CHAPTER 16

Exercises

E16.1 From Equation 16.5, we have

Bgap  Kia (t ) cos( )  Kib (t ) cos(  120  )  Kic (t ) cos(  240  )

Using the expressions given in the Exercise statement for the currents,
we have
Bgap  KI m cos(t ) cos( )  KI m cos(t  240  ) cos(  120  )
 KI m cos(t  120  ) cos(  240  )

Then using the identity for the products of cosines, we obtain

Bgap  21 KI m [cos(t   )  cos(t   )  cos(t    120  )
 cos(t    360  )  cos(t    120  )
 cos(t    360  )]

However we can write

cos(ωt  θ )  cos(ωt  θ  120  )  cos(ωt  θ  120  )  0
cos(ωt  θ  360  )  cos(ωt  θ )
cos(ωt  θ  360  )  cos(ωt  θ )

Thus we have
Bgap  32 KI m cos(ωt  θ )

which can be recognized as flux pattern that rotates clockwise.

E16.2 At 60 Hz, synchronous speed for a four-pole machine is:

120f 12060 
ns    1800 rpm
P 4
The slip is given by:
ns  nm 1800  1750
s    2.778%
ns 1800

The frequency of the rotor currents is the slip frequency. From Equation

1
 16.17, we have ωslip  sω . For frequencies in the Hz, this becomes:

fslip  sf  0.02778  60  1.667 Hz

In the normal range of operation, slip is approximately proportional to

output power and torque. Thus at half power, we estimate that
s  2.778 2  1.389% . This corresponds to a speed of 1775 rpm.

E16.3 Following the solution to Example 16.1, we have:

ns  1800 rpm
n  nm 1800  1764
s  s   0.02
ns 1800
The per phase equivalent circuit is:

j 500.6  29.4  j 0.8

Z s  1. 2  j 2 
j 50  0.6  29.4  j 0.8
 22.75 + j 15.51
 27.5334.29
power factor  cos34.29    82.62% lagging
Vs 4400 
Is    15.98  34.29  A rms
Zs 27.5334.29 

For a delta-connected machine, the magnitude of the line current is

I line  I s 3  15.98 3  27.68 A rms

and the input power is

Pin  3I sVs cos θ  17.43 kW

2
Next, we compute Vx and Ir .

j 500.6  29.4  j 0.8

Vx  Is
j 50  0.6  29.4  j 0.8
 406.2  j 15.6
 406.4  2.2  V rms

Vx
Ir 
j 0.8  0.6  29.4
 13.54  3.727  A rms

The copper losses in the stator and rotor are:

Ps  3Rs I s2
 31.215.98
2

 919.3 W
and
Pr  3RrI r 2
 30.613.54 
2

 330.0 W

Finally, the developed power is:

1s
Pdev  3  RrI r 2
s
 329.4 13.54 
2

 16.17 kW
Pout  Pdev  Prot  15.27 kW

The output torque is:

P
Tout  out  82.66 newton meters
ωm

The efficiency is:

P
  out  100%  87.61%
Pin

3
E16.4 The equivalent circuit is:

j 501.2  j 0.8
Z eq  Req  jX eq   1.162  j 0.8148
j 50  1.2  j 0.8

The impedance seen by the source is:

Z s  1.2  j 2  Z eq
 1.2  j 2  1.162  j 0.8148
 3.67550.00 

Thus, the starting phase current is

V 4400 
Is , starting  s 
Zs 3.67550.00 
Is , starting  119.7   50.00  A rms
and for a delta connection, the line current is
I line ,starting  I s ,starting 3  119.7 3  207.3 A rms

The power crossing the air gap is (three times) the power delivered to
the right of the dashed line in the equivalent circuit shown earlier.
 
Pag  3Req I s , starting 2  49.95 kW

4
 Finally, the starting torque is found using Equation 16.34.
Pag
Tdev, starting 
s
49950

2π 60 2
 265.0 newton meters

E16.5 This exercise is similar to part (c) of Example 16.4. Thus, we have
sin δ3 P3

sin δ1 P1
sin δ3 200

sin 4.168 
50
which yields the new torque angle δ3  16.90 . Er remains constant in
magnitude, thus we have
Er 3  498.9  16.90  V rms
V  Er 3 480  498.9  16.90 
Ia 3  a   103.6  1.045  A rms
jX s j 1. 4
The power factor is cos 1.045   99.98% lagging .

E16.6 We follow the approach of Example 16.5. Thus as in the example, we have
Pdev 74600
Ia1    121.9 A
3Va cos  1 3240 0.85
θ1  cos  1 0.85   31.79
Ia 1  121.9  31.79 A rms
Er 1  Va  jX s Ia 1  416.2  20.39 V rms
The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 16.24a

For 90% leading power factor, the power angle is θ3  cos 1 (0.9)  25.84 .
The new value of the current magnitude is
Pdev
Ia 3   115.1 A rms
3Va 3 cos(θ3 )
and the phasor current is
Ia 3  115.125.84  A rms
Thus we have
Er 3  Va  jX s Ia 3  569.0  14.77  V rms

5
 The magnitude of Er is proportional to the field current, so we have:
E 569.0
I f 3  I f 1 r 3  10   13.67 A dc
Er1 416.2

E16.7 The phasor diagram for δ  90  is shown in Figure 16.27. The developed
power is given by
Pmax  3Va I a cos(θ )
However from the phasor diagram, we see that
Er
cos(θ ) 
Xs Ia
Substituting, we have
3V E
Pmax  a r
Xs
The torque is
P 3V E
Tmax  max  a r
ωm ωm X s

Problems

P16.1 As frequency is reduced, the reactances X s , X m , and X r of the machine

become smaller. (Recall that X  ωL .) Thus the applied voltage must be
reduced to keep the currents from becoming too large, resulting in
magnetic saturation and overheating.

P16.2 The magnetic field is periodic with the same frequency as the source for
all machines. In a two-pole machine the magnetic field makes one cycle
around the air gap (from north to south and back to north). In a four-
pole machine the magnetic field makes two cycles around the air gap.
Similarly the field of the six-pole machine has three cycles. Thus the
expressions for the fields are:
Bfour-pole  Bm cost  2 
and
Bsix-pole  Bm cost  3 

6
P16.3 Slip is given by:
n  nm n
s  s 1 m
ns ns
For a slip of 5% and a mechanical speed of nm = 2000 rpm, the
synchronous speed is:
n 2000
ns  m   2105.2rpm
1s 0.95
Solving Equation 16.14 for frequency, we have:
Pn 4  2105.2
f  s   70.17 Hz
120 120
The block diagram of the system is shown below:

The input power to the motor is:

P 32  746
Pin,motor  in,motor   2797.5 W
motor 0.80
The input power to the converter is:
P 2797.5
Pin,converter  out,converter   3178.97
converter 0.88
Finally, the current taken from the 400-V source is:
P
I  in,converter  7.94A
400

P16.4 From Table 16.1, we see that for a speed of 670 rpm the next greatest
synchronous speed is 720 rpm corresponding to a P = 10 pole motor. The
slip is given by Equation 16.16 as:
n  nm 900  850
s s   6.94%
ns 900

P16.14 First, the full-load output torque is:

P 3  746
Tout out   12.57 Nm
m 1700(2 / 60)
We assume that the developed torque is proportional to slip in the normal
operating range.

7
 n s  nm
Tdev  Tout Trot  k  K n s  nm 
ns
Thus at full load, we have:
12.57  Trot  K (100) (1)
At no load, we have Tout  0 and ns  nm   2 . Thus,
Trot  K 2 (2)
Solving Equations (1) and (2), we obtain:
Trot  0.256Nm
Prot  Trotm  45.68W

P16.15 Neglecting rotational losses, the slip is zero with no load, and the motor
runs at synchronous speed which is 1800 rpm. Then the equivalent circuit
becomes:

Z s  Rs  jX s  jXm  1  j 1.5  j 40
 41.5188.61

The power factor is:

cos88.61   2.409%

The current is:

V 230
Is  s   5.54  88.61°
Zs 41.5188.61°
Because the machine is delta connected, the line current magnitude is
Iline  3Is  9.59Arms

P16.16 The synchronous speed of the machine is given by:

ω 2π 60 120f
ωs    188.5 rad s or by ns   1800 rpm
P 2 4 2 P

8
 Typically, slip is about 5% at full load. Thus, the full-load speed is:
nfull -load  1800  0.95  1710 rpm
or
ωm , full-load  188.5  0.95  179.1 rad s
The full-load torque is:
5  746
Tfull-load   20.8 newton meters
ωm , full-load
Typically the starting torque is 1.5 times the full-load torque and the
pullout torque is 2 times the full-load torque. Thus, a sketch of the
torque-speed characteristic is shown below.

We estimate the efficiency of a typical machine such as this as 90%.

Therefore, the input power at full load is:
P 5  746
Pin  out   4200W
 0.90
Typically, the power factor is 75% and the line current is
Pin 4662
Iline    14.69Arms
3V cos  3(220)(0.75)
Typically, the starting current is 5 to 7 times the full-load current, so we
estimate:
Istarting  6  14.69  88.14

P16.17 Following Example 16.2, we find

V 2200
Is , starting  s 
Z s 3.314 57.48
Is , starting  66.39  57.48
Because the machine is delta connected, the magnitude of the starting

9
 line current is
I line ,starting  I s ,starting 3  66.39 3  115.0 A rms


Pag  3Req I s , starting 
2

 7.688 kW
Pag 7688
Tdev, starting  
ωs 2π 60 2
 40.8 newton meters

Comparing these results to those of the example, we see that the

starting current is reduced by a factor of 2 and the starting torque is
reduced by a factor of 4. Depending on the torque--speed characteristic
of the load, the system may not start.

P16.18 Neglecting rotational losses, the slip is zero with no load, and the motor
runs at synchronous speed which is 1200 rpm. Then the equivalent circuit
becomes:

Z s  Rs  jX s  jX m
 0.08  j 0.20  j 7.5  7.70089.40 

The power factor is:

cos89.40    1.04%

The current is:

V 240
Is  s   31.16  89.40°
Zs 7.70089.40°

Because the machine is delta connected, the magnitude of the starting

10
 line current is
Iline  Is 3  31.16 3  53.98Arms

P16.19 Because the machine is wye connected the phase voltage is:
Vline / 3  440 / 3  254.0 V rms
Refer to Figure 16.13.
Pin  3VI cos   3(254.0)12.0(0.75)  7.315kW
Pag  Pin  Ps  10.243  0.350  7.1364kW
Pdev  Pag  Pr  7.1364  0.0612  7.075kW
Pout  Pdev  Prot  7.075  0.300  6.775kW
Pout
  100%  92.6%
Pin

P16.33 1. Use an electronic system to convert 60-Hz power into three-phase ac

of variable frequency. Start with a frequency of one hertz or less and
then gradually increase the frequency.

2. Use a prime mover to bring the motor up to synchronous speed before

connecting the source.

3. Start the motor as an induction motor relying on the amortisseur

conductors to produce torque.

P16.34 (a) The speed of a synchronous machine is related to the frequency of

the armature voltages by Equation 16.14:
120f
ns 
P
The frequency of the voltage applied to the 12-pole motor is 60 Hz
and the speed is 600 rpm. Thus, the generator is driven at 600
rpm and the voltages induced in its armature have a frequency of:
ns Pgen 600  10
fgen    50 Hz
120 120
Thus, the two machines can be used to convert 60-Hz power into
50-Hz power.

(b) 1000 rpm is not the synchronous speed for any 60-Hz motor.
Thus, we will try to convert 60-Hz into some other frequency for

11
which 1000 rpm is a synchronous speed. The block diagram of this
system is:

The speeds of motor 1 and the generator are the same, so we have:
120  60 120f2
ns 1  
Pm 1 Pg

The frequencies are the same for the generator and motor 2, so
we can write:
n P 1000Pm 2
f2  s 2 m2 
120 120

Substituting and rearranging, we have:

72 Pm 1Pm 2

10 Pg
Of course, the number of poles on each machine must be an even
integer. One solution is:
Pg  10 Pm 1  12 and Pm 2  6
for which f2  50 Hz .

Another solution is:

Pg  10 Pm 1  6 and Pm 2  12
for which f2  100 Hz .

12
P16.35 For zero developed power, the torque angle is zero. The phasor diagram
is:

Er 1  Va  jXs Ia1  500  j5(15  90°)  4250°

To achieve zero armature current, we must have Er 2  Va  5000°. The

magnitude of Er is proportional to the field current. Thus we have:
E 500
If 2  If 1 r 2  5  5.88A.
Er 1 425

P16.36 (a) Field current remains constant. The field circuit is independent of
the ac source and the load.
(b) Mechanical speed remains constant assuming that the pull-out
torque has not been exceeded.
(c) Output torque increases by a factor of 1/0.80 = 1.25.
(d) Armature current increases in magnitude.
(e) Power factor decreases and becomes lagging.
(f) Torque angle increases.

 2 60
P16.37 s    37.7 rad/s ns  360rpm
(P / 2) 20 / 2
Pdev,rated 50  746
Tdev,rated    989.4 newton meters
s 37.7

According to Equation 16.37, we have:

Tdev  KBr Btotal sin δ

We define Kt  KBr Btotal . Then from the rated operating conditions, we

find:
Tdev 989.4
Kt    2893
sin δ sin20  

13
 The pullout torque occurs for δ  90  . Thus we have:
Tmax  Kt sin90    2893 newton meters

The torque speed characteristic is:

P16.49 Under full load, the current of the motor is

3  746
Ifull   15.54A
0.8(0.75)240
We estimate the starting current as
Istart  6  Ifull  93.24A.
Neglecting other loads that might be connected, the equivalent circuit is

During starting, the voltage across the motor is

Vmotor  240  (0.2  j0.2)  93.24 start
The phase angle of the starting current is unknown. However, we can
anticipate that the motor appears inductive and θ start is negative. In the
worst case, we would have
θ start   tan  1 0.2 0.2  45
Then, voltage drops from 240 V to 240  (0.2)2  (0.2)2  93.24

14
  213.62V when the motor starts. The percentage drop in voltage is
10.9%. This would cause a noticeable momentary dimming of the lights in
the farm house.

Pout 746
P16.50 (a) Pin    828.8W
 0.9
Pin 828.8
power factor  cos     67.7.
VI 120(10.2)

Of course, the power factor is lagging for an induction motor.

(b) Z  V I  cos 1 power factor 

 120 / 10.2 cos 1 (0.677)
 11.7647.39° 

(c) Since the motor runs just under 1800 rpm, evidently we have a
four-pole motor.

Practice Test

T16.1 (a) The magnetic field set up in the air gap of a four-pole three-phase
induction motor consists of four magnetic poles spaced 90 from one
another in alternating order (i.e., north-south-north-south). The field
points from the stator toward the rotor under the north poles and in the
opposite direction under the south poles. The poles rotate with time at
synchronous speed around the axis of the motor.
(b) The air gap flux density of a two-pole machine is given by Equation
16.12 in the book:
Bgap  Bm cos(t   )
in which Bm is the peak field intensity,  is the angular frequency of the
three-phase source, and  is angular displacement around the air gap.
This describes a field having two poles: a north pole corresponding to
t    0 and a south pole corresponding to t     . The location of
either pole moves around the gap at an angular speed of s  .
For a four pole machine, the field has four poles rotating at an
angular speed of s  /2 and is given by
Bgap  Bm cos(t   / 2)

15
 in which Bm is the peak field intensity,  is the angular frequency of the
three-phase source, and  denotes angular position around the gap.

T16.2 Five of the most important characteristics for an induction motor are:
1. Nearly unity power factor.
2. High starting torque.
3. Close to 100% efficiency.
4. Low starting current.
5. High pull-out torque.

T16.3 An eight-pole 60-Hz machine has a synchronous speed of ns  900 rpm,

and the slip is:
n  nm 900  864
s  s   0.04
ns 900
Because the machine is wye connected, the phase voltage is
240 / 3  138.6 V. (We assume zero phase for this voltage.)The per
phase equivalent circuit is:

Then, we have
j 400.5  12  j 0.8
Z s  0. 5  j 2 
j 40  0.5  12  j 0.8
 11.48  j 6.149 
 13.0328.17  
power factor  cos28.17    88.16% lagging
Vs 138.60 
Is    10.64  28.17  A rms
Zs 13.0328.17 

Pin  3I sVs cos   3.898 kW

For a wye-connected motor, the phase current and line current are the
same. Thus, the line current magnitude is 10.64 A rms.

16
 Next, we compute Vx and Ir .
j 400.5  12  j 0.8
Vx  Is
j 40  0.5  12  j 0.8
 123.83  j 16.244
 124.9  7.473

Vx
Ir 
j 0.8  0.5  12
 9.971  11.14 

The copper losses in the stator and rotor are:

Ps  3Rs I s2
 30.510.64 
2

 169.7 W
and
Pr  3RrI r 2
 30.59.971
2

 149.1 W

Finally, the developed power is:

1s
Pdev  3  RrI r 2
s
 3129.971
2

 3.579 kW
Pout  Pdev  Prot  3.429 kW

The output torque is:

P
Tout  out  37.90 newton meters
m

The efficiency is:

P
  out  100%  87.97%
Pin

T16.4 At 60 Hz, synchronous speed for an eight-pole machine is:

120f 12060 
ns    900 rpm
P 8

17
 The slip is given by:
n  nm 900  850
s  s   5.56%
ns 900
The frequency of the rotor currents is the slip frequency. From Equation
16.17, we have ωslip  sω . For frequencies in the Hz, this becomes:
fslip  sf  0.05555  60  3.333 Hz
In the normal range of operation, slip is approximately proportional to
output power and torque. Thus at 80% of full power, we estimate that
s  0.8  0.05555  0.04444 . This corresponds to a speed of 860 rpm.

T16.5 The stator of a six-pole synchronous motor contains a set of windings

(collectively known as the armature) that are energized by a three-phase
ac source. These windings produce six magnetic poles spaced 60 from
one another in alternating order (i.e., north-south-north-south-north-
south). The field points from the stator toward the rotor under the
north stator poles and in the opposite direction under the south stator
poles. The poles rotate with time at synchronous speed (1200 rpm)
around the axis of the motor.
The rotor contains windings that carry dc currents and set up six
north and south magnetic poles evenly spaced around the rotor. When
driving a load, the rotor spins at synchronous speed with the north poles
of the rotor lagging slightly behind and attracted by the south poles of
the stator. (In some cases, the rotor may be composed of permanent
magnets.)

T16.6 Figure 16.22 in the book shows typical phasor diagrams with constant
developed power and variable field current. The phasor diagram for the
initial operating conditions is:

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Notice that because the initial power factor is unity, we have 1  0 and
Ia1 is in phase with Va. Also, notice that jXsIa1 is at right angles to Ia1.
Now, we can calculate the magnitudes of Er1 and of XsIa1.
Va 440
Er 1    446.79 V
cos  1 cos10  
X s I a 1  E r 1 sin  1  77.58 V
Then, the field current is reduced until the magnitude of Er2 is 75% of
its initial value.
E r 2  0.75  E r 1  335.09 V
The phasor diagram for the second operating condition is:

Because the torque and power are constant, the vertical component of
jX s Ia is the same in both diagrams as illustrated in Figure 16.22 in the
book. Thus, we have:
X I 77.58
sin  2  s a 1 
Er 2 335.09
which yields:
 2  13.39 
(Another solution to the equation is  2  166.61  , but this does not
correspond to a stable operating point.)
Now, we can write:
Va  X s I a 1 tan  2 2  X s I a 1 2  E r 2 2
440  77.58 tan  2 2  77.582  335.092
Solving, we find  2  55.76, and the power factor is cos  2  56.25%
lagging.

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