2 INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING UMTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In general the steps for the implementation of a UMTS network are similar to
those that have been taken into account in the case of a GSM network:

• Design and Planning: Defining the number of required network elements.

• Installing Network Components

• Commissioning of Network Elements: Loading software on different ent to

service.

• Integration: Connecting the links between different network elements.

• Optimization: Without adding new elementosse adjust the network parameters

and attempts to reduce interference on the radio interface.

• Network Expansion: Installation of new p ara improve service quality, increase

capacity and coverage areas.Also implement new technologies.

The main objectives that arise when developing the UMTS network planning are:

• Maximum coverage.

• Maximum capacity.

• High quality of servic io (QoS).

• Minimal interference.

• Low cost.

To achieve these objectives by dividing the planning process in a series of

phases:

• preliminary design and dimensioning of the network.

• Detailed planning.

• Optimization.

In the first phase is set roughly the number of base stations and em-
displacements, the type of configuration of nodes B and transmission needs,
based on operator requirements for coverage, capacity and service quality and
radio propagation conditions of the geographical area covered.

Capacity and coverage are closely linked in WCDMA networks, and therefore
both must be considered simultaneously in the dimensioning of such networks.

In the process of detailed planning, real propagation maps and traffic estimations
by the operator for the region to plan, are basic inputs of the process, also taking
into account the findings of the previous stage, there is a selection of sites,
provides the setting of non-two B, carried out analysis of coverage, capacity and
service quality and establishing a number of parameters to manage the radio
resources of the cells.

Finally, when the network is in operation, their behavior can be assessed by

conducting luarse measures and drive tests and the results of these measures
can be used to visualize and optimize the performance of it, by setting different
parameters both physical (guidelines and downtilt (tilt antennas) and logical
(software-level features from each team).

2.2 DIFFERENCES PLANNING ON WITH GSM

When planning a UMTS network is also interesting to note some fundamental

differences with respect to a GSM network.

2.2.1 WCDMA vs TDMA

From the standpoint of radio access UMTS GSM breaks, it is based on TDMA,
and has two modes:

• circuit mode (voice)

• packet mode (GPRS).

 Figure 2.1 TDMA

Instead UMTS is based on CDMA, and has two modes:

Figure 2.2 CDMA

• FDD or WCDMA, which reflects the classic model of CDMA:

 Figure 2.3 FDD

TDD, which is based on TDMA model:

Figure 2.4 TDD

Currently, developments and products focus on UMTS FDD.

WCDMA, belongs to the family of spread spectrum techniques, is a multiple

access technique.The transmissions are spread by multiplying the signal di-gital
baseband by a sequence of much faster.Plicated multi-signal modulates a
carrier.
At the reception multiplies the received signal (useful signal transmissions over
je-nas) for the source sequence and recovers the baseband signal over the other
outside, to remain expanded.

Figure 2.5 UMTS demodulation scheme

The interest of widening the band lies in the protection afforded to inter-band
selective differences, the greater the spread will lose a smaller portion of energy
transmitted by the interference in a portion of the band.

This process derives a profit called processing gain.The larger the processing
gain, the greater the protection against in-interferences.

2.2.2 QUALITY - CAPACITY

When designing the UMTS network, both quality and capacity must be treated
together.In GSM, the quality is independent of the number of connections served
by a carrier, while in UMTS, the quality determines the capacity of the link,
because the background noise is determined by the number of simultaneous
trans-mission (separated by different sequences each).
 Figure 2.6 Relationship carrier to interfering signal

2.2.3 CELL BREATHING

Similarly, capacity and coverage can be planned separately in GSM instead of

UMTS planning process should be set as if the system load increased, the
coverage of the decrees ce.This is the phenomenon known as cell breathing
(breathing room).

In the figure, signal levels seen for mobile phones found in a cell, and the radio
for the same, when the number of mobiles increases, the cell radius decreases
due to increased load on .

Figure 2.7 Effect of cell-breathing

2.2.4 Soft handoff (SHO)

When planning a UMTS network must be considered an additional gain

associated with

SHO or soft handoff. In UMTS there are different types of handoffs

• Hard Handoff:

Inter-frequency handoff or handoff is not soft

handoff between FDD-TDD mode

Handoff between 3G-2G

• Soft Handoff: intra-frequency handoff or soft handoff

• Softer Handoff: Handoff between sectors of a station

The first, hard handoff refers to the same type of handoff de-fined in GSM, which
left the radio link established with the base station before establishing a new one.
In contrast, in the latter two, always a radio link is operational.This causes the
communication to be more ro-bust against interference and can be considered a
gain from diversity.

2.2.5 FREQUENCY REUSE

Another difference to note is that there is no UMTS reuse distance, neighboring

cells use the same frequency, leading to additional interference signal.

2.2.6 POWER CONTROL

When radio resource management, power control is essential in UMTS, GSM is

not legally use and its use is linked to an improvement in qual-ity in the network
in certain cases and the reduction of consumption by the mobile terminal.In
contrast, in UMTS power control is essential for the control system interference.If
all mobile terminals transmitted-ran with equal power, the mobile signal was
closer to the base station greatly interfere with the signals from other moving
farther away.

The differences described in the preceding paragraphs imply the existence of

some specific parameters in the calculation of link budget for a WCDMA network,
unused TDMA based GSM systems.

Besides all this, when planning the UMTS network will require a series of
hypotheses and assumptions varied, such as network status in real load, position
and velocity of mobile receivers regard to res- base stations, and other
parameters hardly predictable.Thus, many of the results vary depending on the
assumptions con-

sidered, which require making network optimization tasks in parallel with the
planning stage.

This is intended to offer a real vision of UMTS planning, which differs greatly from
the methodical planning conducted in GSM networks.

2.3 UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

2.3.1 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF UMTS

The UMTS network structure is composed of 2 different blocks well-financed, the

network or UTRAN radio access and core network switching, da best-known as
Core Network.In most of the deployment, the network is inherited from the GPRS
network, so initially there was no apparent increase in complexity with respect to
the current switching network.The most significant changes taking place in the
access network UTRAN, as CDMA technology involves major changes in design
philosophy and network deployment, compared with what has been the
deployment of GSM networks based on TDMA. However, the Core Network also
be associated with many new features, aimed to-wards the evolution of networks
"All IP" or "UMTS Release 2", where the voice will the scope of circuit-switched to
packet switching, through the introduction of ATM technology and VoATM.
 Figure 2.8 Schematic hybrid network GSM / UMTS

Obviously, the ultimate goal of UMTS networks is definitely replace the GSM /
GPRS, but the existing deployment of GSM makes Marxist coe continue,
because in reality the 2G networks are still being optimized-tion.

2.3.2 UTRAN ACCESS NETWORK

The network UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) access network
is the UMTS system and consists of network elements for radio resource
management.In many respects is similar to base station subsystem or BSS of
GSM, new components appeared in the network due to the use of ATM.

Figure 2.9 General UMTS Architecture

The access network is composed of several subsystems RNS radio ("Radio Net-
work Subsystems") that connects to the core network through Iu interfaces using
ATM backbone. Each RNS system radio resource manage all of your active
connections and control of active users.The RNS system will consist of the
following elements:

• RNC ("Radio netwo rk Controller"). Element is the radio network controller, will
manage all mobile connections to be established in the Uu radio interface of each
node B via the Iub interface, as well as co-thoughput of these connections.Twist
is connected to the Core Gateway through the Iu interface and other RNC by the
Iur interface.

• Node B. Ba stations are UMTS system will be connected to the RNC through
the Iub interface. Functionally, consisting of 3 blocks in the indoor unit plus
external heating system. The indoor unit comprises a control module CCM or
several modules CEM or canali-zation and coding and a single TRM or RF
module is the one that connects the node b with the radiant system abroad. Each
node B, acting on the Iub interface in front of the access network as an ATM
node with a maximum capacity of 8 E1 per node B. The installed capacity
depends on the CEM.

• ATM nodes (or "Passports ATM"). Are necessary because the traffic from
nodes B ATM traffic, and are used as switches combinadotes traffic and route-
ers in the Iub interface allowing the optimization of transmission capacity on this
interface.

The main functions of the UTRAN network allow the radio access network and
mobility features are transparent to the rest of the UMTS network. The main
tasks are:

• s radio resource control.The control and allocation of radio resources for the
development, handoff and release of each requested connection, both originating
from the mobile user as originating from the network, is performed by the RNC in
the RRC sublayer.

• Admission Control.The CAC prevents overload situations ra-led interface Uu

and Iub interface. Each new connection will consume resources and re-training
radio ATM, and will be the RNC will decide whether to admit new C
ONNECTIONS ba-sándose in measures of interference, throughput and network
load.If resources are not available or even habiéndolos can not provide the
requested QoS, it will reject the new user access to the network.

• Control of congest ion. The emergence of bottlenecks or network overload, is

caused by active users under certain circumstances, with the congestion control
of the RNC in charge of redirecting the system to a stable situa-tion.The main
measures of the system to reduce congestion: Hard-force handoffs to another
Node B (can reduce the levels of interference in the Uu or decrease the load on a
particular link of IUB) Hard-force Inter-System handoffs (about 2G), reducing the
speed of transmission of some active users we (downgrade) to a controlled stop
any active connection unless (usually traffic in PS mode applications from back-
ground).Although in principle the admission control should not allocate more
resources available, the feature of user mobility can
lead to situations of congestion due to duplication of traffic that produces soft-
handoff or excessive signaling traffic on the network.

• Assignment of codes: the RNC is the resp sol ida ti scrambling codes allocated
to each of the active connections and continuously monitor the codes used in
each sector of the nodes B, ensuring that each code is unique to a sector and its
neighbors .

• Power control: using the same frequencies in a sector and its adjacent makes a
transmission power higher than strictly necessary to mask other connections
increased the level of interference in the sector and reducing the system capacity
.The power control assumes the role of adapting the transmission power of
terminals so as to deliver the minimum power sufficient to reach Node B with the
requested QoS-sion.

• Management of handoffs, in UMTS there is a po sibility of hanfoff the

connection between adjacent sectors either user mobility or QoS degradation.
There are different types: Handoff Sofa (Soft & Softer) and Han-dover Hard
(Inter-frequency & Inter-System).

• macro diversity: macro diversity function allows the user terminal to be

connected to several sectors simultaneously receiving data from different
connections and increasing the quality of communication.This function is
performed jointly at the power control and handoff management and enables the
terminal to transmit with less power and that have multiple paths to reduce
interference in each sector.

2.3.3 CORE NETWORK

The core network includes Core Network or transport functions, and routing
intelligence.Is responsible for making connections in the UMTS network and is
supported by a backbone transmission network for both ATM switching cir-

circuits and packages.The Core Network provides network management

functions of the session connection and mobility.

• The CM connection management ("Conection Ma nagement") provides the ser-

vice delivery systems, and procedures for switching circuits connections
results.Its main functions are management of Radio Access Bea-rer to guarantee
the QoS of RT services ("Real Time") and N-RT ("Non-Real Time") on ATM
network management and control calls.
• Session Management SM (Session Management) is responsible of the
establishment, monitoring and release switched connections of packages.The
main function is the management of PDP contexts that defined service profiles.

• Mobility management MM (Mobility Management) is responsible for determine

the location of a user terminal, so that connection can be established regardless
of their location on the network. Using this func-tion isolated network mobility
features inherent to the mobile network, will manage the handoffs, position
updates, etc ...

The switching network is composed of 3 domains associated with each of the

above functions, interconnected by a network ORT NCAL of packages over ATM,
known as the backbone, so it is necessary the introduction of ATM nodes or
passports for network access. The classification of domain-tion is not a physical
separation, but logical, since both coexist in the network. These domains are:
domain or CS circuit switched, packet switched domain or PS domain registration
service.

• The circuit-switched domain is a modified version of the "Net-work Switching

Subsystem" inherited from GSM. Uses tion switching circuit and consists of the
switching station UMSC ("UMTS Mobile Services Switching Center") and
registration of visitors associated VLR (Visitor Register Lo-cation ").

• Mastering Packet switching is a switching network based on the current GPRS

network. Includes specific functional elements PS mastery as the U-SGSN
(Serving GPRS Support Node UMTS) and U-CGSN ("UMTS Gateway GPRS
Support Node).

• The domain registration and service is common to CS and PS domains. Is com-

posed of the elements for the management and control of the switching network
and as with the CS domain are inherited most of the acts les 2G networks. the
main elements of this domain is the registration of local localization HLR (Home
Location Register) and the authentication center AUC (Authentication Center).

2.3.4 UMTS SERVICES

One of the main objectives of UMTS is to provide access to a wide range of

services, much higher than available on GSM / GPRS. The attain-ment of this
objective is materialized through the formalization of a number of mecha-service
delivery.

The starting point to enable multi-service support is the definition of an

architecture capable bearer services to adapt to the requirements of different
traffic classes under UMTS. This is embodied in the definition of the mechanisms
of QoS.
A second set of mechanisms to provide support services in UMTS are studied
under the concept of VHE (Virtual Home Environ-ment). Its aim is to allow
customization and portability of services, thus facilitating the provision and
development by third parties.

2.3.4.1 Bearer services and QoS

Following an approach opposite to 2G, the provision of UMTS services is

approached from an open perspective.Thus, instead of specifying a code RRAD
ce-end services, is committed to the definition of an architecture of services
carriers robust and flexible, able to adapt to the QoS requirements of different
applications to be supported.

The architecture of UMTS bearer services are based on a hierarchical model

shown in Fig.The final quality of a UMTS service as perceived by the user, is
determined by the various sections involved in the communication path.In a first
approximation, the path is broken down into local carrier service, UMTS bearer
service and the external bearer service.3GPP specifications focus only on the
UMTS bearer servic io. In this way, we avoid imposing unnecessary constraints
on the terminals to use, or possible destination networks.

UMTS bearer service breaks in service radio bearer, RAB, and the bearer service
network core.The first covers the route between the mobile node and access to
the network core (MSC or an SGSN, as appropriate).The core service network
carrier, meanwhile, covers the stretch from the access node to the gateway node
(GMSC and GGSN) to the destination network of interest (eg, public switched
telephone network or internet).

The RAB is responsible for ensuring the necessary resources for the exchange
of information between the mobile and the network core. The concept of RAB is
decisive in the provision of UMTS services with different QoS profiles as pre-
sented us the use of resources on the radio interface and access interface,
precisely where there are major capacity constraints .Depending on the services
offered by the operator, a UMTS network can offer different types of RAB. Within
a RAB are two sections, each supported by co-corresponding bearer
service.Thus, the radio bearer service, RBS (Radio Bearer Setup) covers the
route between the mobile and the RNC, including all

transport aspects of the radio interface information UTRA (FDD and TDD as
appropriate), and the Iub and Iur interfaces (in cases of handoff).Within the RAB
also include facilities for the transport of information between the access network
and core beef, that is, on the Iu interface.
Service quality of the service core network carrier, meanwhile, is apo-and in
which he provides for "Backbone" (or circuit pack-holders). QoS support in this
section presents fewer difficulties in the access network because it usually has
high transmission capacity.The problem boils down basically to give priority
treatment to services
delay to higher priority requirements.

2.3.4.2 TRAFFIC CLASS

UMTS defines four traffic classes, from the point of view of QoS and the criterion
of tolerance to the delay:

• Conversation: Communication au dio and video in real time between personal-

nas. End to end delay is very low for not losing the sense of interactivity.

• Streaming: rga desca applications of multimedia content (audio and video clips)
for playback on-line, with a feeling that, without being, is approximately the time
ma real.That is one way to allow the use of buffers to delay the onset and absorb
the fluctuations of the delay.

• Interactive: remote access applications or information on on-line mode where

the user sends requests to the remote computer, waiting for the responses in a
relatively short time.Examples are the Navigation web, database queries or
remote access (telnet).

• "Background" (deferred) accommodates a large number of applications that the

user does not require immediate response from the network, re-admitting

slow ranging from a few seconds or even several minutes. Examples are the e-
mail and downloading files.

2.3.4.3 ATTRIBUTES OF QUALITY OF SERVICE

The characterization of the QoS requirements of UMTS bearer services are

based on a specific set of attributes defined is the specification, which also
indicates the range of possible values for each attribute. Not all attributes are
applicable to all types of traffic.
The attributes defined are: maximum bit rate; Ordered Delivery, maxi-mum size
of SDU, SDU format information, erroneous SDU ratio, ratio of residual bit error;
Delivery of erroneous SDUs, handoff delay, rate
guaranteed bit, traffic prioritization, priority allocation / retention.

2.3.4.4 MECHANISM OF QUALITY OF SERVICE

In the TS 23107 specification (QoS management functions in UMTS)-can be

identified in generic management functions to provide QoS in a UMTS network
and its possible location.QoS functions are defined at both the user and in the
control plane.In practice, the QoS architecture defined by 3GPP c onstituye a
simple framework, leaving ab-solute freedom regarding how and where functions
are performed, specific aspects-two between operators and manufacturers.