Topic 6.

0
ROAD MAINTENANCE &
REHABILITATION

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Topic Outline

6.1 Assessment of pavement condition

6.2 Pavement Distresses

6.3 Pavement maintenance

6.4 Pavement repairs and rehabilitations

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Lesson Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, students should be able to:
1. Identify and classify the types and causes of pavement
distress
2. Recommends appropriate solution for defects treatment.
3. Evaluate the pavement condition of road networks.
4. Explain the concepts and application of pavement
management system.
5. Describe the application of various pavement maintenance
techniques.

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Introduction

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Overview:-
Definition and example;
 Pavement Management: Strategies to decide for
pavement restoration and policies
 Pavement Maintenance: used to prolong
pavement life by slowing its deterioration rate
 Pavement Rehabilitation: Improvement made to an
existing pavement

Why : safety and economics

 Serviceability and comfort,
 Design life,
 Cater for present change of usage or demand,
 Cost and benefit, 5
Pavement management
• used to describe the various strategies that can be
used to decide on a pavement restoration and
rehabilitation policy.
• A systematic process for maintaining, upgrading and
operating physical pavement assets in a cost-effective
manner.
• The process involves the following steps:
1. Assess present pavement condition
2. Predict future condition
3. Conduct an alternative analysis
4. Select an appropriate rehabilitation strategy
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Figure 21.1 Framework for Total
Pavement Management System

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PAVEMENT CONDITION DATA
Data are used for :
1. Establishing Project Priorities
-Establish the relative condition of each
pavement and project priorities
2. Establishing Options
-Type, extent & severity are used to determine
which available rehabs options
3. Forecasting Performance
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 Topic 6.1
Assessment of
pavement condition

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Methods For Measuring Roadway Condition

 Four (4) characteristics of pavement condition used

in evaluating pavement rehabilitation needs;

1) Pavement roughness (rideability)

2) Pavement distress (surface condition)

3) Skid resistance (safety)

4) Pavement deflection (structural failure) 10

1) Pavement Roughness
 Refers to irregularities in the pavement surface that
affect the smoothness of a ride.

 Roughness is an important pavement characteristic

because it affects not only ride quality but also vehicle delay
costs, fuel consumption and maintenance costs

Measurement
Roughness is typically quantified using
- Present Serviceability Rating (PSR)

- International Roughness Index (IRI)

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PSR – present serviceability rating

• A number grade given to a pavement section

based on the ability of that pavement to serve
its intended traffic.
• Rating is established by observation and
requires judgment on the part of the individual
doing the rating.
• Based on user’s perception of pavement
performance and are determined from the
average rating of a panel of road users.

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Figure 21.2 Individual Present
Serviceability Rating

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Typical Pavement Performance Curve

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PSI – present serviceability index

• A value for pavement condition determined as a

surrogate for PSR and is based on physical
measurements
• Not based on panel ratings, as the primary
measure of PSI is pavement roughness
• An objective means of estimating the PSR,
which is subjective.

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Figure 21.4 Performance History for
Pavement Using PSI

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Graph Interpretation

• From the graph, when a pavement is originally

constructed, it is in very good condition with a
PSI value of 4.5.

• Then, as the number of traffic loadings

increases, the PSI declines to a value of 2,
which is normally the minimum acceptable
range.

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Graph Interpretation

• After the pavement section is rehabilitated, the

PSI value increases to 4.

• As traffic loads increase, the PSI declines again

until it reaches 2 and rehabilitation is again
required

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Figure 21.5 Mays Ride Meter Trailer
Unit

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Figure 21.6 Example of Surface
Dynamics Profilometer

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2) Pavement/surface distress
 Refers to the condition of a pavement surface in
terms of its general appearance.

 A perfect pavement is level and has a continuous and unbroken

surface. In contrast, a distressed pavement may be fractured,
distorted or disintegrated.

1. Fracture. This could be in the form of cracking (in flexible and rigid
pavements) or spelling resulting from such things as excessive
loading, fatigue, thermal changes, moisture damage, slippage or
contraction.

2. Distortion. This is in the form of deformation (e.g., rutting, corrugation

and shoving), which can result from such things as excessive loading,
creep, densification, consolidation, swelling, or frost action.

3. Disintegration. This is in the form of stripping. raveling or spalling,

which can result from such things as loss of bonding, chemical
reactivity, traffic abrasion, aggregate degradation, poor
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consolidation/compaction or binder aging.

3) Skid resistance
 Skid resistance is the force developed when a tire that is
prevented from rotating slides along the pavement surface.

 Inadequate skid resistance will lead to higher incidences of skid

related accidents.

 Skid resistance depends on a pavement surface's microtexture and

macrotexture

 Microtexture: Refers to the small-scale texture of the pavement

aggregate component (which controls contact between the tire
rubber and the pavement surface)

 Macrotexture: Refers to the large-scale texture of the pavement as

a whole due to the aggregate particle arrangement 22
4) Pavement Deflection
 Pavement surface deflection measurements are the
primary means of evaluating a flexible pavement
structure and rigid pavement load transfer.

 Surface deflection is an important pavement evaluation

method because the magnitude and shape of pavement
deflection is a function of;
- Traffic (type and volume),
- Pavement structural section,
- Temperature affecting the pavement structure and
- Moisture affecting the pavement structure.

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 Topic 6.2
Pavement
Distresses

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Overview
 Can be categorized as:

i. Cracks

ii. Surface Deformations

iii. Surface defects

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Topic 6.2.1
Cracks

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6 Type of Cracks
i. Fatigue (Alligator) Cracking

Description:
 Series of interconnected cracks caused by fatigue failure
of the HMA surface (or stabilized base) under repeated
traffic loading.

Problem:
 Indicator of structural failure, cracks allow moisture
infiltration, roughness, may further deteriorate to a
pothole.

Possible Causes:
 Inadequate structural support, Increase in loading &
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Poor construction.
Bad fatigue cracking

Fatigue cracking from frost action

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6 Type of Cracks (cont..)
ii. Block Cracking
Description:
 Interconnected cracks that divide the pavement up into
rectangular pieces.

Problem:
 Allows moisture infiltration, roughness

Possible Causes:
 HMA shrinkage and daily temperature cycling, Asphalt
binder aging & Poor choice of asphalt binder.
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Block Cracking 30
6 Type of Cracks (cont..)
iii. Longitudinal Cracking

Description:
 Cracks parallel to the pavement's centerline or laydown
direction. Usually a type of fatigue cracking.

Problem:
 Allows moisture infiltration, roughness, indicates
possible onset of alligator cracking and structural failure

Possible Causes:
 Poor joint construction
 HMA fatigue

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 Longitudinal cracking
as the onset of fatigue cracking

Longitudinal cracking
from poor joint construction
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6 Type of Cracks (cont..)
iv. Slippage/Crescent Cracking
Description:
 Half-moon shaped cracks generally having two ends
pointed into the direction of traffic.

Problem:
 Allows moisture infiltration, roughness

Possible Causes:
 Turning wheels cause the pavement surface to slide and
deform.

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Slippage Cracking
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6 Type of Cracks (cont..)
v. Joint Reflection Cracking

Description:
 Cracks in a flexible overlay of a rigid pavement. The
cracks occur directly over the underlying rigid pavement
joints.

Problem:
 Allows moisture infiltration, roughness

Possible Causes:
 Movement of the PCC slab beneath the HMA surface
because of thermal and moisture changes
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Joint Reflection Cracking
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6 Type of Cracks (cont..)
vi. Transverse (Thermal) Cracking
Description:
 Cracks perpendicular to the pavement's centerline or
laydown direction. Usually a type of thermal cracking.

Problem:
 Allows moisture infiltration, roughness

Possible Causes:
 Shrinkage of the HMA surface due to low temperatures
or asphalt binder hardening
 Reflective crack caused by cracks beneath the surface
HMA layer

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Thermal Cracking
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 Topic 6.2.2
Surface Deformation

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3 Type of Deformations
i. Rutting
Description:
 Longitudinal depression in the wheel paths after repeated
application of axle loading.

Problem:
 Ruts filled with water can cause vehicle hydroplaning, can be
hazardous because ruts tend to pull a vehicle towards the rut
path as it is steered across the rut.

Possible Causes:
 Insufficient compaction of HMA layers during construction.
 Subgrade rutting (e.g., as a result of inadequate pavement
structure)
 Improper mix design or manufacture (e.g., excessively high
asphalt content, excessive mineral filler, insufficient amount of
angular aggregate particles) 40
Rutting 41
3 Type of Deformations (cont..)

ii. Depression

Description:
 Localized pavement surface areas with slightly lower
elevations than the surrounding pavement. Depressions
are very noticeable after a rain when they fill with water.

Problem:
 Roughness, depressions filled with substantial water can
cause vehicle hydroplaning

Possible Causes:
 Subgrade settlement resulting from inadequate
compaction during construction.
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Depression
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3 Type of Deformations (cont..)
iii. Corrugation and Shoving
Description:
 An abrupt wave or bulging of road surface where braking or
acceleration movement occur.
Problem:
 Roughness

Possible Causes:
 Usually caused by traffic action (starting and stopping)
combined with:
 An unstable (i.e. low stiffness) HMA layer (caused by mix
contamination, poor mix design, poor HMA manufacturing, or
lack of aeration of liquid asphalt emulsions)
 Excessive moisture in the subgrade

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Corrugation and Shoving

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 Topic 6.2.3
Surface Defects

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5 Type of Defects
i. Polished Aggregate
Description:
 Areas of HMA pavement where the portion of
aggregate extending above the asphalt binder is either
very small or there are no rough or angular aggregate
particles.

Problem:
 Decreased skid resistance

Possible Causes:
 Repeated traffic applications. Generally, as a
pavement ages the protruding rough, angular particles
become polished. This can occur quicker if the
aggregate is susceptible to abrasion 47
Polish Aggregate
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5 Type of Defects (cont..)
ii. Potholes
Description:
 Small, bowl-shaped depressions in the pavement surface that
penetrate all the way through the HMA layer down to the base
course. They generally have sharp edges and vertical sides
near the top of the hole. Potholes are most likely to occur on
roads with thin HMA surfaces (25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 inches))

Problem:
 Roughness (serious vehicular damage can result from driving
across potholes at higher speeds), moisture infiltration

Possible Causes:
 Generally, potholes are the end result of alligator
cracking. As alligator cracking becomes severe, the
interconnected cracks create small chunks of pavement,
which can be dislodged as vehicles drive over them. The
remaining hole after the pavement chunk is dislodged is 49
called a pothole
Potholes 50
5 Type of Defects (cont..)
iii. Raveling
Description:
 The progressive disintegration of an HMA layer from the
surface downward as a result of the dislodgement of
aggregate particles.

Problem:
 Loose debris on the pavement, roughness, water collecting in
the raveled locations resulting in vehicle hydroplaning, loss of
skid resistance.

Possible Causes:
Several including:
 Loss of bond between aggregate particles and the asphalt
binder
 Inadequate compaction during construction. High density is
required to develop sufficient cohesion within the HMA. 51
Raveling 52
5 Type of Defects (cont..)
iv. Stripping
Description:
 The loss of bond between aggregates and asphalt binder that
typically begins at the bottom of the HMA layer and
progresses upward.
Problem:
 Decreased structural support, rutting, shoving/corrugations,
raveling, or cracking (alligator and longitudinal)

Possible Causes:
 Poor aggregate surface chemistry
 Water in the HMA causing moisture damage

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 54
Figure 13 : Stripping
5 Type of Defects
v. Bleeding
Description:
 The presence of asphalt binder film on the pavement surface,
likely to occur in the wheel path.

Problem:
 Loss of skid resistance when wet

Possible Causes:
 Excessive asphalt binder in the HMA (either due to mix design
or manufacturing)
 Excessive application of asphalt binder during BST
application (as in the above figures)
 Low HMA air void content (e.g., not enough room for the
asphalt to expand into during hot weather)
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56
 PAVEMENT
DISTRESS
• Refers to the condition of a pavement surface in terms
of its general appearance.
• A perfect pavement is level, has a continuous and
unbroken surface.
• A distressed pavement may be fractured, distorted or
disintegrated.
• Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is used, range
between 0 to 100 and are based on a visual condition
survey that measures distress type, severity and
extent of pavement damage.

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Figure 21.7 Pavement Distress
Groups and Their Causes

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Figure 21.8(a) Guide for Rating
Pavement Cracking

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Figure 21.8(b)

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Figure 21.9 PASCO ROADRECON
System for Distress Evaluation

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 Table 21.1 Rating Factor, did.
Related to Severity and Frequency

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 Table 21.2 Observed Distress
Characteristics for Road Segment

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 PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL
CONDITION
• The structural adequacy of a pavement is measured either by
a) nondestructive means (measure deflection under
static or dynamic loadings)
b) destructive tests (removing sections of the
pavement and testing these in the lab).
• Nondestructive structural evaluation – measurements can be made
on the surface of the pavement.
• The four basic nondestructive test methods are:
1. Measurements of static deflection (Benkelman beam)
2. Measurements of deflections due to dynamic or repeated loads
3. Measurements of deflection from a falling load (FWD)
4. Measurements of density of pavement layers by nuclear radiation

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Figure 21.10ofDynaflect
Measurements deflections dueDeflection
to dynamic or
repeated loads
Sensors

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Figure 21.11of Principle
Measurements deflection fromof the Falling
a falling load

Weight Deflectometer

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 SKID RESISTANCE
• Evaluate the effectiveness of a pavement in preventing
or reducing skid-related accidents.
• Skid data are used to identify pavement sections with
low skid resistance, to develop priorities for
rehabilitation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of
various pavement mixtures and surface types.
• The coefficient of sliding friction between a tire and
pavement depends on factors such as weather
conditions, pavement texture, tire condition and speed.

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Table 21.3 State Practice for
Measuring Skid Resistance

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Figure 21.12 Locked-Wheel Skid
Trailer

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Figure 21.13 Skid Data for Various
Pavement Surface Types

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Figure 21.14 Pavement Condition
versus Pavement Age

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Table 21.4 Pavement Section Data

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Table 21.5 Family 1 Sections
(AADT <10,000)

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Table 21.6 Family 2 Sections
(AADT ≥ 10,000)

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 Figure 21.15 Condition Prediction
Model: Pavement Sections AADT <
10,000

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 Figure 21.16 Condition Prediction
Model: Pavement Sections AADT >
10,000

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 Topic 6.3
Pavement
Maintenance

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Overview
 Pavement maintenance describes all
the methods and techniques used to
prolong pavement life by slowing its
deterioration rate.

 The performance of a pavement is

directly tied to the timing, type and
quality of the maintenance it receives 78
5 Type of Maintenance

i. Crack Seals

 Crack seal products are used to fill individual pavement

cracks to prevent entry of water or other non-
compressible substances such as sand, dirt, rocks or
weeds.

 Crack sealant is typically used on early stage

longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, reflection cracks
and block cracks.

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Crack sealant

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5 Type of Maintenance (cont..)
ii. Fog Seals
 A fog seal is a light application of a diluted
slow-setting asphalt emulsion to the surface of an aged
(oxidized) pavement surface.

 Fog seals are low-cost and are used to restore flexibility

to an existing HMA pavement surface.

 They may be able to temporarily postpone the need for a

BST or non-structural overlay

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Parking Lot Showing a Fog Seal on the Right Side 82
5 Type of Maintenance (cont..)
iii. Slurry Seals

 A slurry seal is a mixture of emulsified asphalt, water,

well-graded fine aggregate and mineral filler that has a
creamy fluid-like appearance when applied.

 Slurry seals are used to fill existing pavement surface

defects as either a preparatory treatment for other
maintenance treatments or as a wearing course.

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Slurry Seal
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5 Type of Maintenance (cont..)

iv. Bituminous Surface Treatments (BST)

 A bituminous surface treatment, also known as a chip
seal, is a thin protective wearing surface that is applied
to a pavement or base course. BSTs can provide all of
the following:
- A waterproof layer to protect the underlying pavement.
- Increased skid resistance.
- A fill for existing cracks or raveled surfaces.

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5 Type of Maintenance (cont..)
v. Patches
 Patches are a common method of treating an area of
localized distress. Patches can be either partial or full-depth,
although typically HMA pavement patches are full-depth.

 A high quality HMA patch can be considered a permanent

repair although many patches are done as emergency repairs
in poor conditions.

 Patching material can be just about any HMA or cold mix

asphalt material as well as certain types of slurries. Typically
some form of HMA is used for permanent patches, while cold
mix is often used for temporary emergency repairs.
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Patching

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 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
• Defined as a function of preserving, repairing &
restoring a pavement. Keeping it in condition for safe,
convenient and economical use.
• Necessary because
1. To ensure safety to traffic
2. To provide longer usage of road
3. To ensure comfort & influence traffic system

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Road maintenance activities
1. Ordinary repairs – routine activities repairs that are
required irrespective of traffic or engineering
characteristics of the road. (grass cutting, repair to
road furnishes, drain maintenance) and recurrent
activities (repair potholes).
2. Periodical renewal – application of renewal coat of
surfacing at periodical intervals.
3. Special repairs – may arise an account of damage
by floods or natural disasters or small geometrical
improvements that can bring forth-positive
improvements in traffic operation.
4. Urgent repairs – can’t be anticipated but have to be
carried out on immediate basis (flood damage
repairs, removal of road blockage).

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 Topic 6.4
Pavement Repair &
Rehabilitations

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Overview
 Maintenance can slow the pavement deterioration, but
cannot stop it.
Deterioration – become progressively worse

 Effects of deterioration need rectifying by

adding or replacing material in the
existing pavement structure by rehabilitation.

 Rehabilitation: A measure to improve, strengthen or

salvage existing deficient pavements & to continue service
when pavements exhibit distress in excess of what can be
handled through routine maintenance.

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Overview (cont..)

 Several rehabilitation techniques:

i) Restoration: To restore the surface to suitable condition and best

applied to pavement with distress limited to the surfacing.

ii) Resurfacing: Involve placement of fresh material on

an existing surfacing.

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Overview (cont..)
 Several rehabilitation techniques:

iii) Recycling: Old pavement that is reclaimed as a

byproduct of pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction.

iv) Reconstruction: Removal and rebuilding of all part

of the pavement using new materials and
construction specification.

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PAVEMENT
REHABILITATION
Problem:
• Insufficient funds to adequately repair and
rehabilitate every roadway section that
deteriorates
• Roads in poor condition but still in used,
making it worse & higher cost.
• Roadway deterioration – caused by wear
and tear that occurs over a period of years.
Factors: climate, drainage, soil conditions
and truck traffic. 94
Rehabilitation Techniques
Corrective
 Permanent/temporary repair
of deficiencies as needed
basis.
 Techniques include
patching, crack filling, joint
sealing and seal coat (with
aggregate)
PREventive
 involves surface applications
of either structural or non-
structural improvements
intended to keep the quality
of the pavement above a
predetermined level.
 Techniques include fog seal
asphalt rejuvenators, joint
sealing and seal coat (with
aggregate).
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Rehabilation strategies
 Problem being solved – skid resistance,
surface drainage, unevenness, roughness or
cracking
 Type of treatment used – surface treatment,
overlay or recycle
 Type of surface that will result from the
process – asphalt overlay, rock seal coat or
liquid seal coat

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Rehabilitation Alternatives

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 Flexible pavement
rehabilitation techniques
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES CORRECTIVE/ EFFECTIVENESS
TYPE PREVENTIVE
Patching Temporary Considered Effective and serve
Permanent corrective but purpose (properly done).
Spot seal (spray) could be Temporary is moderately
Cold mix preventive from effective to serve short
Hot mix more serious period until permanent
Level deterioration. repairs.

Surface Seal coating with Approx 70% Effective for purpose

Treatment cover aggregate said it were intended.
Sand seal coat preventive. Can
Slurry seal be corrective for
Rejuvenators skid resistance.
Open-graded Some said dual
seal coat function. 98
 Flexible pavement
rehabilitation techniques
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES CORRECTIVE/ EFFECTIVENESS
TYPE PREVENTIVE
Crack crack cleaning, Used as a Relatively effective. It has a
maintenance crack sealing, preventive fairly short life (1-2 yr) so
crack filling technique about must be repeated often.
2/3 and 1/3 of
the time as a
corrective
technique. Some
said dual
function.
Surface burn plane Corrective Effective in correcting
Planning cold plane corrugations and in
reducing effect of high
asphalt content or soft mix.
May excessively harden 99
asphalt.
 Flexible pavement
rehabilitation techniques
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES CORRECTIVE/ EFFECTIVENESS
TYPE PREVENTIVE
Recycling plant recycling, hot Corrective Considered effective
in-place recycling,
cold in-place
recycling

Overlays thick overlays, 69% consider Effective.

thin overlays, corrective
pavement technique.
reinforcing, 31% consider
fabric and overlay, preventive. Some
rubberized asphalt said dual function.
interlayer & overlay.

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Table 21.8 Pavement Management
Analysis Techniques for State
highway Agencies

101
Figure 21.18 Determining
Rehabilitation Needs Based on
Established Criteria

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Table 21.9 Condition, Climatic, and
Traffic Data for Highway Sections

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