes on a givon thickness of Inthe laboratory tests, compactiveeart can be varied In a vibratory compaction mthod the compastive effort can be atin. Tn thal, compar: fenigneering behaviour of compacted (95, 1962) exhaustive study on e ‘pasted ecle has thrown more ight onbsttor undorstandingofompacted fine-grained teen found that an increase in moulding water contont causes a decte n Tine 1 compacted on the diy sda of epi tes optinium with same dry density yeequently saturated, the sample compacted on the 0 Sfetuie is found to comprese Inve But at high stes lovel the mpl compete on the ado fo observed Io * | SSnprest more Un the camplecmmpeced on tho meta = the study of stress-strain behaviour of ds E stant eonfining pr 1 comparon) maith, presamnbly dv to shinge of stractre fom the stronger ~ - emegsid the weaker Aopered fom, ° < ” = wo 1000 2000 m0, 4000 ling of clays increases with density and decreases with MOISTURE CONTENT. th COMPAC TIVE EFFORT, KNm/m? gre Y ‘he compaction moisture. General far greater fra sol compacted drier than it thon forone compacted on the wot-sofoptimara, Swell ean be siniised ing the compaction level nd inerensing the moisLare content tothe plate limiter lightly above Sowers, 1979, (2) MOISTURE DENSITY CURVES FoR DIFFERENT COMPACTIVE EFFORTS ) MAXIMUM DENSITY AS & FUNCTION (OF COMPACTIVE EFFORTS Fig 24 Bites fempacin ft (Ar Sars, 1979) |‘Table 2.4. Comparieon Dry-of-Optiniam with Wetof-Optimam, (ifr Lambe aed Whitman, 1979) Prer ona Dryside nore random Water defense Digit mora dfn nied tore el lamer pore pronute Persnen 1 | gditestrctre mores one Dry re pmanbie Doped pecmecility ede sch ecb Dryas sratat igher i awling peeve igperaited. Desined iereter orator presse a re ets Stross ele Dry eh nestor ena ity Deda ee apt be 2.8, FIELD PROCEDURE ‘The field procedure fr eonstrasting dcontrollod compacted ile aro idontiiod in w borzow pit Tho soll s prosessad in the pt for the re "worked, [eis oprend in thin Injera and aati is compacted tox predetermined dansity bya is explained in the subsequent paragraph, coumacron 3s 28.1. CONTROLLED COMPACTED FILL When sposes it is placed in layors, exch laye ‘compated bafo vi compacted, til elevation and Thave adaquato strength formations, Barth structures led compastedearehfill maybe entegorized under five groups compaction of pavement subgrad ton of pavernent layers, rolevant to this book. (9) Fills combined with benches that ate consteucted for 2.3.2, PAVEMENT SUBGRADE, impacted, In either eave the replaced matorial would funtion as the base. Tn fertain ateas where considerable sessonal moisture changes odsur rest change lay subgrade, espeially in expansive clays deg incite content 2.31. MATRRIAL SELECTION FACTORS \ are amongtheoldest construction mat sniqus, durable and Tesown reasons ing sol and wook for eonetraction, ‘The field ‘and'the construetion operations That area nouns rsenovEMENT TECANOUES uring placement, In general or fs used in arth dams as an imp Forstructursl foundations and Mleorewelligeade granul pressure when p io up of and af the ame time have tre from ving ix msinimioed. clays are avoided aa adequate support capacity hy compaction isnot fensiblo, Further auch roils may pore conatrustion difficulties arising Yorn thei response to increased moieture during rainy periods. Any cohesive mixture may be used provided Capillary euborfs are installed immediately beneath feo of the structure. Strength of save gonorally wor than grandlar aol fil. Hyrule sof gv been, sms and embankment aro construct is necessary toleeatouitable borrow ty onsite mintsriala from cute type: For a bung, say raquiee only one type of elect iar for dom a wide range fare roguited to se inthe different parts ef an earth dam to watisly different iy oxéevatod sol an male excellent fill when they are non-organic and dying are usually neoossary dion ofthe excawation, inof moisture makes ibeasierto excavate In order fo one tho quel pit is necessary. This roquios conmaco ” 8.5: PLACEMENT AND PROCESSING is depends on the msthed of ann, ar tho size agin, sles ‘the materials in ribbon like layers Jes anil wagons, To seraper spre ‘Sorat the layers ave needed ator tho prea by the serapes. Ifthe material jetoo wet, they are cut and turned with a disk plow Chat thay will acrate and dry in the bun Iethe matettal soo dy, the coveece amount of water is added by sprinkling irrigation fad mixed int tho Diffarenttypesof compaction equi an for different oils under Vitione, Detaled treatment on compaction equipmant is made in the next ‘Two mothode of compaction spisifietion have been in practice (Foster, 1962) to apecity tho compaction equirements in the various compacted layers. Tn ono type el the porfermanee type compaction aquinement i stated in terms of physical properties ofthe compacted 19 density abtained in ae type of epecifestion ix 2p F perties fag of ait voids at a specific moisture Eontent, Yor ratio and tolatve density. Tho Inst two are used p fr eohesionless aterile. In performance type of specication, tho contractor is given wide acopo in the choos, In tha other type called tho work type specifica ton, the iype ofeguipment, the li entand the amount of wot. required to obtain th necessary donsity aro epesfica. The work type ment works performance typeof eposl hae found wide spread usage in highway and airied pavement worke, 2.4. SURFACE COMPACTION ition, Inappropriate use of equipment for a type wot only in a poor quality of construction bat also lead to ‘Gelaya, Bquipmente whist sam avatlable bated on tho above principles are Toller, tempors afi rammars, Thaw equipmants are used on the surface of tho ground Ttaprove the material property toa finited depth from ground surface and are termed. urfnco compaction equipments, Compacting materials to large depths by operating equip-